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	Plinian eruption - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Plinian eruptions are marked by columns of smoke and ash extending high into the stratosphere.
		The examples of large Plinian eruptions resulting in formation of a caldera are the 1883 Krakatoa eruption, the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, the 1500 BC Santorini eruption, and the 4860 BC eruption that formed the Crater Lake, and of course Vesuvius in 79 A.D, which was the prototypical Plinian Eruption.
		The lava is usually rich on silicates; basaltic lavas are atypical for Plinian eruptions, the example is the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Plinian (234 words)

	USGS Photo Glossary: Plinian eruption
		Plinian eruptions are large explosive events that form enormous dark columns of tephra and gas high into the stratosphere (>11 km).
		Large plinian eruptions sometimes result in the withdrawal of so much magma from below a volcano that part of it collapses to form a large depression called a caldera.
		Some plinian eruptions inject such large quantities of aerosols (small liquid droplets) into the stratosphere that surface temperatures on earth may decrease slightly.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Products/Pglossary/PlinianEruption.html (221 words)

	Vic Camp - Plinian eruptions (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Plinian (or Vesuvian) eruptions typify the well-known historic eruptions that produce powerful convecting plumes of ash ascending up to 45 kilometers into the stratosphere.
		Plinian eruptions generate large eruptive columns that are powered upward partly by the thrust of expanding gases, and by convective forces with exit velocities of several hundred meters per second.
		The human devastation associated with the Plinian eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 AD is largely attributed to all of these volcanic phenomena.
	www.geology.sdsu.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /how_volcanoes_work/Plinian.html (759 words)

	[No title]
		These are called Plinian from Pliny the Younger who described the famous 3-day eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD during which the towns of Pompei and Herculaneum were buried by several meters of pyroclastic material from Vesuvius.
		These are called Plinian because Pliny the Younger described the famous 3-day eruptions of Vesuvius in 79 AD during which the towns of Pompei and Herculaneum were buried by several meters of fallout pumice, followed by pyroclastic surges and flows (Sigurdsson et al., 1985) that are an integral part of many Plinian deposits (Figs.
		The energy and characteristics of a Plinian eruption depends on many factors, among which gas content of the magma, exit pressure, viscosity, vent radius and shape, and volume of magma erupted are especially important.
	volcanology.geol.ucsb.edu /erupt.htm (3569 words)

	Capabilities and Eruption Forecasting
		A common feature of plinian eruptions is that they were intermittently interrupted by partial column collapses which produced pyroclastic surges and flows and terminated with the interaction of magma with water from underground aquifers.
		Recent plinian and subplinian eruptions are characterized by the emission of highly differentiated trachytic and phonolitic magmas.
		Simulation results show that since the last plinian eruption in 79 Vesuvius produced four subplinian eruptions (in 370, 813, 1251, 1744), which may be compared with medieval sources on the basis of which significant eruptions occurred in 472, 685, 787, 1036, 1139, and 1631.
	www.westnet.com /~dobran/gvs.html (4579 words)

	Volcanic Phenomena at Pompeii
		The pyroclastic flows of the Peléan phase at Pompeii were the primary cause of volcanic damage to walls, however the air-fall pumice and ash fall during the Plinian phase was also significant since the deposits collapsed roofs and buried low structures, shielding them from the effects of the pyroclastic flow that followed.
		A Plinian eruption ejects a column of tephra high into the atmoshpere (tephra refers to any material that is ejected from a volcano into the atmosphere), creating a form similar to the mushroom cloud of a nuclear explosion.
		The Plinian phase created a nearly deserted city of buildings without roofs or floors, where the bottom story level was submerged in a layer of pumice; this set the stage for the pyroclastic flow of the Peléan phase that began on the morning of 25 August.
	www.arch.virginia.edu /struct/pompeii/volcanic.html (1301 words)

	The Plinian eruptions of the "Pumices of Avellino" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		From the study of the volcanic material the principal phases of the eruption have been reconstructed: an initial highly explosive phase, characterised by the release of an enormous plinian column of gas and volcanic particles with the exception of the lapillus in the soil at low temperatures.
		In the next phase there was a violent succession of explosive events that deposited clouds of steam and very small particles of magma around 25 km from the centre of the eruption.
		The length of this violent eruptive phase has been estimated as at least 12 hours which collides with part of the taking of Irpinia provoking the destruction of the insediments of the antique Bronze in that area and it is here where a dead man and woman were found in a vineyard.
	www.musei.unina.it /Antropologia/eng/1.2.2.1.c1.htm (221 words)

	MonkeyFilter \| Plinian eruptions
		Plinian eruptions are at the upper end of a volcanic eruption spectrum.
		Ejecting at a velocity of over 1000 mph, the ash columns in a Plinian eruption may reach 30 miles in height.
		Mt St Helens, during the first several hours, was a classic Plinian eruption, producing an 80,000 ft ash cloud, bizarre ash mammatus, and memorable eyewitness reports.
	monkeyfilter.com /link.php/4225 (1190 words)

	Earlham College - Geology 211 - Template
		Plinian Volcanic eruptions occur suddenly after a long period of with volcanoes that have highly viscous magma that contains a high density of gas.
		The eruption's genesis is within the base of volcanoes, along with the build up of gas causes and the crater pipe also with in the volcano functions similar to the barrel of a shotgun.
		Additionally, Plinian products have vesicularities and show esolved water, which is in accord with close system near equilibrium degassing up to fragmentation (Fischer).
	www.earlham.edu /~ricema/geo/mtpelee.htm (1050 words)

	Plinian Eruptions (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Plinian eruptions are probably the most explosive and powerful of all.
		Plinian eruptions occur when utmost viscous magma containing a lot of gas explodes in the depth of the volcano by which the crater pipe functions as the barrel of a shotgun.
		Plinian eruptions are named after Pliny the Elder and Pliny the Younger.
	www.cartage.org.lb.cob-web.org:8888 /en/themes/Sciences/Earthscience/Geology/volcanoes/typesoferuption/plinian.htm (145 words)

	NMBGMR Staff - Nelia W. Dunbar - Volatile and trace-element composition of melt inclusions from the Lower Bandelier Tuff (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Lower Bandelier Tuff, erupted from the Valles Caldera at 1.51 Ma, is composed of a Plinian tephra and associated ignimbrite.
		In the 20 km3 of magma that produced the Plinian tephra, most H2O and F contents of MI are between 4 to 5 wt % and 0.18 to 0.20 wt %, respectively, and between 3 to 4 wt % and 0.12 and 0.14 wt % in the first-deposited basal ignimbrite.
		The invariance of H2O (and possibly Cl and B) relative to F in the magma which formed the Plinian tephra suggests that this portion of the magma chamber was saturated with respect to an H2O-rich vapor phase.
	geoinfo.nmt.edu /staff/dunbar/publications/abstracts/dh92b.html (490 words)

	KINDS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
		Plinian eruptions are named for the famous Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder.
		Plinian eruptions can last less than a day, such as the short-lived explosions of gas-rich, siliceous magma prior to the eruption of fluid basaltic lava flows in Iceland.
		The 1886 eruption of Tarawera is a rare case of a basaltic Plinian eruption.
	volcano.und.edu /vwdocs/vwlessons/kinds/kinds.html (2836 words)

	FUEGO
		The volcano appears to be in a near critical state (ready to erupt) and changes in the strain field cause waxing and waning activity at Fuego.
		The Plinian eruption in 1974 was small (by Plinian standards) and basaltic, rather than silicic, but the eruption had the essential Plinian characteristics: a long duration (hours) of continuous, gas-streaming eruption and a convectively rising ash cloud.
		Plinian columns develop when a volatile rich magma is tapped.
	www.rci.rutgers.edu /~carr/fieldtrip/fieldtext/fuego_fldtxt.htm (540 words)

	geo108
		Plinian events with widespread airfall and major pyroclastic surges and flows.
		Sub-Plinian to Plinian, more moderately sized eruptions with heavy tephra falls around the volcano and pyroclastic flows and surges.
		Small to medium sized, strombolian vulcanian eruptions with local heavy tephra falls and major lava flows and small pyroclastic avalanches restricted to the active cone itself.
	www.geocities.com /bigwern26/geo108.html?986611578510 (262 words)

	NMBGMR Staff - Nelia W. Dunbar - Petrogenesis and volatile stratigraphy of the Bishop Tuff: Evidence from melt ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Bishop Tuff (BT), erupted from the Long Valley Caldera at 0.74 Ma, is composed of a Plinian tephra and ignimbrite (Hildreth, 1979).
		Based on ion and electron microprobe analyses of melt inclusions (MI) in quartz and sanidine phenocrysts, a strong H2O gradient was present in the upper portion of the magma chamber, mainly in the first 120 km3 of erupted material.
		The halogen content of the BT magma was low and relatively constant at approximately 700 ppm Cl and approximately 500 ppm F. The trace and major element composition of MI from the Plinian and first-erupted ash flow lobes of the BT are similar to that of bulk tephra.
	geoinfo.nmt.edu /staff/dunbar/publications/abstracts/dh92a.html (411 words)

	Numerical modeling of geophysical granular flows: 2. Computer simulations of plinian clouds and pyroclastic flows and ...
		Plinian cloud simulations agree well with the classical plume theory and historical eruptions in the upper altitude of the cloud (H
		kg/s), plinian clouds pulsate periodically with time because of the vertical propagations of acoustic-gravity waves within the clouds.
		Pyroclastic flow and surge simulations show that both end-members are closely tight together; e.g., an initially diluted flow may generate a denser basal underflow, which will eventually outrun the expanded head of the flow.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2004/2003GC000637.shtml (454 words)

	RockWare- general geology and educational software: ERUPT- volcano simulator
		For the case of Plinian eruption columns (pumice falls) and pyroclastic surges/flows (collapsing eruption columns and directed blasts) a turbulent component is simulated by addition of incremental random fluctuating velocities [v
		ERUPT designates pumice eruptions as Plinian, scoria eruptions are synonymous with Strombolian, and pyroclastic flow/surge eruptions are referred to as Ignimbrite/surge (MacDonald, 1972).
		This type of simulation is accomplished by superposition of turbulence on the parcel's ballistic trajectory and conversion of the parcel's potential energy to laterally directed kinetic energy of translation.
	www.rockware.com /catalog/pages/eruptdoc.html (4705 words)

	Volcano Mount Vesusius
		The most recent Plinian eruption of major magnitude was that of August 79 A.D. The 79 A.D. eruption of Vesuvius was the first volcanic eruption ever to be described in detail.
		Ash began to fall around the volcano about one hour after the start of the activity, but heavy block and scoria fall began at about 1000 in the direction of Ottaviano (north east side of Monte Somma), a village that later was to suffer from many other eruptions of Vesuvio.
		(8) After the initial plinian phase, between 7:00and 10:00 on December 16 the eruption took on a pulsating character, accompanied by strongly increased seismicity.
	www.freeessays.cc /db/19/eap52.shtml (2950 words)

	STEVEv
		Strombolian is a little bigger than Hawaiian and it also hurls volcanic bombs and cinder into the air.
		Plinian is almost the biggest type of eruption and it is very active.
		Plinian and Ultra-Plinian are almost the same except Ultra-Plinian is more violent and powerful.
	www.k12.hi.us /~shafter/stevev.html (518 words)

	Quantifying Volcanic Processes by Field-Focused Studies III Posters - Volcanology, Geochemistry, Petrology [V]
		The 2450 BP Plinian eruption of Pululagua is known to have occurred in no-wind condition, resulting in circular-shape isopach and isopleth maps.
		These evidences indicate that, during the plinian column collapse, high temperature dilute currents were generated repeatedly from phreatomagmatic explosions and segregations of dense pyroclasts in a turbulent condition resulted in producing lithic-rich layers.
		The ensuing C-tephra formed by plinian eruption of mixed and mingled magma comprising 4 juvenile components: mixed porphyritic andesite pumice, crystal-poor andesite scoria, vesicular high-Sr dacite blebs in pumice and scoria, and poorly inflated crystal-rich high-Sr dacite.
	www.agu.org /meetings/fm05/fm05-sessions/fm05_V53B.html (12654 words)

	Plinian Cloud Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		For practical reasons, all the results, their analysis, interpretations, discussions and conclusions are presented within a Microsoft Power Point Presentation in HTML format.
		In this slide show, we review the basic properties of multiphase and granular flows, the computer codes we use, the basic properties of plinian clouds, and some of the results we have achieved.
		For now, you may either scan through the slide show, upload a series of snapshots showing the development of three different plinian clouds over one hour, or access to each animation movie separately.
	www.granular-volcano-group.org /plinian.html (695 words)

	TAAL VOLCANO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Although most volcanic activity is confined to the intracaldera area, during some violent eruptions it can affect the surrounding area, such as in the 1754 plinian eruption.
		Taal has four different eruption types, the are Strombolian, Plinian, Phreatic, and Phreagmomagmatic.
		Occasional violent activity, however, such as the 1754 plinian eruption, affected the entire region, including what is now the Metro Manila area with fallout.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~geol108/taal/taal_volcano.htm (339 words)

	Tsunamis Generated by the Paroxysmal Eruptions, Explosions, Caldera Collapses and Slope Failures of the Krakatau ...
		Landslides, flank failures, subsidences and a multiphase massive caldera collapse of the volcano - beginning near the Perbowetan crater on the northern portion of Rakata and followed by a collapse of the Danan crater - occurred over a period of at least 10 hours.
		This final phase included numerous submarine Surtsean (phreatomagmatic) eruptions, three sub aerial Plinian eruptions from the three main craters, followed by a fourth gigantic, sub aerial, ultra-Plinian explosion, mass waste, flank failures and massive caldera collapse.
		The waves were generated from Strombolian eruptions that lacked the intensity of the 1883 Plinian and super Plinian eruptions of Krakatau.
	www.drgeorgepc.com /Tsunami1883Krakatau.html (6593 words)

	Exam2 study guide
		Why is the understanding of eruption columns and their fallout so important to aircraft safety?
		If you were a brand new volcanologist sent to map tephra deposits from a Plinian eruption, what would you do?
		Be able to locate where deposits from a particular type of pyroclastic eruption should fall on a Pyle diagram (i.e., understand the diagram)
	www.ac.wwu.edu /~debari/309/exam2studyguide.html (485 words)

	Tsunami Generation from Volcanic Sources - Dr. George Pararas-Carayannis
		However massive caldera collapses are usually associated with violent Strombolian, Surtsean, Plinian and Ultra-Plinian volcanic eruptions, rather than with eruptions of shield volcanoes.
		To overcome the shear strength of a large volume of material, even on a relatively unstable volcanic flank, requires a very large triggering event and a tremendous lateral shear stress.
		Finally, it should be noted that even the colossal and super-collosal, Plinian and Ultra-Plinian eruptions of Krakatoa and Santorin volcanoes in 1883 and 1490 B.C. - which were associated with massive flank failures - generated a mega tsunami that was destructive far away from the source regions
	www.drgeorgepc.com /TsunamiVolcanicMechanisms.html (4657 words)

	NOVA Online \| Deadly Shadow of Vesuvius \| The World's Deadliest Volcanoes (3)
		Lightning, generated by the swirling ash, set off forest fires.
		The Plinian eruption continued until about 5 p.m.
		During that time, nearly 540 million tons of ash fell over an area of over 57,000 square kilometers.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/vesuvius/deadliest3.html (265 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Plinian eruptions are the most energetic and violent of all eruptions.
		But surprisingly when you start to look at the processes at work they are almost identical to those in Hawaiian eruptions - the most gentle ones.
		You'll see why they are so different in a moment, but first, here's how a Plinian eruption works:
	www.higp.hawaii.edu /~scott/plinian.htm (55 words)

	How Volcanoes Work - Dynamics of a Plinian Eruption
		How Volcanoes Work - Dynamics of a Plinian Eruption
		Common observed heights for plinian eruptive columns are between 2 and 45 km.
		In general the eruptive column has three parts: (1) the gas thrust region in the lower column, driven by gas expansion, (2) the convective thrust region in the upper column, driven by the constant release of thermal energy from internal ash, and (3) the umbrella region at the top of the eruption column.
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /volcano (616 words)

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