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Topic: Plinian Eruption

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	USGS Photo Glossary: Plinian eruption
		Plinian eruptions are large explosive events that form enormous dark columns of tephra and gas high into the stratosphere (>11 km).
		Such eruptions are named for Pliny the Younger, who carefully described the disastrous eruption of Vesuvius in 79 A.D. This eruption generated a huge column of tephra into the sky, pyroclastic flows and surges, and extensive ash fall.
		Large plinian eruptions sometimes result in the withdrawal of so much magma from below a volcano that part of it collapses to form a large depression called a caldera.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Products/Pglossary/PlinianEruption.html (221 words)

	Vic Camp - Plinian eruptions
		Plinian eruptions generate large eruptive columns that are powered upward partly by the thrust of expanding gases, and by convective forces with exit velocities of several hundred meters per second.
		The human devastation associated with the Plinian eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 AD is largely attributed to all of these volcanic phenomena.
		Although the village of Herculaneum was also destroyed by the eruption, it was located west of the volcano, and was not subjected to the same volume of airfall tephra that buried Pompeii.
	www.geology.sdsu.edu /how_volcanoes_work/Plinian.html (751 words)

	How Volcanoes Work - Dynamics of a Plinian Eruption
		Eruptions are fed from a magma column that exists directly above a magma chamber.
		Gas release is confined to the diameter of the magma column, and the eruption velocity is controlled mainly by the gas content.
		Common observed heights for plinian eruptive columns are between 2 and 45 km.
	www.sci.sdsu.edu /volcano (616 words)

	The Environmental Literacy Council - Volcanoes
		The most powerful is a Plinian eruption, categorized by intense explosions of ash and gases - including carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, fluorine, and chlorine - that are released miles into the air.
		A second type of eruption is Strombolian, which occurs when molten lava bursts from the summit crater spewing huge arcs into the sky, to then stream down the slopes of the volcano.
		The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991, for example, was ten times larger than the 1980 explosion of Mount St. Helens, and was the largest disturbance of the stratosphere since Mount Krakatau erupted in 1883.
	www.enviroliteracy.org /article.php/1321.html (1473 words)

	Philippine Institute of Volcanology & Seismology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Phreatomagmatic - eruption resulting from the ejection of magmatic gases and steam produced by the conversion of groundwater to steam by ascending magma, mixed with water, fine ash with or without accretionary lapilli and variably-sized volcanic bombs fragmented from the pre-existing rock formations, and fresh magmatic ejecta.
		The eruption forms a high eruption column with a radially spreading ring-shaped horizontal cloud at the base due to peeling of the crater lip or deflection in the rise of later ejections caused by the pressure of falling pyroclastic materials.
		Peleean - eruption caused by the release of large quantities of gas from an extremely viscous magma that hurls out ash and other pyroclastic materials and is characterized by the presence of nuee ardente or glowing avalanche consisting of hot gases made dense by a suspended load of pyroclastic material.
	www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph /VolEruption.htm (334 words)

	[No title]
		These are called Plinian from Pliny the Younger who described the famous 3-day eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD during which the towns of Pompei and Herculaneum were buried by several meters of pyroclastic material from Vesuvius.
		The energy and characteristics of a Plinian eruption depends on many factors, among which gas content of the magma, exit pressure, viscosity, vent radius and shape, and volume of magma erupted are especially important.
		During eruptions of large magnitude, the transition to pyroclastic flows is likely to be the result of high intensity, whereas the generation of pyroclastic flows in small magnitude eruption s may occur more often by reduction of magmatic volatile content or other transient changes in magma properties.
	volcanology.geol.ucsb.edu /erupt.htm (3569 words)

	Plinian eruption - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Plinian eruptions are marked by columns of smoke and ash extending high into the stratosphere.
		The examples of large Plinian eruptions resulting in formation of a caldera are the 1883 Krakatoa eruption, the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, the 1500 BC Santorini eruption, and the 4860 BC eruption that formed the Crater Lake, and of course Vesuvius in 79 A.D, which was the prototypical Plinian Eruption.
		The lava is usually rich on silicates; basaltic lavas are atypical for Plinian eruptions, the example is the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Plinian_eruption (234 words)

	KINDS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
		Mauna Ulu eruption began as a fissure eruption and evolved to a central vent.
		The main phase of the eruption is characterized by the eruption of viscous, gas-rich magma that forms vitric (glassy) ash.
		The 1886 eruption of Tarawera is a rare case of a basaltic Plinian eruption.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/vwlessons/kinds/kinds.html (2836 words)

	Geology 205 -Lecture 14
		In general Hawaiian eruptions are 0-1; Strombolian eruptions are 1-2; Vulcanian eruptions are 2-4; Plinian eruptions are 3-8; and "Ultra-plinian" eruptions are 5 -8.
		A devastating eruption is defined as 2 m of ash 5 kms away, or 1020 ergs of energy; or violent nuees, lahars, or lateral blasts.
		Eruption height of Plinian eruptions, eruption composition, and lattitude are all important factors.
	www.geol.binghamton.edu /faculty/naslund/205.lect16d.html (758 words)

	The eruptive history of Vesuvius
		The first plinian eruption of Pomici di Base (18,300 years ago) marked the begin of severe change in the shape of the Somma volcanic edifice, with the formation of a caldera due to the collapse of its summit.
		With the first Plinian eruption of Pomici di Base, the collapse of the volcanic edifice of Somma began, with the formation of a caldera inside which the new volcano Vesuvius then grew.
		During this period of activity there were three plinian eruptions: the eruption of Pomici di Mercato (8,000 years ago), the eruption of Pomici di Avellino (3,800 years ago) and the Pompei eruption (79 A.D.).
	www.ov.ingv.it /inglese/vesuvio/storia/storia.htm (716 words)

	Welcome to the lesson "Volcanic Cones and Eruptions"
		This "eruption" of pop is caused by the same scientific principle that causes a volcano to erupt violently.
		Plinian eruptions are characterized by a very high ash cloud that rise upwards to 50,000 feet (almost 10 miles) high.
		Plinian eruptions were named for Pliny the Elder of Rome who died in one of the many eruptions of Vesuvius.
	www.comevisit.com /mrjennings/VolConesErpWS.htm (1509 words)

	Volcanic Eruptions
		Tambora, another Plinian eruption, released aerosols that traveled the world for a number of years and created the year without a summer in Europe and North America in 1816.
		Its last eruption was in 1707, when a vent on the upper southeast side released 0.8 cubic kilometer of ash (which reached Tokyo), blocks, and lava bombs.
		Upon the detection of this eruption, soundings revealed Myojin was "the central vent of an 11-kilometer-wide caldera crater at the summit of an undersea volcano" (Fisher).
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/l/b/lbh129/volcanoes/eruptions.htm (1756 words)

	vesuvius
		The type of eruption (whether effusive or explosive) and the possibility of forecasting the magnitude of the eruptive event has major importance for the mitigation of the volcanic hazard, bearing in mind that these volcanoes are close to densely inhabited areas.
		This is the case of the last activity period of the volcano started in 1631 with a devastating eruption, recorded in most of the southern slopes of the volcano, and ended in 1944, with the eruption of pyroclastic rocks and a lava lobe that destroyed the outskirts of the village of San Sebastiano.
		It is useful to note that the plinian eruptions that begin the periods of activity are generally made up of very strongly differentiated volcanic rocks (mostly phonolites), that form after the prolonged differentiation in shallow reservoirs of mafic alkaline magmas ultimately coming from the upper mantle.
	www.essc.psu.edu /~bjhaupt/specials/iamg98/vesuvio.html (662 words)

	Geotimes - April 2005 - Vesuvius’ next eruption
		This type of eruption is not as risky to people living in the area, Borgia says, because there is usually ample time to get out of the way of the lava flows.
		An eruption that presents a larger risk but is less likely to occur is the Plinian type — named for Pliny the Younger, who witnessed the A.D. 79 eruption of Vesuvius and provided the first-ever written account of a volcanic eruption.
		During the third phase, beginning after the A.D. 79 eruption and continuing through the next 7,000 years, Borgia says, the volcano “spreads” — creating subsidence on the summit area, new ridges around the base (Pompeii is actually built on one of these ridges) and occasionally fractures and large lava flows, but no more Plinian eruptions.
	www.geotimes.org /apr05/NN_Vesuvius.html (848 words)

	Tsunamis Generated by the Paroxysmal Eruptions, Explosions, Caldera Collapses and Slope Failures of the Krakatau ...
		According to ancient Japanese scriptures, the first known super-colossal eruption of Krakatau occurred in the year 416 A. Some have reported it to occur in 535 A.D. The energy of this eruption is estimated to have been about 400 megatons of TNT, or the equivalent of 20,000 Hiroshima bombs.
		This conclusion is supported by observations of the tsunami waves observed during the 1928 eruptions of Anak Krakatau ; the Son of Krakatau ; that subsequently formed in the area.
		The waves were generated from Strombolian eruptions that lacked the intensity of the 1883 Plinian and super Plinian eruptions of Krakatau.
	www.drgeorgepc.com /Tsunami1883Krakatau.html (6593 words)

	Plinian eruption - Uncyclopedia
		The expression Plinian eruption was first coined by CNN's Rome correspondent Pliny the Younger to describe the ill-fated results of Build the World's Largest Soufflé at Vesuvius, Italy in 79 A.D. After that and until the middle part of the 20th century, fortunately for the world's environment, Plinian eruptions were quite rare.
		The first modern-day Plinian eruptions took place from 1946 to 1958 at Bikini Atoll (Micronesia) where there was periodic testing of high-powered Polynesian Bomb cocktails by the Culinary Institute of America and the testing of Chanel No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 and No. 4 by the House of Chanel.
		Nowadays, Plinian eruptions are very widespread in the U.S. and Canada with the universal introduction, in 1959, of introductory cooking classes in high-schools.
	uncyclopedia.org /wiki/Plinian_eruption (158 words)

	Volcano Mount Vesusius
		The height of the eruption column at this stage exceeded 20 km and may have reached up to 28 km, thus the eruption was Plinian.
		Eruptions of this type have been seriously disruptive for life near Vesuvio in the past and would be extremely disturbing, were they to occur today.
		To cite one example: the 1906 eruption caused heavy tephra falls in the northeastern sector of Vesuvio, causing the collapse of almost all roofs in the towns of that area.
	www.freeessays.cc /db/19/eap52.shtml (2950 words)

	Volcanic Activity and Eruptions - PDC
		The type of eruption determines the relative volume and type of volcaniclastic material and lava flow, and consequently the shape and size of the volcano.
		Plinian Eruptions - Widely dispersed sheets of pumice and ash are derived from high eruption columns that result from high-velocity voluminous gas-rich eruptions, commonly lasting for several hours to about four days.
		These are called Plinian for Pliny the Younger who described the famous 3-day eruption of Vesuvius, in 79 AD, during which the towns of Pompei and Herculaneum were buried by several feet of pyroclastic material.
	www.pdc.org /iweb/volcano_activity.jsp (734 words)

	Stuffo "How Volcanoes Work" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The severity of the eruption depends mostly on the composition of the magma.
		As a general rule, the most explosive eruptions come from magmas that have high gas levels and high viscosity, while the most subdued eruptions come from magmas with low gas levels and low viscosity.
		Plinian Eruptions: These awesome eruptions can inflict serious damage on nearby areas -- the eruption that buried Pompeii and Herculaneam was a Plinian eruption.
	www.stuffo.com /volcano1.htm (1419 words)

	ALRItkwVes01IntroBurial.html
		The eruption began at about noon on 24 August of AD 79, its paroxysmal phase lasted until the next day but waning, small-scale activity may have continued for some time (at Pinatubo, in 1991, declining activity continued for more than 2 months).
		During the Plinian phase of the eruption, there was little effect outside the fallout zone to the south of the volcano.
		Several factors probably contributed to the change: (A) the vent probably widened thus distributing the eruptive pressure over a wider area; (b) the mass eruption rate (the amount of molten stone coming out) increased and the weight of the Plinian column increased proportionately; and (c) the volatility (gas content) of the magma was being exhausted.
	www.mmdtkw.org /ALRItkwVes01IntroBurial.html (2105 words)

	Plinian Eruption - John Seach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A plinian eruption is a powerful ejection of gas, ash and scoria creating a tall eruption column.
		Plinian eruptions are an order of magnitude larger than vulcanian eruptions.
		An example of a plinian eruption is that of Mt Pinatubo in 1991.
	www.volcanolive.com /plinian.html (41 words)

	The Minoan Eruption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The eruption was followed by collapse of the magma chamber that enlarged an existing caldera.
		The height of the plinian eruption column is estimated 36-39 km (Pyle, 1990).
		The first phase of the eruption is a typical pumice fall-out deposit from an estimated 36 km high eruption column.
	www.decadevolcano.net /santorini/minoaneruption.htm (2277 words)

	[No title]
		Plinian eruptions build volcanic sheets rather than steep sided cones, and the vent may be a negative topographic feature (caldera).
		Eruption columns are turbulent jets in which convection of hot magmatic gases is aided by heat transfer between small, hot pyroclasts and entrained air.
		The eruption was mainly in the form of a dome extrusion, producing dome collapse and numerous minor glowing avalanches that descended the Rivière Blanche.
	instruct.uwo.ca /earth-sci/200a-001/15VOLC.HTM (4647 words)

	The Plinian eruptions of the "Pumices of Avellino" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Before the eruptions that destroyed Pompei, Hercolano and Stabia in the Roman era of 46 d.C., another grand Plinian event devastated the vesuvian area over a radius of 10 kilometres: the eruption of the "pumices of Avellino".
		From the study of the volcanic material the principal phases of the eruption have been reconstructed: an initial highly explosive phase, characterised by the release of an enormous plinian column of gas and volcanic particles with the exception of the lapillus in the soil at low temperatures.
		The length of this violent eruptive phase has been estimated as at least 12 hours which collides with part of the taking of Irpinia provoking the destruction of the insediments of the antique Bronze in that area and it is here where a dead man and woman were found in a vineyard.
	www.musei.unina.it /Antropologia/eng/1.2.2.1.c1.htm (221 words)

	ERUPTION HISTORY
		The Plinian eruption killed at least 5000 people (undoubtedly an underestimate) and tore a gaping hole in the south flank of the cone, and darkened the skies over Guatemala for days (Sapper 1903).The worldwide impact was significant, as ash was detected as far away as San Francisco, CA.
		Although deviations in temperature caused by stratospheric perturbations are essentially undetectable, this is probably due to the dacitic composition of the magma as opposed to the intensity of the eruption.
		By far one of the largest and most explosive eruptions of this century (magnitude of 8 on the Tsuya scale), it produced a vertical column at least 28 feet high(Williams and Self, 1982).
	www.geo.mtu.edu /volcanoes/santamaria/eruption.html (1442 words)

	Pompeii: Stories From an Eruption
		There is much to know about volcanoes and their eruptions before we can fully dissect the events of AD 79.
		Vesuvius’ eruption in AD 79 was named a Plinian eruption, since Pliny was the first to document its shape and characteristics.
		Plinian eruptions are characterized by the pine-tree-shaped clouds that form above the volcano’s crater, as well as the wide variety of hazardous materials ejected by the volcano (such as ash, poisonous gases, and lapilli).
	www.fieldmuseum.org /pompeii/volcanism.asp (224 words)

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