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Topic: Plasmogamy

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	Sexual reproduction (from fungus) -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		The nucleolus is usually also retained and divided between the daughter cells, although it may be expelled from the nucleus, or it may be dispersed within the nucleus but detectable.
		Plasmogamy, the fusion of two protoplasts (the contents of the two cells), brings together two compatible haploid nuclei.
		The dikaryotic state that results from plasmogamy is often a prominent condition in fungi and may be prolonged over several generations.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-57957 (1263 words)

	Fungi
		They may be indistinguishable as to sex or may be characterized as being the male gametangium (antheridium) or female gametangium (ascogonium, in the case of the ascomycota).
		Plasmogamy occurs when vegetative hyphae of compatible mating types fuse, there are no distinguishable gametangia.
		Since karyogamy is delayed, this plasmogamy results in mycelium that has 2 nuclei in each cell (dikaryotic mycelium, N+N).
	carroll1.cc.edu /~jclausz/botany/Fungi.html (2219 words)

	A
		When spores are produced by sexual reproduction, hyphae of different strains (+ and - instead of male and female) connect and although the cytoplasm may join, the nuclei do not.
		In fungi syngamy is in two stages, plasmogamy (fusion of plasma) and karyogamy (fusion of nuclei).
		After plasmogamy, the nuclei may not immediately fuse, in which the cell will be dikaryon (2 nuclei).
	www.angelfire.com /nc3/feralbear/APBiopage/APBioNotes28.html (780 words)

	Phycologia: Time-lapse videomicroscopy of fertilization and the actin cytoskeleton in Murrayella periclados ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The results suggest that the fertilization events are generally the same in both species and that the actin cytoskeleton partly governs sexual plasmogamy and nuclear migration.
		Plasmogamy then occurred and one or both nuclei entered the trichogyne.
		Gamete fusion (plasmogamy) occurred 30 min later and the migration of male nuclei into the trichogyne followed 20-40 min after that.
	www.24hourscholar.com /p/articles/mi_qa3850/is_200311/ai_n9326822 (1218 words)

	SparkNotes: Fungi: Basidiomycota: The Club Fungi
		The two join (plasmogamy) and produce a series of binucleate, dikaryotic hyphae that reach above the ground and form the fruiting body or basidioma.
		The basidia is itself formed by plasmogamy between mycelia from two different spores.
		Plasmogamy results in binucleate hyphae, that is, hyphae with two types of nuclei, one from each parent.
	www.sparknotes.com /biology/microorganisms/fungi/section1.html (595 words)

	Sexual Structure Questions
		Plasmogamy is immediately followed by karyogamy, followed by meiosis.
		In Basidiomycota, separation of plasmogamy and karyogamy complicates interpretation.
		In the remaining fungi, plasmogamy need not be followed immediately by karyogamy.
	bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au /Mycology/Reprodn_Dispersal/questions/sexualStructQ.html (365 words)

	Phycologia: Is the life cycle of Derbesia (Chlorophyta) heterokaryotic? - Response to the commentary of Schnetter and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Our strain of D. tenuissima is therefore a diplohaplont and lacks a heterokaryotic phase in the life cycle, in contrast to what is claimed to occur in various species and strains of Derbesia by Schnetter and co-workers.
		As far as we know, karyogamy always follows soon after plasmogamy in all normal algal life cycles, without intervening mitosis: the two nuclei of opposite sex always fuse to form one diploid nucleus before the first nuclear division in the zygote.
		In our studies, it was not until a full day after plasmogamy that elongating sporophytes of D. tenuissima initiated the first nuclear division, which agrees well with the observations of D. marina (Lyngbye) Solier by Neumann (1969, 1974).
	calbears.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3850/is_200107/ai_n8998886 (1419 words)

	Phycologia: Karyogamy follows plasmogamy in the life cycle of Derbesia tenuissima (Chlorophyta) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The finding of zygotic karyogamy suggests that the sporophyte of this species develops from a diploid homokaryotic zygote, and this disputes interpretations of the life history of Derbesia based on microspectrophotometric studies.
		The life cycle of all three species was reported to be haplo- heterokaryotic because the level of nuclear DNA contents found in both sporophytes and gametophytes was the same as that in haploid gametes and because nuclei with diploid DNA levels were found only in young sporangia.
		In mating experiments with D. tenuissima gametes (female gametes were prestained with acridine orange), two unfused nuclei in a 15-min-old zygote and four nuclei in a 4-h-old zygote were observed, suggesting that in the zygote of Der!oesia, mitosis of both male and female gametic nuclei might occur without the nuclei being fused.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3850/is_199809/ai_n8823327 (1354 words)

	Medmicro Chapter 73
		The union of two hyphal protoplasts (plasmogamy) may be followed immediately by karyogamy, or it may be separated in time.
		Normally plasmogamy (union of two hyphal protoplasts which brings the nuclei close together in the same cell) is followed almost immediately by karyogamy.
		In certain members of the Basidiomycotina, however, these two processes are separated in time and space, with plasmogamy resulting in a pair of nuclei (dikaryon) contained within a single cell.
	gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch073.htm (2093 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		These are either saprophytic or parasitic and digest food extracellularly; no flagella; cell walls of chitin; predominately haploid with plasmogamy and karyogamy often separated in time resulting in the occurrence of a persistent dikaryotic stage.
		Blue mold; the source of penicillin, gives blue cheese its color, produces an abundance of conidia resulting in its blue color; be able to recognize conidia and conidiophores.
		Plasmogamy separated in time from karyogamy often with a persistent dikaryotic stage.
	botit.botany.wisc.edu /courses/botany_130/Div/fungi/Fungi.html (327 words)

	Basidiomycota (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The dikaryotic mycelium laid down from the plasmogamy of spermatia works its way through the leaf, and usually masses on the lower surface, where aecia or "cluster cups" form.
		The mycelium may be heterothallic or homothallic, and undergoes plasmogamy.
		Sporidia undergo plasmogamy to reestablish the dikaryon, from which conidia will be produced.
	www.cs.cuc.edu /~tfutcher/Basidiomycota.html (2127 words)

	American Journal of Botany, 43, 6, June, 1956 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Abstract: The developmental morphology of the ascogonium and plasmogamy in Ascobolus stercorarius are described.
		A method is outlined whereby the sexual reaction, resulting from the interaction between a single oidium (fertilizing agent) and a mycelium (ascogonial parent), can be studied.
		The principal stages in the reaction include: (1) induction of ascogonial primordia, (2) maturation of the ascogonium, (3) directional growth of the trichogyne, (4) plasmogamy, (5) the attraction and proliferation of sheath hyphae.
	www.botany.org /ajb/00029122_di001543.php (1557 words)

	Fungusoverview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		After plasmogamy nuclei pair up to form a dikaryon.
		Plasmogamy occurs forming dikaryotic zygosporangium, inactive and resistant to desiccation and freezing.
		When conditions change karyogamy occurs and haploid recombined spores are released.
	users.rcn.com /rpohlman/fungusoverview.htm (569 words)

	Pseudo-nitzschia auxospores
		A cell is considered an auxospore upon plasmogamy even if the nuclei of the gametes have not yet fused.
		They can be free in the medium or associated with the gametangial thecae.
		[Plasmogamy yields a cell with two nuclei, an a cell is considered a zygote when the two nuclei fuse.] A primary organic wall, composed mainly of polysaccharides, is formed around and auxospore.
	www.mbari.org /staff/conn/botany/diatoms/jennifer/rlhc.htm (345 words)

	Ascomycota (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Following contact between an antheridium and ascogonium, or an ascogonium and a conidiospore of opposite mating types, plasmogamy will occur, so that a male nucleus will be found in the same cell as the female nucleus.
		Dikaryotic hyphae will now be stimulated to grow from this ascogonium, in a coordinated manner with haploid hyphae to form the fruiting body known as an ascocarp.
		Within the ascus, two spores undergo plasmogamy and karyogamy, forming a diploid zygote, which exits the ascus and continues as a pseudohypha.
	www.cs.cuc.edu /~tfutcher/Ascomycota.html (951 words)

	American Journal of Botany, 38, 8, October, 1951 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Abstract: The initiation and development of the perithecium, including plasmogamy, the origin of the dikaryotic condition, and the formation of the perithecial wall, have been described for Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld, and v.
		Plasmogamy occurred by the application of a third hyphal branch to the tip cell of the ascogonial coil.
		This marked the beginning of the dikaryotic condition which was maintained by crozier proliferation until nuclear fusion occurred in the ascus.
	www.botany.org /ajb/00029122_di001495.php (2127 words)

	plasmogamy - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "plasmogamy" is defined.
		plasmogamy : Encarta® World English Dictionary, North American Edition [home, info]
		plasmogamy : Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=plasmogamy (118 words)

	Biology 2120 - Fungi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The zygospore formation is as sociated with the lateral fusion of two different mating strains of mycelia.
		Dikaryotic ascogenous hyphae result from plasmogamy, the fusion of two different compatible haploid hyphae, which can grow to a substantiaal diverse mycelium.
		These are recognizable at the microscopic level because of the clamp connections which develop in association with the complex nuclear division patterns within this gr oup.
	www.mun.ca /biology/rlee/b2120/fungi.html (433 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Plasmogamy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This is an extract from The Middle East Open Encyclopedia, made possible through the Wikimedia Foundation.
		In this stage, the cytoplasm of two parent mycelia fuse together without the fusion of nuclei, as occurs in higher terrestrial fungi.
		Iraq Museum International always displays the most recent published revision of the source article, Plasmogamy; all previous versions may be viewed here.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref?title=Plasmogamy (188 words)

	biol 1215 chapt 31 notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Plasmogamy of the + and - gametangia occurs, and the haploid nuclei pair up forming a diploid zygosporangium that is metabolically inactive and resistant to desiccation and freezing.
		When conditions become favorable, karyogamy occurs between pair nuclei; the resulting diploid nuclei immediately undergo meiosis producing genetically diverse haploid spores.
		Under certain environmental conditions, plasmogamy occurs between two haploid mycelia of opposite mating types.
	www.langara.bc.ca /biology/mario/Biol1215notes/biol1215chap31.html (1519 words)

	Lectures 17 and 18: The Kingdom Fungi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The fusion of cytoplasm is called plasmogamy and the subsequent fusion of nuclei - karyogamy - can occur soon after plasmogamy or only after considerable delay (depending on the type of fungus involved).
		Variations on this heterokaryotic theme (involving the nature of the fruiting body produced following plasmogamy and the length of time between plasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis) are illustrated in the text in Figures 20.7 (bread mold, a Zygomycete, one of the Zygomycota), 20.10 (a "typical" Ascomycete), and 20.14 (a "typical" Basidiomycete).
		Examine these illustrations on your own and relate what you see in the Week 5 lab to these notes so that you get an appreciation of how the details of Zygomycete, Ascomycete and Basidiomycete reproduction fit the general pattern described.
	www.dbs.ucdavis.edu /courses/w01/bis001C-02/l17.htm (1792 words)

	Fungi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		cytoplasmic fusion (plasmogamy) that is called a dikaryon state or stage; note that dikaryon is not synonymous with diploid since nuclei remain haploid even if found in same cytoplasm
		The process by which the cytoplasms of two parental fungi fuse is called plasmogamy
		Note that plasmogamy may be followed by nuclei fusing, though this does not necessarily occur immediately, and for some fungi the time until nuclear fusion occurs can be greatly extended (days, months, years)
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/campbl31.htm (723 words)

	Chapter 28: Fungi
		1) plasmogamy = cytoplasmic fusion to form dikaryon w/ two unfused haploid nuclei in 1 cell
		two mating types form antheridium and ascogonium ("male and female" sporangia), intertwine and undergo plasmogamy in the ascogonium
		haploid mycelia short-lived, undergo plasmogamy to form longer-lived dikaryon mycelium
	ppl.nhmccd.edu /~lcc/Chapter_31.html (951 words)

	[No title]
		In the sexual part of their life cycle, the union of 2 mating fungi has 2 separate stages: Plasmogamy- Karyogamy- 12.
		Does plasmogamy and karyogamy have to happen right after the other?
		Draw its life cycle in detail and memorize it.
	frcc.cc.co.us /docs/cms/CHAP31worksheet.doc (244 words)

	Urediniomycetes
		• Plasmogamy occurs between pycniospore of one mating type and receptive hypha of another
		• Pycniospores fuse with compatible receptive hyphae – plasmogamy
		• Plasmogamy takes place between compatible cells – basidiospores, conidia, yeast cells or combinations
	bama.ua.edu /~ksuberkp/bsc472/lectures/urediniomycetes.htm (893 words)

	Ch20 Kingdom Fungi
		For sexual reproduction to occur, haploid mycelia of different (but compatible) mating types must get together.
		Plasmogamy: hyphae of compatible mating types meet, produce mycelium in which each cell contains two haploid nuclei (this is the dikaryotic condition).
		Mycelium can persist in dikaryotic condition for extended period.
	faculty.buffalostate.edu /penaloj/bio115/outline20.htm (384 words)

	IngentaConnect Time-lapse video observations on sexual plasmogamy in the red alg... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		IngentaConnect Time-lapse video observations on sexual plasmogamy in the red alg...
		At the contact zone, the trichogyne and spermatial wall erode, forming a pore, and cytoplasmic continuity (plasmogamy) is achieved after about 50-70 min.
		You will be able to remove this item from your shopping cart at any time before you have completed check-out.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/tandf/tejp/1998/00000033/00000001/art00005 (354 words)

	Fungi
		Plasmogamy is the fusion of the cytoplasm between the two hyphae
		After plasmogamy, the two nuclei pair forming a dikaryon
		This can be maintained for long periods of time
	www.angelfire.com /sc3/missmcteer/fungi.htm (585 words)

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