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Topic: Platyrrhines

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	Digimorph - Callimico goeldii (Goeldi's monkey)
		Once in the New World, platyrrhines diverged into a variety of forms ranging in size from the smallest living anthropoid (Cebuella) at ~110 grams to the howler monkeys (Alouatta) that reach 11 kg (Fleagle, 1999).
		Although the adaptations of different genera are reflected in their craniodental anatomy, platyrrhines in general retain a cranial morphology more similar to primitive anthropoids from the Eocene and Oligocene of Egypt such as Catopithecus, Parapithecus, and Aegyptopithecus than do the living Old World anthropoids (Fleagle, 1999; Simons, 2001).
		New specimens of the oldest fossil platyrrhine, Branisella boliviana, from Salla, Bolivia.
	digimorph.org /specimens/Callimico_goeldii/395455 (673 words)

	The Origins of Platyrrhine Monkeys in South America
		The two most likely places of where platyrrhines originated from are North America and Africa, Antarctica being a third place would be difficult to discern because of the difficulty in finding fossils in such a harsh land.
		Both the parapithecids and extinct and extant platyrrhines show extensive postorbital closure, which is not found in primates from North America (Fleagle and Kay, 1997).
		As for the theory that platyrrhines may have come from North America, there are no non-tarsier haplorrhines that are found in North America.
	members.tripod.com /cacajao/platyrrhine.html (489 words)

	Digimorph - Alouatta seniculus (red howler monkey)
		The research for which these CT data were collected indicates that this primitive anthropoid cranial morphology included considerable cranial pneumatization via the paranasal sinuses.
		Alouatta seniculus is one of the smaller atelines with males and females averaging 6,690 g and 5,210 g respectively (Fleagle, 1999).
		Alouatta is a member of the Atelinae, a group of large-bodied arboreal platyrrhines that includes the spider monkeys, woolly monkeys, and woolly spider monkeys.
	digimorph.org /specimens/Alouatta_seniculus/281763 (643 words)

	Genetics and Molecular Biology - Divergent evolution and purifying selection of the H (FUT1) gene in New World monkeys ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		So, in most platyrrhines, H encodes a protein with 366 amino acids, one more than in humans, in which codon 23 of the transmembrane domain was lost.
		As compared to the human sequence, the H gene of the platyrrhines presented two amino acid alterations in the transmembrane domain and one in the second conserved motif (Figure 1).
		In the platyrrhines the dN:dS ratio was 0.34, a value similar to that found in primates by Zhang (2000) for 47 genes with moderate evolution rates (mean dN:dS ratio of 0.28), suggesting the occurrence of purifying selection.
	www.scielo.br /scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-47572004000300007&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en (3530 words)

	1
		sequence orthologues that represented 18 catarrhines, 16 platyrrhines, 3 non-anthropoid primates (2 tarsiers and a strepsirhine) and rabbit (as outgroup to the primates).
		As shown in Table 5, the rate of accumulation of noncoding nucleotide substitutions was significantly greater in the early primates in the lineage to the LCA of platyrrhines and catarrhines (63-40 Ma) than from this LCA to the living anthropoids.
		Similarly in the atelid family of platyrrhines, rates were faster in the leaf-eating howler monkeys than in the frugivore members of the family such as the spider monkeys (Meireles et al., 1999b).
	www.uchicago.edu /aff/mwc-amacad/biocomplexity/MPE2001.html (5525 words)

	The Lawrence Jacobsen Library: Books Received
		Platyrrhine paleontology and systematics: The paradigm shifts 151 Alfred L. Rosenberger 11.
		Miocene platyrrhines of the northern Neotropics 175 Walter Carl Hartwig and D. Jeffrey Meldrum 13.
		Extinct Quaternary platyrrhines of the Greater Antilles and Brazil 189 Ross D. MacPhee and Ines Horovitz The fossil record of early catarrhines and Old World monkeys 201 14.
	library.primate.wisc.edu /collections/books/primfossilrec.html (959 words)

	CREO
		Rosenberger, 1977), but so are endemic Antillean platyrrhines generally, justifying their joint placement in Callicebinae.
		Several features of the known limb skeleton suggest a slow quadrupedal locomotor style that has no evident counterpart among extant platyrrhines but was possibly somewhat convergent on sloths (MacPhee and Fleagle, 1991).
		Hershkovitz, P. Notes on Tertiary platyrrhine monkeys and description of a new genus from the late Miocene of Colombia.
	creo.amnh.org /example1.html (2068 words)

	Haplorhines
		The platyrrhines are also known as New World Monkeys because their present day distribution is restricted to South and Central America.
		Platyrrhines do not have an ectotympanic tube, like the catarrhines, but retain the ancestral ectotympanic ring.
		No catarrhines have prehensile tails, and unlike the platyrrhines, some are terrestrial.
	homepage.mac.com /wis/Personal/lectures/human-evol/5.html (1002 words)

	ChimpanZoo Web Site: Ceboidea Superfamily
		The Platyrrhini infraorder and the Ceboidea superfamily are essentially synonymous since Ceboidea is the only living platyrrhine superfamily.
		Platyrrhines are more commonly known as New World monkeys.
		The noses of platyrrhines have nostrils which are rounded and are oriented towards their ears, while the noses of members of
	www.chimpanzoo.org /ceboidea.html (216 words)

	The involucrin genes of the white-fronted capuchin and cottontop tamarin: the platyrrhine middle region -- Phillips et ...
		The involucrin genes of the white-fronted capuchin and cottontop tamarin: the platyrrhine middle region -- Phillips et al.
		The involucrin genes of the white-fronted capuchin and cottontop tamarin: the platyrrhine middle region
		Please note that abstracts for content published before 1996 were created through digital scanning and may therefore not exactly replicate the text of the original print issues.
	mbe.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/8/5/579 (304 words)

	Abbeys Bookshop - Primate Fossil Record
		Platyrrhine paleontology and systematics: the paradigm shifts Alfred L. Rosenberger
		Miocene platyrrhines of the northern neotropics Walter Carl Hartwig and D. Jeffrey Meldrum
		Extinct Quaternary platyrrhines of the Greater Antilles and Brazil Ross D. MacPhee and Ines Horovitz
	www.abbeys.com.au /items/20/72/06 (406 words)

	People -- BAA
		Recovery of older primates from South America (SA), and of cranial and postcranial remains of known early platyrrhines will contribute important new information to the adaptive profile of the earliest platyrrhines.
		New material will shed light on the phylogenetic status of African Paleogene anthropoids, one of which may be the platyrrhine sister-taxon.
		Also, new remains of fossil primates will help to refine hypotheses about the origins of the modern families and subfamilies of platyrrhines, all of which trace back to an early Miocene (~17-21 Ma) common ancestor.
	fds.duke.edu /db/aas/BAA/faculty/rich_kay (1346 words)

	Table of contents for Library of Congress control number 2001037847
		Platyrrhine paleontology and systematics: the paradigm shifts Alfred L. Rosenberger 11.
		Miocene platyrrhines of the northern neotropics Walter Carl Hartwig and D. Jeffrey Meldrum 13.
		Extinct Quaternary platyrrhines of the Greater Antilles and Brazil Ross D. MacPhee and Ines Horovitz Part III.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/cam026/2001037847.html (353 words)

	Cryptozoology.com
		First, is your theory that the Platyrrhines evolved from an anthropoid that migrated to North America during the Eocene when Europe and North America were connected or is it that they began evolving independently on North America from an even earlier common, primitive ancestor?
		There is a human mutation by which digets are added and it does appear in some families but it has nothing to do with inbreeding, in fact, instances have occurred in rather large populations.
		Or we are left with a known type of creature, the sloth, which inhabited exactly this environment, had many, many species to choose from--among these giant forms, which were with us not 25 million years ago but 11,000 years ago.
	www.cryptozoology.com /forum/topic_view_thread.php?tid=2&pid=309064 (5542 words)

	Conference Schedule
		For the last 25 years, Argentinean primatologists have developed numerous studies of platyrrhines that inhabit Argentina and neighboring Paraguay and Bolivia, including Alouatta caraya, Aotus azarae, Cebus apella and Saimiri boliviensis.
		In the first phylogeographic study of platyrrhines mitochondrial sequence variability of Alouatta caraya was examined, indicating that a demographic expansion occurred at the end of Pleistocene glaciations around 7,000-15,500 years ago.
		Future research will concentrate on both genetic and ecological dynamics of platyrrhines throughout the geographic range, to define patterns of speciation and genetic variability.
	www.asp.org /asp2006/abstractDisplay.cfm?abstractID=2053&confEventID=1995 (266 words)

	Conference Schedule
		We then collected data on group composition from published sources and added data on body mass and number of breeding females.
		In all, we developed eight raw and composite variables from 60 species of platyrrhines and 64 species of cercopithecids.
		In this analysis, most of the smallest New World monkeys show a pattern of small group size and limitations on the number of breeding females that is different from other platyrrhines and Old World monkeys.
	www.asp.org /asp2006/abstractDisplay.cfm?abstractID=1973&confEventID=1948 (262 words)

	ChimpanZoo Web Site: Catarrhini Infraorder
		Catarrhines have narrow nostrils that face downwards, as opposed to platyrrhines
		Catarrhines also differ from platyrrhines in their dental formula
		This is a total of 32 teeth, whereas platyrrhines have 3 premolars and therefore 36 teeth.
	www.chimpanzoo.org /catarrhi.html (109 words)

	Primate Genomics: The Search for Genic Changes that Shaped being Human
		Also, among living primates, the neocortical portions of the brain are much larger in simian primates (the living platyrrhines and catarrhines of Anthropoidea) than in non-simian primates (the tarsiers and the lemuriform and loriform strepsirhines).
		The paleontologically based age of 25 Ma for the LCA of cercopithecids and hominids served as the starting reference date for estimating the divergence dates for lineages within the hominid clade and separately within the cercopithecid clade.
		The age of 40 Ma for the LCA of platyrrhines and catarrhines served as the starting date for estimating the divergence dates for lineages within the platyrrhine clade.
	www.uchicago.edu /aff/mwc-amacad/biocomplexity/MGHGEP.html (4800 words)

	Mundy
		An interesting implication is that understanding of the genetic basis of coat colour will aid reconstruction of ancestral coloration in primates.
		Most platyrrhines and some lemurs show extraordinary intraspecific variation in colour vision: all males are dichromatic whereas females may be dichromatic or trichromatic.
		This is caused by a polymorphism in an X-linked opsin gene, but the mechanism maintaining the polymorphism is poorly understood.
	www.nyu.edu /projects/difiore/mpconference/abstracts/mpmundy.html (231 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		These newly-generated 32 kilobases of DNA sequence data will be combined with existing DNA sequence data for the same two loci from other New World monkey taxa to reconstruct phylogenetic trees of the platyrrhines using a variety of tree-building algorithms (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and distance).
		These new data will be used to measure the extent of genetic variation within seven genera of platyrrhines and to increase the overall robustness of phylogenetic estimation.
		Molecular evolutionary rates of change will be compared between these mitochondrial coding and nuclear non-coding regions.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/yguan/NSFAbstracts/Abstracts/SBE/SBR.SBE.a9528339.txt (318 words)

	Lawrence I. Grossman
		USA 89, 5266-5270), was analyzed in more detail (Wu et al., below) in the two groups of anthropoid primates, the catarrhines (hominoids, cercopithecoids) and platyrrhines (ceboids), as well as one prosimian primate (lorisiform).
		Phylogenetic analysis of COX4 sequence data revealed that accelerated nonsynonymous substitution rates were evident in the early evolution of both catarrhines and, to a lesser extent, platyrrhines.
		These accelerated rates were followed later by decelerated rates, suggesting that positive selection for adaptive amino acid replacement became purifying selection, preserving replacements that had occurred.
	cmmg.biosci.wayne.edu /lgross/chef.htm (1083 words)

	Alu Elements Support Independent Origin of Prosimian, Platyrrhine, and Catarrhine Mhc-DRB Genes -- Kriener et al. 10 ...
		Alu Elements Support Independent Origin of Prosimian, Platyrrhine, and Catarrhine Mhc-DRB Genes -- Kriener et al.
		in the platyrrhine and four in the prosimian DRB genes.
		prosimians, platyrrhines, and catarrhines is derived from a separate
	www.genome.org /cgi/content/abstract/10/5/634 (276 words)

	The Old World Monkeys
		The most obvious difference is the shape of the nose: platyrrhine means flat-nosed, whilecatarrhine means hook-nosed.
		In platyrrhines, the nostrils are farther apart and they point outward, while in the catarrhines, they're closer together and they point down.
		The number of teeth in each type is distinct, but we don't have to memorize their dental formulas for a test.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~phyl/anthro/cata.html (3227 words)

	Intracellular Vitamin D Binding Proteins: Novel Facilitators of Vitamin D-Directed Transactivation -- Wu et al. 14 (9): ...
		in platyrrhines is limited by both the quantity
		postulated (11), it is not known whether platyrrhines, obligate
		Also unknown is the existence of additional pathways in platyrrhine
	mend.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/14/9/1387 (5175 words)

	Ch5. Introduction to the Primates
		The cebids are all primarily arboreal, and exhibit a number of different social systems.
		The catarrhine primates are generally larger than platyrrhines; additionally, aspects of the physiology (e.g., catarrhines have only two premolars in each quadrant vs. three for platyrrhines) and ecology (e.g., catarrhines are found in many terrestrial habitats) differ between these groups.
		Catarrhines can be divided into two superfamilies, the Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys) and the Hominoidea (apes).
	www.wwnorton.com /college/anthro/bioanth/ch5/chap5.htm (968 words)

	Platyrrhines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The monkeys of the New World, infraorder Platyrrhini, live almost exclusively in the tropical forests of South and Central America.
		The Platyrrhines are subdivided into two families: Callitrichidae and Cebidae
		You may click on any of the images below for a enlarged view.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/Animalclassification/PrimateTaxonomy/Platyrrhines.htm (199 words)

	AMNH Bestiary
		Paralouatta varonai, which lived in Cuba, was a relatively large species that may have weighed as much as a living howler monkey (Alouatta, 15-20 lb).
		All extant platyrrhines are exclusively arboreal, but some limb bones of Paralouatta are remarkably similar to those of monkeys that spend part of the time on the ground (e.g., langur monkeys, genus Presbytis).
		Bones of Paralouatta have only been found in cave sites in one area of western Cuba, the Sierra de los Organos.
	www.amnh.org /science/biodiversity/extinction/Resources/Bestiary/Primates.html (574 words)

	Mammal Directory: New World Monkeys (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		All New World monkeys are arboreal and spend their lives in the forest canopy though some species will come to the ground to forage for fallen fruits.
		New World monkeys are known as platyrrhines or flat-nosed monkeys because of their relatively broad nasal septum in comparison to Old World monkeys and the vertical orientation of their nostrils.
		New World monkeys fall naturally into two taxonomic divisions--the Callitrichidae and the Cebidae.
	pages.csam.montclair.edu /ceterms/mammals/newworldmonkeys.html (619 words)

	The New World Monkeys
		Do you know the difference between the old world monkeys and the new world monkeys?
		Geographic Distribution of the Platyrrhines (New World Monkeys)
		Fossils go all the way south but species living currently only go a little out of the tropics.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~phyl/anthro/platy.html (724 words)

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