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Topic: Players of the Rwandan Genocide

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Peculiarities of the genocide of the Tutsis in regards to other genocides

Glossary and supplements for the Rwandan Genocide

Consequences of the Rwandan Genocide

Analysis of the causes of the Rwandan Genocide

Initial events of the Rwandan Genocide

Rwandan Genocide

Bibliography of the Rwandan Genocide

Rwandan Massacre

MRND

History of Rwanda

Kigali

Rwandan Patriotic Front

Tutsi

Hutu

Shake Hands with the Devil

In the News (Fri 27 Nov 09)

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Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

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Hugh Jackman

	Rwandan Genocide information - Search.com
		The Rwandan Genocide was the slaughter of an estimated 800,000 [1] to 1,000,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus, mostly carried out by two extremist Hutu militia groups, the Interahamwe and the Impuzamugambi, during a period of 100 days from April 6th through mid-July 1994.
		For many, the Rwandan Genocide stands out as historically significant, not only because of the sheer number of people that were murdered in such a short period of time, but also because of the way that many Western countries responded to the atrocities.
		The Rwandan genocide and the resulting large numbers of refugees destabilized the regional balance of power along the Zairian border, resulting in the start of the First Congo War, which set the stage for the Second Congo War that continues to trouble the region.
	www.search.com /reference/Rwandan_Genocide (4763 words)

	Rwandan Genocide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Rwandan Genocide is the massacre of an estimated 800,000 to 1,071,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus in Rwanda, mostly carried out by two extremist Hutu militia groups, the Interahamwe and the Impuzamugambi, during a period of 100 days from April 6th through mid-July 1994.
		The key background issue in the Rwandan Genocide is the relationship between the two ethnic groups, the Hutu and the Tutsi.
		The Rwandan genocide and the resulting large numbers of refugees destabilized the regional balance of power along the Zairian border, resulting in the start of the First Congo War, which set the stage for the Second Congo War that continues to trouble the region.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rwandan_Genocide (6660 words)

	Bibliography of the Rwandan Genocide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience, by the Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda.
		Rwandan Initiative: Symposium: The Media and the Rwandan Genocide.
		Surviving the Slaughter: The Ordeal of a Rwandan Refugee in Zaire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Rwandan_Genocide (1984 words)

	Free Genocide Essays
		According to Lemkin, genocide signifies the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group and implies the existence of a coordinated plan, aimed at total extermination, to be put into effect against individuals chosen as victims purely, simply, and exclusively because they are members o...
		Genocide could be one or more leaders trying to get rid of a large group of people by killings or attacks, or it can be against a smaller group of people in a less violent manner.
		Genocide in Rwanda and Burundi - Genocide in Rwanda and Burundi.
	www.123helpme.com /search.asp?text=Genocide (3297 words)

	Rwanda: Community Courts under Scrutiny - International Justice - Global Policy Forum
		Rwandan prisoners clad in their trademark hot-pink uniforms are a familiar sight as they do community service work around the capital Kigali and neighbouring towns.
		Bikesha explained that the normal Rwandan court system is handling those accused of leading the genocide or of rape and other sexual assaults.
		Although the government puts in money, and all Rwandan workers contribute one per cent of their wages towards survivors, this funding pool is thought to cover only 30 per cent of the need.
	www.globalpolicy.org /intljustice/tribunals/rwanda/2005/0709scrutiny.htm (1135 words)

	Rwanda - Country Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Rwandan women were raped and murdered on a massive scale, with men constituting the majority of murder victims.
		The loss of Rwandan women is leaving a second generation of Rwandan children without mothers and caregivers and constraining the extent to which women can fully participate in the rebuilding of Rwanda.
		Rwandan women participated in the Women's Peace Train in August 2002, where women from turbulent countries in Central and Southern Africa passed a torch from Rwanda across several countries to Johannesburg in time for the UN World Summit on Sustainable Development.
	www.womenwarpeace.org /rwanda/rwanda.htm (5394 words)

	Guardian Unlimited Film \| Features \| Horror movies
		And the wave of sympathy for the mainly Tutsi victims didn't have much impact on the ground: the international community, in the form of the United Nations' refugee organisation, allowed the interahamwe militias to seize control of the camps and prepare for their eventual invasion of Rwanda.
		By the time the 10th anniversary of the genocide was commemorated last year, that was no longer the case.
		For those who can claim to be players in central Africa's unfolding political process, as well as a less well-informed general public, the four films are timely reminders of the horror that serves as a framework for today's turbulent events.
	film.guardian.co.uk /features/featurepages/0,4120,1416625,00.html (1027 words)

	Discussions - The Rwandan Genocide: The Triumph of Evil and Preventing It (due Fri Apr. 29)
		The genocide in Rwanda occurred just a few years ago—in your lifetime—and is an indication of how easily governments and people fall into the same patterns of perpetrator—victim—bystander—that we saw in Nazi Germany and elsewhere.
		If the players involved thought of Rwanda more as a place where hundreds of thousands were falling victim to genocide rather than a place where military involvment would garner negative feelings from the public, Dallaire could have had the force he needed.
		The entire genocide in Rwanda took place in 100 days, to be able to convince an entire country that this was a worthwhile cause would have taken months and months and then to ensure backup from other governments would ahve taken longer.
	www.learntoquestion.com /class/discussion/printthread.php?t=1501 (7892 words)

	Legal Responses to Genocide in Rwanda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The organizers of the genocide depicted themselves as the legitimate authorities in charge of the country, a claim that was strengthened by the conduct other governments, the United Nations, and the Organization of African Unity (OAU), all of which treated the genocidal leaders as the government of Rwanda.
		In defeating the genocidal government, RPF soldiers reportedly killed thousands of civilians in violation of international humanitarian law.[24] The ICTR mandate authorizes the tribunal to prosecute such violations, which are known as war crimes and crimes against humanity.
		In our qualitative research, we found that many Rwandans felt that the work of the ICTR was far removed from their daily lives Respondents complained that the trials were held far away from Rwanda and were organized using Western-style judicial practices that place a heavy emphasis on procedure and have little concern for community interests.
	vassun.vassar.edu /~tilongma/justice.html (6361 words)

	History (HRW Report - Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, March 1999)
		Organizers of the genocide, who had themselves grown up with these distortions of history, skillfully exploited misconceptions about who the Tutsi were, where they had come from, and what they had done in the past.
		So great was Rwandan respect for European education that this faulty history was accepted by the Hutu, who stood to suffer from it, as well as by the Tutsi who helped to create it and were bound to profit from it.
		In 1986 Rwandan authorities had declared that the country was too overpopulated to permit the return of the refugees, a statement that helped spark renewed activity in the refugee community.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-09.htm (12827 words)

	PM - Questions unanswered 10 years after Rwandan genocide
		It had a garrison in the Rwandan capital, Kigali, and its commander repeatedly and forcefully asked for more troops, which he insisted would act as a clear signal to the Hutus that the world would not stand by and watch them murder their brothers and sisters.
		The plane crash which started the whole genocide on 6th of April is something that has been nagging in that country for 10 years.
		And I think it's one of the great tragedies that 10 years after the genocide, instead of the public record reflecting what happened and that there be a final cleansing, as it were, with the truth on the public record, there's still many questions unanswered.
	www.abc.net.au /pm/content/2004/s1077423.htm (1093 words)

	The U.S. and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994: Evidence of Inaction
		The U.S. and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994
		In naming and calling on four Rwandan military leaders to “end the violence”, it is probably the sole example of high-level attention—however brief—trained on officials involved in the genocide.
		Produced one month into the genocide, this report declares that “Almost immediately after President Habyarimana was killed, in Kigali the Presidential Guard began the systematic execution of prominent Tutsi and moderate Hutu” and that the violence is “directed by high-level officials within the interim government”.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB53/index.html (2915 words)

	Legal Responses to Genocide in Rwanda
		The organizers of the genocide depicted themselves as the legitimate authorities in charge of the country, a claim that was strengthened by the conduct other governments, the United Nations, and the Organization of African Unity (OAU), all of which treated the genocidal leaders as the government of Rwanda.
		In our qualitative research, we found that many Rwandans felt that the work of the ICTR was far removed from their daily lives Respondents complained that the trials were held far away from Rwanda and were organized using Western-style judicial practices that place a heavy emphasis on procedure and have little concern for community interests.
		The regime has frequently invoked the genocide to deflect responsibility for its own human rights abuses, claiming that protecting against future genocide requires extraordinary means, a position which leaders of many other governments, shamed by their own failures during the genocide, have been willing to accept.
	faculty.vassar.edu /tilongma/justice.html (6361 words)

	November 2002 News Monitor - Prevent Genocide International
		It was defeated after Rwandan government troops withdrew from eastern DRC under the terms of a July 30 treaty between Rwanda and the DRC.
		Eight people were burned alive in a house torched by the assailants, and another eight including women and children were shot dead as they tried to hide from the attackers outside the village, the sources said.cked Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD), a rebel movement controlling the area, for failing to intervene.
		The Rwandan Hutus extremists have been in the DRC since the 1994 genocide for which many are held responsible.
	www.preventgenocide.org /prevent/news-monitor/2002nov.htm (19464 words)

	Genocide Intervention Network
		"Genocide should never be tolerated and the state of Iowa should not directly or indirectly be supporting the deadly campaign in Darfur," said state Rep. Dawn Pettengill of Mt. Auburn, who sponsored and managed the bill in the Iowa House.
		GI-Net recently joined the Armenian National Committee of America to advocate for the passage of the Armenian Genocide Resolution (PDF), which calls on the President to officially acknowledge that the massacre of 1.5 million Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during World War One was, indeed, genocide.
		Denial is often termed “the last stage of genocide.” If we do not have the moral courage to recognize genocides of the past, we cannot expect to break their brutal cycle in the future.
	endgenocide.livejournal.com /tag/genocide (2714 words)

	Zimbabwe 2002 News Monitor - Genocide Watch
		Genocide Watch calls on governments to protest not only President Mugabe’s new restrictions on civil liberties, but also to demand, in the strongest terms, that ZANU-PF dismantle and disarm its Youth Brigade militias.
		President Mugabe must be put on notice that if genocidal massacres are committed by these militias or by elements of the Zimbabwe armed forces, he will be held personally responsible.
		The genocide victims who have been struggling to get compensation from the government, say once Mugabe leaves office or loses the March presidential election, he should be arrested and handed over to the United Nations War Crimes Tribunal in the Hague, Netherlands.
	www.genocidewatch.org /africa/zimbabwe/news/2002 (15425 words)

	Survivor says Rwandan genocide is 'all tragic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		ONEONTA — A decade ago, Hartwick College junior Alain Harelimana was an 11-year-old boy trying to survive the genocide in Rwanda, he said Tuesday, talking in a soft voice at the Oneonta college.
		On April 21, Harelimana, a member of the Tutsi ethnic minority, will be part of a program to mark the 100 days of killing largely at the hands of the Hutu ethnic majority, college officials said.
		It will be preceded by a video on the genocide and a panel discussion featuring faculty and students, including Harelimana, he said.
	www.thedailystar.com /news/stories/2004/04/07/rwanda.html (1027 words)

	CNN - U.N.: Congo war could result in genocide - November 24, 1998
		Many soldiers from the former Rwandan army, known as ex-FAR, and their Interahamwe militia allies, were implicated in the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, where more than 500,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were massacred.
		The danger of the repetition of the tragedy comparable to the Rwandan genocide of 1994, but on a sub-regional stage, cannot be ruled out," Kassem said in the report, which was published on Monday.
		The report said the Rwandans appeared to be involved in smuggling mandrax, a hallucinogenic drug, to South Africa from India and other Asian nations via Kenya.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/africa/9811/24/rwanda.congo/index.html (938 words)

	Morris & Dorothy Hirsch Research Library of Holocaust and Genocide Studies
		The Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies at Raritan Valley Community College promotes tolerance, understanding, and compassion to ensure goodness will prevail over evil; serves as a repository of Holocaust and genocide literature and audio/visual materials with outreach services; and evokes reflection and remembrance while encouraging active community participation to build a more humane society.
		The Institute for Holocaust and Genocide Studies Resource Center, a joint project between the Jewish Federation of Somerset, Hunterdon and Warren Counties and RVCC, is a 1600 square foot Center located on the upper level of the RVCC Learning Resources Center.
		International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda -- Fifty years after the adoption of the Genocide Convention in the aftermath of the Holocaust, the first judgment of the crime of genocide by an international court and the first sentence for genocide were handed down.
	www.raritanval.edu /Holocaust (2401 words)

	IOL: Rwandan cleric freed for his part in genocide
		He was convicted in February 2003 but given credit for time served in pre-trial custody in Arusha as well as in the United States where he was first arrested in 1996 and fought a lengthy battle against deportation.
		Ntakirutimana and his son, a physician who was sentenced to 25 years, were accused of genocide, complicity in genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide and crimes against humanity.
		Both had vehemently protested their innocence and the father was found guilty of lesser charges after convincing the court that he had not personally taken part in any killings.
	www.iol.co.za /index.php?click_id=68&art_id=iol1165400249404R535&set_id= (440 words)

	Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		That is one example of a number of quandaries, ambiguities, and certainly a number of ethical and moral decisions that were taken not just during the genocide but up to the genocide.
		The Rwandan Patriotic Forces [RPF] were taking their cut of the fuel, food, and water and medical supplies.
		Over 300,000 Burundians were on the southern border, and the humanitarian aid was going there, but the Rwandans, who were dying because of a drought and were not being fed, were killing the Burundians to get the food that the Burundians had been given by the international community because they had refugee status.
	www.carnegiecouncil.org /viewMedia.php/prmTemplateID/8/prmID/848 (4966 words)

	Genocide Intervention Network: News from Darfur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Rwandan President Paul Kagame again threatened to withdraw some 2,000 Rwandan troops from the 7,000-strong peacekeeping contingent in Darfur.
		Kristof argued that unlike in past genocides, which had few outspoken activists until after the fact, the genocide of our time is ongoing and we have the tools to witness and actively advocate against it.
		In another recent article, Kristof discussed the implications of the "numbed by numbers" phenomenon; that is, that people are often motivated to act to save an individual rather than an entire group or those affected by a larger global trend of tragedy.
	www.genocideinterventionfund.org /educate/darfurnews (3035 words)

	November 2001 News Monitor - Prevent Genocide International
		SMH 2 Nov 2001 'Slow genocide' set to end as Hutus, Tutsis share power in Mandela pact Tutsis and Hutus were expected to join a new power-sharing government in Burundi yesterday under a peace deal brokered by Nelson Mandela to end the country's "slow genocide" and bitter history of de facto apartheid.
		BBC 13 Nov 2001 Rwanda frees child genocide suspects Hundreds of thousands were massacred by Hutu extremists Rwanda has begun the large scale release of hundreds of children who have been held for years on the grounds that they took part in the 1994 genocide.
		In June, four Rwandans, including two Roman Catholic nuns, were convicted in the killings, considered the worst case of widespread genocide in Africa's history.
	www.preventgenocide.org /prevent/news-monitor/2001nov.htm (20192 words)

	BBC News \| AFRICA \| UN admits failure in Rwanda
		An independent inquiry team - headed by former Swedish Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson - said the UN had ignored evidence that genocide was planned and had refused to act once it had started.
		A Rwandan presidential spokesman said Mr Annan should come to Kigali in person to apologise.
		The report highlights the role of Mr Annan, who was head of UN peacekeeping at the time, sharply criticising his failure to act on a warning of the risk of genocide sent by the head of the UN peacekeepers in Rwanda.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/africa/568566.stm (412 words)

	The Gadflyer: Political Aims by Amy Elizabeth Sullivan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		As a signatory to the UN Convention on Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, the US would find itself legally obligated to intervene should it decide that genocide is ongoing in western Sudan.
		In 1994, Clinton officials were explicitly forbidden from calling the clear Rwandan genocide by its rightful name in order to avoid the responsibilities that the UN convention entails.
		After all, France, Germany and others are also co-signers of the UN convention, and should be appalled at both their past behavior when faced with an ongoing genocide and at the current situation in Sudan.
	gadflyer.com /politicalaims/index.php?Week=200424 (1318 words)

	CASUALTIES OF WAR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Killings of villagers were often in retaliation for their supposed support of local militia known as “Mai-Mai,” or former Rwandan soldiers or militia, known as “Interahamwe.” Soldiers acting for the RCD movement arbitrarily detained many of its supposed opponents, often holding them in irregular facilities to which their families and humanitarian agencies had no access.
		During the genocide in Rwanda, the militia were transformed into bands of killers.
		Without firm action from international players in the region and elsewhere, the results for the Congolese are likely to be more abuses and a further degradation of the situation.
	www.hrw.org /hrw/reports/1999/congo/Congoweb.htm (1537 words)

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