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Topic: Plethodontidae

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Lungless salamander

Plethodon

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	Plethodontidae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Salamanders of the family Plethodontidae, commonly called "lungless salamanders," are widely distributed in eastern and western North America and Central America, with populations also in South America, southern Europe, Sardinia, and Korea.
		The family Plethodontidae is classified in the caudate suborder Salamandroidea (Duellman and Trueb, 1986) which contains all of the internally fertilizing salamanders.
		Phylogenetic studies of Larson (1991) and Larson and Dimmick (1993) indicate that the Plethodontidae is a fairly distant relative of the other internally fertilizing salamanders and that this family has no close relatives among extant salamanders.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Plethodontidae&contgroup=Caudata (2795 words)

	RNH Publications
		Context-dependent kin discrimination in larval four-toed salamanders Hemidactylium scutatum (Caudata: Plethodontidae).
		Eggs of Hemidactylium scutatum (Caudata: Plethodontidae) are unpalatable to insect predators.
		An experimental analysis of joint nesting in the salamander Hemidactylium scutatum (Caudata: Plethodontidae): the effects of population density.
	csm.jmu.edu /biology/harrisrn/rnh_publications.htm (400 words)

	In Press: 2000
		he evolutionary origin of the family Plethodontidae was long thought to have been centered on the Appalachians because lunglessness, a diagnostic character of the family, was hypothesized to be an adaptation for reducing larval buoyancy in mountain streams (Beachy and Bruce, 1992; Bruce et al., 1994; Wilder and Dunn, 1920).
		It probably bred in ponds, swampy lakes, and slack waters in large river floodplains (overflow ponds), had a flexible larval life (normally short but possessing the prospect of neoteny when the annual hydroperiod was long), and a terrestrial adult stage.
		Mucky seepages, as the ancestral habitat of the Plethodontidae, fulfill the requirement of Ruben and Boucot (1989) that ecological or biomechanical factors favored cephalic narrowness in plethodontid ancestors.
	www.brucemeans.com /sci-article.htm (6781 words)

	[No title]
		The family Plethodontidae is by far the largest salamander family with approximately 250 recognized species (Frost, 1985; Duellman, 1993).
		Because plethodontids are such a large and diverse group, further details of their biology will be developed on pages devoted to the various subgroups of the family.
		The diploid number of chromosomes is 26 or 28.'; TEXTNOTE ID=2 TITLE=Classification TEXT='The family Plethodontidae is classified in the caudate suborder Salamandroidea (Duellman and Trueb, 1986) which contains all of the internally fertilizing salamanders; Estes (1981) formerly recognized a separate suborder (Plethodontoidea) for the family Plethodontidae.
	ag.arizona.edu /tree/eukaryotes/animals/chordata/caudata/Plethodontidae.nex (1688 words)

	Plethodontidae (Gray, 1850) Lungless Salamanders
		Plethodontidae is the largest, and most diverse of the ten caudate families.
		Plethodontidae also includes the only caudate genera to considered tropical, which are found throughout Central and upper South America.
		Members of the family Plethodontidae include aquatic, semi-aquatic, and terrestrial species, as well as fossorial, and arboreal species.
	www.livingunderworld.org /caudata/database/plethodontidae (597 words)

	Plethodontidae \| AmphibiaTree
		Extensive gene rearrangement is reported in the mitochondrial genomes of lungless salamanders (Plethodontidae).
		In each genome with a novel gene order, there is evidence that the rearrangement was mediated by duplication of part of the mitochondrial genome, including the presence of both pseudogenes and additional, presumably functional, copies of duplicated genes.
		The largest genus of salamanders, Bolitoglossa (Plethodontidae), is widespread in tropical America, where it occurs in diverse habitats and elevations, from high elevation grasslands to lowland rain forest.
	texas.amphibiatree.org /?q=taxonomy/term/27 (2237 words)

	Plethodontidae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The family Plethodontidae is by far the largest salamander family with ~376 recognized species (see AmphibiaWeb's Amphibian Species Lists).
		The individual characteristics in most cases are shared with other salamanders and should not be interpreted as synapomorphies of the Plethodontidae.
		Absence of characteristics found in other salamanders is noted where it is important for distinguishing plethodontids from other salamanders and/or determining their relationships to other salamanders.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Plethodontidae&contgroup=Caudata (2795 words)

	Digimorph - Eurycea rathbuni (Texas blind salamander)
		Each slice is 0.0395 mm thick, with an interslice spacing of 0.0395 mm and a field of reconstruction of 16 mm.
		Chippindale, P. Evolution, phylogeny, biogeography, and taxonomy of Central Texas spring and cave salamanders, Eurycea and Typhlomolge (Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliini).
		A new species of subterranean blind salamander (Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliini: Eurycea: Typhlomolge) from Austin, Texas, and a systematic revision of central Texas paedomorphic salamanders.
	www.digimorph.org /specimens/Eurycea_rathbuni/head (473 words)

	Caudate Families (Newts & Salamanders)
		Salamandroidea differs from Cryptobranchoidea in that the angular and prearticular bones in the lower jaw are fused (in extant species), and all species are internal fertilizers (Larson, 2004).
		Plethodontidae includes neo-tropical genera that inhabit the Southern Hemisphere in Central and South America.
		Plethodontidae is included in the suborder Salamandroidea, the advanced salamanders, all of which are internal fertilizers.
	www.livingunderworld.org /caudata/families (4764 words)

	ATLAS OF AMPHIBIANS IN TENNESSEE
		Distribution and ecology of the seepage salamander Desmognathus aeneus Brown and Bishop (Amphibia: Plethodontidae), in Tennessee.
		Genetic differentiation in salamanders of the Desmognathus ochrophaeus complex (Plethodontidae).
		Wallace, J. Biochemical genetics of Eurycea bislineata and Eurycea aquatica (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) in Davidson County, Tennessee.
	www.apsu.edu /~amatlas/litcit.HTM (1892 words)

	cocklin2
		The Plethodontidae is the largest family of salamanders.
		It should also be noted that there are salamanders outside the Plethodontidae family which are lungless.
		For all interested systemitists, Plethodontids are classified as a monophyletic group based on the presence of an opercularis muscle formed entirely or in part from the cucullaris and the presence of a nasolabial groove in transformed adults (Lombard and Wake, 1986).
	www.bio.davidson.edu /Courses/anphys/2000/Cocklin/cocklin2.htm (169 words)

	Publications
		Skeletal pattern variability in native and regenerated limbs of the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus.
		Hanken, J. Genetic variation in a dwarfed lineage, the Mexican salamander genus Thorius (Amphibia: Plethodontidae): Taxonomic, ecologic, and evolutionary implications.
		Hanken, J. High incidence of limb skeletal variants in a peripheral population of the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus (Amphibia: Plethodontidae), from Nova Scotia.
	www.mcz.harvard.edu /Departments/Herpetology/publications.htm (1350 words)

	Amazon.com: Plethodontidae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A Comparative Study of the Throat Mesculature of the Plethodontidae of Mexico and Central America, University of Kansas Science Bulletin, Vol XXXIV, Pt.
		Larval period and metamorphosis of the three-lined salamander, Eurycea guttolineata (Amphibia: Plethodontidae), in the Chattooga River watershed: An article from: The American Midland Naturalist by Scott L Freeman and Richard C Bruce (Jan 31, 2001)
		(Plethodontidae) salamander populations in caves and sinkholes at Fort Hood, Texas (ERDC/CERL) by Steven J Taylor (Unknown Binding - 2003)
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Plethodontidae&tag=ecomplex&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (477 words)

	Digimorph - Chiropterotriton priscus (primeval splayfoot salamander)
		It is a member of the supergenus Bolitoglossa, the tropical salamanders (a clade within the lungless salamander family Plethodontidae).
		This species occurs further to the north and east than any other member of the clade, and it is found in distinctly non-tropical habitats -- high elevation fir forests in the Mexican states of Nuevo León and Coahuila, south and west of the city of Monterrey.
		Each slice is 0.0178 mm thick, with an interslice spacing of 0.0178 mm and a field of reconstruction of 8.4 mm.
	digimorph.org /specimens/Chiropterotriton_priscus (379 words)

	Plethodontidae \| The Cannatella Lab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The evolutionary history of the largest salamander family (Plethodontidae) is characterized by extreme morphological homoplasy.
		Nearly 70% of the 535 species of salamanders in the world are members of a single family, the Plethodontidae, or lungless salamanders.
		The centre of diversity for this clade is North and Middle America, where the vast majority (99%) of species are found.
	catfishlab.org /?q=taxonomy/term/5 (381 words)

	Amphibia
		Batrachoseps gavilanensis (Plethodontidae, Gabilan Mnt's slender salamander)
		Hydromantes flavus (Plethodontidae, Monte Albo cave salamander)
		Plethodon hubrichti (Plethodontidae, Peaks of Otter salamander)
	www.speciesaccounts.org /Amphibia.htm (296 words)

	Protocols
		In addition, a number of species await formal taxonomic description, particularly in the salamander families Plethodontidae, Proteidae and Sirenidae and possibly in the frog family Ranidae.
		The lungless salamanders, family Plethodontidae, are very diverse in the Southeast (55+ species), although their greatest diversity occurs in the mountainous Neotropics of southern Mexico and Central America.
		All members of the Tribe Plethodontinii in the salamander family Plethodontidae, several salamanders of the subfamily Desmognathinae, and most members of the tropical frog family Leptodactylidae are entirely terrestrial and do not use standing water for reproduction.
	cars.er.usgs.gov /armi/Protocols/protocols.html (3733 words)

	SDNHM - Arboreal Salamander (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The tail is prehensile and usually coiled when the salamander is at rest.
		There is no larval stage in the family Plethodontidae.
		This salamander belongs to the family Plethodontidae or Lungless Salamanders.
	www.sdnhm.org /fieldguide/herps/anei-lug.html (445 words)

	Department of Biology at Western Carolina University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Morphometric variation among larvae of four species of lungless salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae).
		Larval period and metamorphosis of the three-lined salamander, Eurycea guttolineata (Amphibia: Plethodontidae), in the Chattooga River watershed.
		Population structure and life history attributes of syntopic populations of the salamanders Desmognathus aeneus and D.
	www.wcu.edu /as/biology/bruce/pubs.html (214 words)

	page2.htm
		Sever, D. M. 1974. The systematic importance of mental gland structure in North American Plethodontidae (Cauadata). Association of Southeastern Biologists, Savannah, Georgia, May 1974. ASB Bulletin 21:82 (Abst).
		Sever, D. M., Heinz, E. A., Lempart, P. A., and M. Taghon. 1989. Observations on the cloacal anatomy of female bolitoglossine salamanders (Plethodontidae*: tribe Bolitoglossini). IAS, University of Indiana Southeast, New Albany, Indiana, November 1989.
		Sever, D. M., and N. Brunette. 1993. Regionalization of eccrine and spermiophagic activity in the spermathecae of the salamander Eurycea cirrigera (Amphibia: Plethodontidae). J. Morphol. 217:161—170.
	www.saintmarys.edu /~dsever/page2.htm (4806 words)

	Herpbreeder.dk
		Duration of Immobility in Salamanders, Genus Plethodon (Caudata: Plethodontidae).
		Lotter, F. Reproductive Ecology of the Salamander Plethodon cinereus (Amphibia, Urodela, Plethodontidae) in Connecticut.
		Sever, D.M. Morphology of the Mental Hedonic Gland Clusters of Plethodontid Salamanders (Amphibia, Urodela, Plethodontidae).
	herpbreeder.com /worldspecies/Caudata/plethodontidae/plethodonlit.htm (2790 words)

	NSiS: Florida Wildlife - Lungless Salamanders
		Lungless salamanders (family Plethodontidae) breathe primarily through their skin.
		The Southern Dusky Salamander, Desmognathus auriculatus, is found in wet habitats in the north and central regions of the state.
		It is brown or dark tan with a yellowish, fl-flecked belly.
	www.nsis.org /wildlife/amph/sal-lungless.html (561 words)

	Herpbreeder.dk
		Effects of metamorphosis on the aquatic escape response of the two-lined salamander (Eurycea bislineata).
		A New Species of Salamander of the Bolitoglossa dunni Group (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from the Sierra de Agalta, Honduras.
		Habitat Correlates of the Del Norte Salamander, Plethodon elongatus (Caudata: Plethodontidae), in Northwestern California.
	www.herpbreeder.com /pdf/pdfcaudata.htm (395 words)

	Desmognathus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Patterns of genetic differentiation in salamanders of the Desmognathus ochrophaeus complex (Amphibia: Plethodontidae).
		Correspondence between sexual isolation and allozyme differentiation: A test in the salamander Desmognathus ochrophaeus.
		Population differentiation in plethodontid salamanders: Divergence of allozymes and sexual compatibility among populations of Desmognathus imitator and Desmognathus ochrophaeus (Caudata: Plethodontidae).
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Desmognathus (1593 words)

	Plethodontidae - MavicaNET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This group of amphibians are referred to as "lung-less salamanders" as these terrestrial, aquatic, and arboreal salamanders have no lungs.
		Status of some populations of Mexican salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) - English
		Populations of Mexican plethodontid salamanders have been surveyed non-systematically over the last 25 years.
	www.mavicanet.com /directory/hrv/32575.html (282 words)

	Amphibia: Caudata (salamanders, newts, amphiuma, mudpuppies, waterdogs, sirens)
		The largest caudate group is the lungless salamanders, family Plethodontidae, which comprises more than half of all known caudate species.
		There are also neotenic species, and neotenic tendencies in the families Salamandridae, Ambystomatidae, Plethodontidae, Dicamptodontidae, and Hynobiidae.
		Caudates are found mainly in the cooler Northern Hemisphere, with the exception of some genera of the family Plethodontidae that inhabit tropical zones of Central and South America, and a few other unique species.
	www.livingunderworld.org /caudata (1028 words)

	Bolitoglossinae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Phylogenetic relationships of bolitoglossine salamanders: a demonstration of the effects of combining morphological and molecular data sets.
		Phylogenetic relationships among the salamanders of the Bolitoglossa macrinii species group (Amphibia: Plethodontidae), with descriptions of two new species from Oaxaca (México).
		Molecular diversification of salamanders of the tropical American genus Bolitoglossa (Caudata: Plethodontidae) and its evolutionary and biogegraphical implications.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Bolitoglossa (1366 words)

	Everything about Es Index 0 (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Parvimolge é um género de anfíbios caudados pertencente à família Plethodontidae.
		Plethodon é um género de anfíbios caudados pertencente à família Plethodontidae.
		Pseudoeurycea é um género de anfíbios caudados pertencente à família Plethodontidae.
	links.es.wikimiki.org.cob-web.org:8888 (231 words)

	Best of the Web - What's New in Science For 2/22/2006
		Late Pleistocene Salamander (Caudata; Plethodontidae) from Santa Rosa Island, Northern Channel Islan - Features data on this publication.
		Biokids Lungless Salamanders Plethodontidae - Contains overview on diversity, distribution, morphology and habitat.
		Sexual Divergence Within Desmognathine Salamanders (Plethodontidae) - Summary on results, mechanics and implications of the study by Paul Verrel et.al.
	botw.org /new/Science/02222006.cfm (1981 words)

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