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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Plato and Platonism
		Platonic account of the origin of the universe, contained in the "Timaeus", although the details regarding the activity of the demiurgos and the
		Platonism in the history of Scholasticism -- e.g., the School of Chartes in the twelfth century -- and throughout the whole
		Platonism, and especially of neo-Platonism, were incorporated in the Aristotelean system adopted by the schoolmen.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12159a.htm (2724 words)

	Middle Platonism [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Perhaps the most important contribution of Xenocrates to the history of Platonism (and all of philosophy as well) is the doctrine that the Ideas are thoughts in the mind of the One (Dillon, p.
		Platonism, therefore, should not be thought of a simple elucidation of Plato's doctrines, but rather as a creative engagement with Plato's texts and with certain doctrines handed down by the Academy as belonging to Plato.
		Middle Platonism ends with Origen of Alexandria and his younger contemporary Plotinus, both of whom were deeply indebted to many of the philosophers discussed in this article, yet moved in directions uniquely their own.
	www.iep.utm.edu /m/midplato.htm (8719 words)

	Literary Encyclopedia: Platonism, Neo-Platonism, Neoplatonism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Platonism involves the insight that although ideas have a different mode of existence than do sensible particulars, nonetheless both universal ideas and particular entities are modes of being.
		In order to grasp the meaning of Platonism, it is crucial that we understand the significance of Plato’s decision to leave his thinking to posterity in the form of dialogues that provoke interpretative questioning, rather than a monolithic treatise that purports to be statement of fact.
		The Platonic spirit of the Renaissance, the revival of Platonism in the nineteenth century, and especially developments in twentieth-century philosophy – particularly regarding the relation of the forms of language and thought to temporality – all these have contributed to the ongoing reappraisal of Plato’s dialogues.
	www.litencyc.com /php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=867 (4639 words)

	Platonism
		It cannot be estimated the amount of influence that Platonism exerted on Aristotle, and the Greek and Roman philosophers known as the Stoics, Marcus, and especially the Neoplatonists who more keenly developed the theory of ideas as well as the more mystical aspects of Platonic thought.
		Added to this was the impact of Platonic philosophy on the scholastics of the Middle Ages and Renaissance.
		There was a Platonic revival in the 19th century, and the study of his writings continues to this day.
	www.themystica.com /mystica/articles/p/platonism.html (337 words)

	Philosophy - Plato: Platonism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Initially, Platonism (Platoica secta) was rather dogmatic, and it denoted specific philosophical systems, which Plato's companions and followers at the Academy developed from his dialogues and oral discussions.
		"Platonism" was not created by Plato, and in the most general of terms, is an intense concern for the quality of human life -- always ethical, often religious, and sometimes political -- based on a belief in unchanging and eternal realities, which are independent of the changing particulars of the world perceived by the senses.
		Platonism is not concerned, for example, with Plato's reaction to the Sophistic Movement or with Greek poetic anthropomorphism or with the origin of of the Socratic technique of question-and-answer and refutation -- or indeed Socrates himself.
	www.archaeonia.com /philosophy/plato/platonism.htm (934 words)

	Platonism and the English Imagination - Cambridge University Press
		This is the first compendious study of the influence of Platonism on the English literary tradition, showing how English writers used Platonic themes and images within their own imaginative work.
		Platonism in Spenserâs mutability cantos Thomas Bulger; 13.
		Platonic ascents and descents in Milton Anna Baldwin; 15.
	www.cambridge.org /uk/catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521021685&print=y (396 words)

	Leo Strauss's Platonism
		For Strauss, each Platonic dialogue is a necessarily incomplete or abstracted consideration of Nature as it emerges in the interaction of the philosopher with various types of citizens.
		The Socratic or Platonic character of the Dialogues for Strauss is revealed in philosophy's turning to a consideration of its conditions in political life: thought knows itself to be beyond political life, beyond opinion, but always connected to political life.
		However, from a Platonic standpoint, what is remarkable is the capacity of the Straussian philosopher to resist the movement of the thinking of appearance (phenomena) to the thinking of the principle that is the reality of appearance.
	www.mun.ca /animus/1999vol4/roberts4.htm (4828 words)

	Neoplatonism [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Neoplatonism is a modern term used to designate the period of Platonic philosophy beginning with the work of Plotinus and ending with the closing of the Platonic Academy by the Emperor Justinian in 529 CE.
		Plotinus was faced with the task of defending the true Platonic philosophy, as he understood it, against the inroads being made, in his time, most of all by Gnostics, but also by orthodox Christianity.
		To this extent, we may refer to the Pseudo-Dionysius as a 'decadent,' for he (or she?) was writing at a time when the heyday of Platonism had attained the status of a palaios logos ('ancient teaching') to be, not merely commented upon, but savored as an aesthetic monument to an era already long past.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/n/neoplato.htm (6884 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Neo-Platonism
		philosophy that sprang from these sources was Platonic, it did not disdain to appropriate to itself elements of Aristoteleanism and even Epicureanism, which it articulated into a Syncretic system.
		He is the author of several Commentaries on Plato, of a collection of hymns to the gods, of many works on mathematics, and of philosophical treatises, the most important of which are: "Theological Elements", stoicheiosis theologike, (printed in the Paris ed.
		In this way, he came to profess a Platonism which in many respects is nearer to the doctrine of Plato's "Dialogues" than is the
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10742b.htm (3622 words)

	Renaissance Neo-Platonism
		In addition, Platonism never really faded out of the Western tradition nor was the Italian Renaissance a rediscovery of Plato; rather, the Italian Renaissance forged new philosophies from Plato and the Platonic tradition in antiquity and the Middle Ages.
		This new Platonic philosophy not only represented one of the central currents of Renaissance thought, it also had far reaching consequences in the future development of European thought and science.
		Nicholas of Cusanus expanded the Platonic argument that mathematics were a form of certain knowledge to the radical thesis that mathematics represented the divine ideas.
	www.hermetic.com /texts/neoplatonism.html (2795 words)

	Platonism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Platonic idealism is the theory that the substantive reality around us is only a reflection of a higher truth.
		Some people construe "Platonism" to mean the proposition that universals exist independently of particulars (a universal is anything that can be predicated of a particular).
		Platonism is an ancient school of philosophy, founded by Plato; this school had an actual, physical existence at a site just outside the walls of Athens called the Academy as well as the intellectual unity of a shared approach to philosophizing.
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/pl/Platonism.htm (261 words)

	Plato and Platonism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Platonism sees these realities both as the causes of the existence of everything in the universe and as giving value and meaning to its contents in general and the life of its inhabitants in particular.
		Something of Platonism, nonetheless, survived in Aristotle's system in his beliefs that the reality of anything lay in a changeless (though wholly immanent) form or essence comprehensible and definable by reason and that the highest realities were eternal, immaterial, changeless self-sufficient intellects which caused the ordered movement of the universe.
		One"; the placing of the Platonic Forms in the divine mind; a strongly otherworldly attitude demanding a "flight from the body," an ascent of the mind to the divine and eternal; and a preoccupation with the problem of evil, attributed either to an evil world soul or to matter.
	www.msu.org /intro/content_intro/texts/plato/plato_eb.htm (10424 words)

	E. Jane Doering (ed.), Eric O. Springsted (ed.) - The Christian Platonism of Simone Weil - Reviewed by Jeffrey Bloechl, ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		No doubt bearing this sort of thing in mind, the contributors to this volume plainly agree not only that Weil was both a Christian and a Platonist, but also that she understood each of these very much in her own way.
		The Christian Platonism of Simone Weil is best read as a series of close approaches to the living heart of a perspective that is at once eclectic and provocative.
		For the uninitiated, it is especially helpful that the volume begins with DuprÃ©'s careful exposition of Weil's relation to Gnosticism, Platonism, and Christianity, already with a nod toward the sorts of complications wrought by her fidelity to the teaching of Alain.
	ndpr.nd.edu /review.cfm?id=3261 (2118 words)

	PLATONISM
		The relationship between Christianity and Platonism is a multi-faceted kinship with many implications.
		Platonism spanned the breach left by ancient Babylonian mythology.
		There may be elements of platonism that resemble Christianity, but it does not resemble the salvation by grace that is the foundation of Christianity.
	members.cox.net /bfniii/platonism.htm (1470 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 94.10.14
		In addition, Platonism's well documented roots in Pythagoreanism were appealed to as reason for making use of Neopythagorean developments in the first and second centuries A.D. as tools for understanding Platonic teaching.
		One of the relatively few documents to have survived intact from this period is a handbook or summary of Platonism by a philosopher whose name, judging solely from the manuscripts, was Alcinous.
		Dillon does not, however, show how the Middle Platonic readings of the dialogues are not crazy, based as they are in part on the reasonable position that Aristotle is an accurate interpreter of Plato, and therefore on the assumption that the middle dialogues do not represent Plato's final views.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1994/94.10.14.html (993 words)

	Encyclopaedia Britannica: Platonism
		Proclus appears to have codified later Platonism, but it is often impossible to tell which parts of his thought are original and which derive from his teachers Plutarch and Syrianus on the one hand and Porphyry and Iamblichus, from whom he quotes copiously but not always identifiably, and other earlier Platonists on the other hand.
		A Christian Platonic theism of the type of which Boethius is the finest example thus arose; based on a reading of the Timaeus with Christian eyes, it continued to have a strong influence in the Middle Ages, especially in the earlier period.
		The influence of the Platonism of the Florentine Academy was quite extensive; it may be seen not only in the writings of later Italian philosophers but also in the iconography of Italian Renaissance painting and in 16th-century French literature and was particularly marked in England.
	www-rcf.usc.edu /~sbriggs/Britannica/neoplato2.htm (5587 words)

	SingaporeMoms - Parenting Encyclopedia - Platonism
		A particular tree, with a branch or two missing, possibly alive, possibly dead, and initials of two lovers carved into its bark, is distinct from the form of Tree-ness.
		Platonism is an ancient school of philosophy, founded by Plato; at the beginning, this school had a physical existence at a site just outside the walls of Athens called the Academy, as well as the intellectual unity of a shared approach to philosophizing.
		Platonism is considered to be, in mathematics departments the world over, the predominant philosophy of mathematics, especially regarding the foundations of mathematics.
	www.singaporemoms.com /parenting/Platonism (265 words)

	Christian Platonism and Augustine
		But this is not the Platonism Plato, who was deeply influenced by the Orphic Pythagorean tradition according to which the soul was indeed a god or spirit (theos or daimon), but a highly fallible and peccable one, punished for its primal sin by a fall into the cycle of reincarnation.
		It is the Platonic representation of a universe on two levels, of which the higher, that of the divine, is the model of the lower, its symbol, where the world of the senses is to be found.
		Platonism and Cartesianism in the Philosophy of Ralph Cudworth by Lydia Gysi.
	www.augustinian.villanova.edu /AugustinianStudies/armstrng.htm (14201 words)

	Is Platonism Dead?
		His recipe for defending both platonism and anti-platonism involves responding to several counter-arguments with the claim that only the most extreme formulations of the positions do not succumb to the attacks.
		The variety of platonism that he argues for is referred to as FBP, which stands for 'full-blooded platonism', and it is, essentially, the view that all logically possible mathematical objects actually do exist.
		It claims that only platonism can account for mathematical truth, and only mathematical truth can account for the indispensability of mathematical theories to empirical science, hence platonism must be correct.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /pcu/noesis/issue_v/noesis_v_5.html (3030 words)

	Computational Platonism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In it, he envisioned a world apart from our physical world of sensation--a world of "forms." These Platonic forms are not material objects, nor are they concepts in our heads--they exist on their own terms, apart from the physical universe, eternal and immutable.
		Platonic forms explain "sameness in difference"--how different things can be said to be somehow the same.
		The only way the lambda-forms can be equivalent to the Platonic forms is if we view the lambda-calculus as a language for talking about the forms, but recognize that the details of the language are completely irrelevant to the nature of the forms themselves, provided the language is at least as expressive as the lambda-calculus.
	home.ican.net /~arandall/Plato (8331 words)

	SUNY Press :: Platonic Legacies
		His concern is to expose such moments as those expressed in the Platonic phrase "beyond being" and in the enigmatic word chora.
		More broadly, he shows what profound significance these most archaic moments of Platonism, which remained largely unheeded in the history of philosophy, have for contemporary discussions of spacings, of utopian politics, of the nature of nature, and of the relation between philosophy and tragedy.
		These engagements focus on the way in which these recent and contemporary philosophers take up the Platonic legacies in their own thought and on the way in which the exposure of an archaic Platonism can redirect or supplement what they have accomplished.
	www.sunypress.edu /details.asp?id=61007 (325 words)

	Objectivism Without Platonism: Hao Wang on Kurt Godel
		By 'Platonism', Gödel means the view that there exists "a non-sensual reality, which exists independently both of the acts and the dispositions of the human mind and is only perceived, and probably perceived very incompletely, by the human mind" (1951, 323).
		In his conversations with Wang, Gödel usually defended objectivism rather than Platonism (perhaps because he knew that Wang was not sympathetic to Platonism).
		It is this Platonism that Wang would prefer to dispense with, although, as we shall see, not without consequences for an objectivistic first philosophy.
	www.saint-andre.com /thoughts/wang-godel.html (6950 words)

	[No title]
		The view itself does not escape Platonism, indeed it seems to be a version of Platonism contained by consciousness.
		It is a preferable theory in that when it is couched in these terms, it has the explanatory power of Platonism combined with elegant explanations of the relationship of the individual to the abstract entities themselves.
		Platonism describes why we might experience number in the first place while Dehaene’s theory explains exactly how we perceive number.
	www.csus.edu /indiv/m/mayesgr/numbers.doc (1573 words)

	Platonism, Intuition and the Nature of Mathematics. By K.Podnieks
		This sort of Platonism is an essential aspect of mathematical method, the source of the surprising efficiency of mathematics in the natural sciences and technology.
		Several mathematicians and philosophers interpret the methods of platonism in the sense of conceptual realism, postulating the existence of a world of ideal objects containing all the objects and relations of mathematics.
		The key to all these powers is the mathematical Platonism - the ability of mathematicians to "live" in the "worlds" of the models they are investigating, the ability to forget all things around them during their work.
	www.ltn.lv /~podnieks/gt1.html (5663 words)

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