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	Neuroplasticity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Neuroplasticity (variously referred to as brain plasticity or cortical plasticity) refers to the changes that occur in the organization of the brain, and in particular changes that occur to the location of specific information processing functions, as a result of the effect of learning and experience.
		A common and surprising consequence of brain plasticity is that the location of a given function can "move" from one location to another in the brain due to repeated learning or brain trauma.
		Plasticity should be more restricted to adaptive events in the central nervous system rather than merely indicating any change in response to environmental input.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Plasticity_(brain) (1399 words)

	Sleep in early life may play crucial role in brain development
		Significantly, the researchers determined that the amount of plasticity in the brain depended on the amount of sleep known as non-rapid eye movement, a deep, quiet, slumber marked by large, slow brain waves.
		To tease out the impact of sleep on plasticity during early brain development, the researchers established a model in which they measured in cats the response of neurons of the visual cortex to an environmental challenge -vision blocked in one eye for six hours.
		Finally, the cats allowed to sleep even had slightly more brain change than those animals who were kept awake in a light room with continued visual stimulation through one eye and whose brains had therefore had had twice as much time to respond to the light stimulus with just one eye open.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2001-04/UNKN-Siel-2504101.php (1131 words)

	Recent Publications on Brain Plasticity or Cortical Plasticity
		However, plasticity of the auditory cortex decreases with increasing age, so that a sensitive period for plastic adaptation can be demonstrated within the second to sixth months of life in the deaf cat.
		It is now clear that brain plasticity is operational into old age; therefore, protocols for interventions such as training, exercising, practicing, and stimulation, which make use of neuroplasticity principles, are effective to ameliorate some forms of cortical and behavioral age-related changes, indicating that aging effects are not irreversible but treatable.
		In the brain, concerned with perception and cognition, the 1) conditioned associations, as postulated by the tinnitus model of Jastreboff, and the 2) unconditioned sensitized stimulus responses, as postulated in the present ACTS model, are actively connected with and attributed to the tinnitus signal.
	www.seeingwithsound.com /newpubs/brain_plasticity/cached.html (4370 words)

	Understanding brain development and early learning
		The brain is made up of neurons, or brain cells, which connect to one another through synapses.
		An important ingredient in the brain’s makeup is myelin – a white, fatty material that is wrapped around brain axons – parts of the neuron that transmit messages to other neurons, muscles or glands.
		Eliot said the hippocampus is the like the brain’s “tape recorder” – the first part of the brain that processes memory before it goes to the cortex for long-term storage.
	www.facsnet.org /tools/sci_tech/biotek/eliot.php (2397 words)

	How Flexible is the Brain's Circuitry? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Plasticity refers to how circuits in the brain change and rearrange in response to experience, or sensory stimulation (6).
		It is believed that the same brain mechanisms drive all four types of plasticity: adjustments in the strength of the connections, or synapses, between brain cells (7).
		The temporal lobes of both sides of his brain were removed, along with the hippocampus, the amygdala, the entohinal, and the perirhinal cortices (2).
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /bb/neuro/neuro01/web3/Gu.html (1719 words)

	DAYBREAK - Stroke Recovery Might Be Speeded by Electrical Stimulation of the Brain
		In his research into this phenomenon, termed "brain plasticity," Merzenich has concentrated on refining maps of the brain regions that represent sensory and motor stimuli.
		Brain plasticity underlies the progressive development of all of our behavioral skills and abilities, Merzenich explains, and it contributes critically to the maintenance of our abilities to recognize and discriminate among incoming stimuli and to respond appropriately.
		To spur accelerated brain reorganization in normal adult rats, Kilgard and Merzenich electrically stimulated an area called the nucleus basalis, which is located at the front of the brain below the cerebral cortex.
	www.ucsf.edu /daybreak/1998/03/0316stro.htm (628 words)

	Brain injury:Recovery - Psychology Wiki - A Wikia wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		This damage to the brain, both in terms of neuron death and the severing of connections between neurons is the physiological cause of the mental impairments observed in brain injured people.
		Plasticity is the extent to which the brain can reorganise itself in terms of its neural connections (it can be reshaped, like plasticene).
		When the parts of their brain were scanned afterwards, the part of the brain responsible for controlling the arm and elbow seemed to have taken over some of the hand control in the improved monkeys.
	psychology.wikia.com /wiki/Brain_injury:Recovery (4956 words)

	Resource: The Brain: Teaching Modules
		To illustrate the relationship between specific behaviors and brain function, the module begins by showing a racecar driver exercising his skill, and then presents graphic illustrations of the internal activity of his brain.
		The patient’s preserved brain is subjected to CAT scan analysis, which shows correspondence between the damaged area and the patient’s documented difficulties with language comprehension.
		While patients with this disorder experience compression and destruction of brain tissue early in life, many are able to function normally later in life, after their brains have compensated for the loss.
	www.learner.org /resources/series142.html (1973 words)

	ScienceMaster - Kenneth A. Wesson - Article_06
		Cortical plasticity refers to the brain ability to continue exercising its flexible nature by allowing different areas of the brain to change as a result of experiences it gets in the outside environment.
		The ways in which the brain is stimulated (or not stimulated) in will determine the cortical complexity of any region in the brain, which is measured by the number of synapses and the nature of their connections to the various other parts of the brain.
		The last stage is adulthood, where (although the size of the brain remains the same) the trillions of connections in the brain continue to rearrange themselves constantly throughout our years as parents, workers, job-changers, spouses, etc. in our ongoing effort to adjust to our life, environment and circumstances.
	www.sciencemaster.com /columns/wesson/wesson_part_06.php (2719 words)

	Psychology 17.454 Spring 2006
		Brain plasticity refers to the ability of the brain to change both its structure and function.
		Much evidence indicates that the ability of the brain to learn and adapt relies on the development of new connections and on the alteration of existing connections between cells.
		The goal of this course is to introduce students to 1) the brain structures that plasticity is often studied in and 2) the general study of dynamic changes that are possible within the brain in response to experience.
	home.cc.umanitoba.ca /~ivancotl/plasticity.htm (1079 words)

	Rehabilitation After Brain Injury
		The brain's capacity to respond to injury in these instances has always posed a mystery: Since the pertinent neural systems are permanently damaged, it is not clear how the patients' brains are able to compensate for the loss.
		The capacity of the brain to reorganize itself--its "plasticity"--in the process of learning a task is perhaps the most interesting phenomenon that distinguishes the nervous system from all other tissues in the body.
		The brain's plasticity appears to be greatest when we are young (from infancy through early adolescence), a time when many of the neural pathways that will be used for the acquisition of language and motor skills are formed.
	www.birf.info /home/library/rehab/reh-brainpl.html (3228 words)

	Enchanted Mind - Brain Plasticity
		He states, "It is actually not legitimate to regard the brain as simply a fixed collection of wired-up neurons.
		It is estimated the you have about one hundred billion neurons in your brain, about ten billion of which are in your neo-cortex.
		The brain's plasticity is becoming more apparent in cognitive science.
	enchantedmind.com /html/science/brain_plasticity.html (955 words)

	ChildTraumaAcademy.com
		The human brain is very plastic, meaning that it is capable of changing in response to patterned, repetitive activation.
		The degree of brain plasticity is related to two main factors: the stage of development and the area or system of the brain.
		In order to learn -- to change the brain -- the experience has to activate the part of the brain that mediates the function you are trying to learn; the right parts of the cortex must be activated and receptive to learn traditional "cognitive" concepts such as we teach in schools, for example.
	www.childtraumaacademy.com /amazing_brain/lesson05/printing.html (1697 words)

	Brain
		Brain Plasticity simply refers to the capacity of the Central Nervous System to adapt or change after environmental stimulation.
		At Crossroads Institute the model that we feel is most accurate, given the current state of knowledge, is based upon the concepts of developmental brain plasticity and denervation supersensitivity.
		Both concepts require the brain and supporting nervous system to be externally stimulated in order for recovery to occur.
	www.crossroadsinstitute.org /plastic.html (302 words)

	Study provides insight into how the brain loses plasticity of youth
		Plasticity, the ability of functional brain circuits to change in response to experience-dependent neuronal activity, is largely restricted to critical periods of development.
		In their classic Nobel-prize winning experiments, David Hubel and Torsten Weisel showed that visual areas of the brain are responsive to environmental cues during a discrete period early in life, after which they do not change.
		Researchers have successfully identified proteins that promote such critical periods of plasticity but less is known about the proteins that stabilize neuronal connections.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-08/hms-spi081606.php (745 words)

	Apologetics Press - Brain Plasticity—and the Problem It Poses for Evolution
		Frequently, the causative factors for these changes in the brain are attributed to environmental changes (e.g., apes leaving the confines of the trees) or dietary changes (increasing meat and protein intake).
		In fact, the very presence of plasticity in lower animals begs the question of why there would be further brain evolution, since these animals already possessed the ability to rewire and reorganize brain circuitry.
		Brains were created by an intelligent Designer, and always have possessed this incredible ability to change and reorganize.
	www.apologeticspress.org /articles/2101 (1589 words)

	Brain Plasticity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The developmental function of brain plasticity is important not only in the world of early childhood, but also has implications for the function of an aging brain.
		As we age, the synaptic plasticity deceases due to the increased expression of neurotoxins in astrocytes which are responsible for cell-cell communication (2).
		If this function of brain plasticity can be exacerbated and emphasized, it is perhaps possible with further research and experimentation to minimize the effects of brain injury such that many or all symptoms are eliminated.
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /bb/neuro/neuro03/web1/kmccormick.html (985 words)

	ScienceDaily: Study Provides Insight Into How The Brain Loses Plasticity Of Youth
		Mouse Brain Stem Cells Capable Of Converting Into Blood Vessel Cells (July 15, 2004) -- Adult stem cells in the brains of mice possess a broader differentiation potential than previously thought and may be capable of developing into other cell types including those involved in the...
		Brain -- In animals, the brain, or encephalon, is the control center of the central nervous system.
		In most animals, the brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/08/060818012553.htm (2049 words)

	Neuroplasticity definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Neuroplasticity allows the neurons (nerve cells) in the brain to compensate for injury and disease and to adjust their activities in response to new situations or to changes in their environment.
		Brain reorganization takes place by mechanisms such as "axonal sprouting" in which undamaged axons grow new nerve endings to reconnect neurons whose links were injured or severed.
		For example, people who are deaf may suffer from a continual ringing in their ears (tinnitus), the result of the rewiring of brain cells starved for sound.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=40362 (246 words)

	Synaptic plasticity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In neuroscience, synaptic plasticity is the ability of the connection, or synapse, between two neurons to change in strength.
		There are several underlying mechanisms that cooperate to achieve synaptic plasticity, including changes in the amount of neurotransmitter released into a synapse and changes in how effectively cells respond to those neurotransmitters (Gaiarsa et al., 2002).
		Pérez-Otaño I., Ehlers M.D. Homeostatic plasticity and NMDA receptor trafficking.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Synaptic_plasticity (636 words)

	Mriganka Sur Lab in the Brain and Cognitive Science Department at MIT
		Plasticity, or the adaptive response of the brain to changes in inputs, is essential to brain development and function.
		The adult brain constantly adapts to changes in stimuli, and this plasticity is manifest not only as learning and memory but also as dynamic changes in information transmission and processing.
		The goal of the Sur laboratory is to understand long-term plasticity and short-term dynamics in networks of the developing and adult cortex.
	www.mit.edu /~msur (186 words)

	Advanced Brain Technologies views the brain as being malleable and plastic.
		Scientists apply the term neuro-plasticity or brain plasticity to the action of brain growth and adaptation in response to challenge.
		Brain development is dependant on the interplay between the genes that you were born with and the experiences that you have.
		Allerton recognized that in order for the brain to function properly and for the neurotransmitters in the brain to receive messages, the hypothalamus must be working correctly.
	www.incrediblehorizons.com /brain-plasticity.html (2882 words)

	Sleep and Early Brain Development and Plasticity: National Sleep Disorders Research Plan, 2003, NCSDR, NHLBI, NIH
		The high percentage of time spent in REM sleep during the critical period in human brain growth and maturation in late fetal and early postnatal life may indicate that the neural activity controlled by REM state mechanisms may be developmentally functional and contribute directly to physiological and structural brain maturation.
		Understanding the roles of sleep in brain maturation and plasticity is of critical importance since perturbations during fetal life or early postnatal life can have major impact on developmental processes and thus on adult phenotype.
		Suppression of neonatal REM sleep in rats, for example, alters ventilatory pattern, metabolism, and regional brain concentrations of neurotransmitters and their receptors at maturity, suggesting adverse adult consequences on brain re-wiring due to disruptions in sleep in early life.
	www.nhlbi.nih.gov /health/prof/sleep/res_plan/section6/section6.html (1037 words)

	10 Must-Know Facts About Your Aging Brain -- ThirdAge
		Neuroplasticity, or brain plasticity, is the brain's ability to change physically --- creating new neural pathways and connections -- in response to new learning or stimuli.
		Brain plasticity is a powerful and natural force for driving beneficial changes in the brain.
		Programs based on brain plasticity engage the brain's natural learning mechanisms, and so require no invasive procedures or medication.
	www.thirdage.com /news/articles/ALT02/06/05/26/ALT02060526-01.html (540 words)

	BrainConnection.com - Enriched Environments and Cortical Plasticity - Page 1
		Hubel and Wiesel's work made it clear that severe deprivation during critical developmental periods could have catastrophic effects on a growing brain, but the question of whether the opposite was true remained.
		They found that rats raised in an "enriched" environment, with toys and social activities, were not only smarter than rats raised in impoverished environments, but that the improvement in performance correlated with an increase in the weight of the rats' cerebral cortex.
		The idea that the brain, like a muscle, might respond to "cerebral exercise" with physical growth was surprising to many, and gave strength to an increasingly powerful theory suggesting that all aspects of the mind - from memory, to dreams, to emotions - might have physical correlates.
	www.brainconnection.com /topics/?main=fa/cortical-plasticity (576 words)

	Brain Plasticity and Stroke Rehabilitation : The Willis Lecture -- Johansson 31 (1): 223 -- Stroke
		Brain Plasticity and Stroke Rehabilitation : The Willis Lecture -- Johansson 31 (1): 223 -- Stroke
		to a focal brain ischemia are hyperexcitable because of an imbalance
		Thalamic and brain stem contributions to large-scale plasticity of primate somatosensory cortex.
	stroke.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/31/1/223 (5005 words)

	Ian Pitchford on Brain Plasticity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		I think we should be careful not to conflate two very different propositions: (a) complex functions result from brain plasticity (true) and (b) complex functions result only from brain plasticity (false).
		According to a paper I came across recently, in terms of volume the centromedial nucleus of the amygdala is the only brain structure in primates to correlate with life-span (Allman, 1993).
		Finally, it's also important to remember that there are clear limits on brain plasticity - I'm told there is a good discussion of what does, and what does not, recover after brain damage in Kolb (1995).
	cogweb.ucla.edu /ep/Plasticity.html (431 words)

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