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Topic: Natural History (Pliny)

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	Pliny the Elder, Pliny The Younger - Crystalinks
		The Natural History is devoted to a great variety of subjects, such as cosmology, astronomy, geography, medicine, zoology, botany, agriculture, etc. His description of an ox-driven grain harvester in Gaul, long regarded by scholars as imaginary, was confirmed by the discovery in southern Belgium in 1958 of a 2nd-century stone relief depicting such an implement.
		Pliny was a Roman senator and the commander of the imperial fleet at the naval base of Misenum.
		Pliny the Younger states that several earth tremors were felt at the time of the eruption and were followed by a very violent shaking of the ground.
	www.crystalinks.com /pliny.html (2711 words)

	Pliny's Natural History
		Pliny the Elder's Natural History is an encyclopedia written by Pliny the Elder.
		In its present form the natural History consists of thirty-seven books, the first book including a characteristic preface and tables of contents, as well as lists of authorities, which were originally prefixed to each of the books separately.
		In the History of Art the original Greek authorities are Duris of Samos[?], Xenocrates of Sicyon, and Antigonous[?] of Carystus.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/na/Naturalis_Historia.html (820 words)

	Medieval Bestiary : Pliny the Elder
		Gaius Plinius Secondus, called Pliny the Elder to distinguish him from his nephew, known as Pliny the Younger, was born in 23 CE in Como (Northern Italy).
		Pliny's work habits are described in a letter by the younger Pliny (Epistles 3.v): "...he possessed a keen intellect; he had a marvellous capacity for work, and his powers of application were enormous.
		Pliny's Natural History, either directly or indirectly through quotes by later authors, greatly influenced the development of the bestiary and other medieval beast literature.
	bestiary.ca /prisources/psdetail529.htm (903 words)

	The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Writers. Pliny the Elder \| PBS
		Towards the end of Nero’s reign, Pliny came out of retirement to become procurator in Spain, ensuring that taxes were paid and collected properly.
		Pliny was a friend of his — the two had served together in the German legions.
		Leaving his nephew, Pliny the Younger, at home to record what was happening, he sailed across to the base of the volcano to a friend’s house.
	www.pbs.org /empires/romans/empire/pliny_elder.html (433 words)

	Pliny the Elder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The death was a result of Pliny's scientific curiosity because he had ascended the slopes of Vesuvius to study its activity at close quarters, and he was killed by the acrid fumes when Vesuvius suddenly erupted.
		Pliny spent the bulk of his active life writing a detailed and accurate account of all scientific facts that were known at the time.
		Even though Pliny faithfully recorded all scientific facts that were told to him, he did not always check their veracity and parts of his manuscript are not consistent with our present knowledge.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~cjeffrey/finalproject/pliny.html (544 words)

	Pliny's Natural History
		Besides those already mentioned, its rivers are the Sangarius and the Gallus, from which last the priests of the Mother of the gods have taken their name.
		Nature and the earth might have well filled the measure of our admiration, if we had nothing else to do but to consider the properties enumerated in the preceding Book, and the numerous varieties of plants that we find created for the wants or the enjoyment of mankind.
		The Gallic provinces, too, were pervaded by the magic art, and that even down to a period within memory; for it was the Emperor Tiberius that put down their Druids, and all that tribe of wizards and physicians.
	www.maryjones.us /ctexts/classical_pliny.html (3265 words)

	Rocky Road: Pliny the Elder
		Pliny wrote several books on Roman history and a grammar book, but by far his greatest achievement was Natural History.
		One reason Pliny's work survived so well was that it was written in Latin —; for centuries, the privileged few who could read could read Latin as easily as their own language.
		Pliny the Elder was killed during the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD, apparently suffocated by volcanic ash.
	www.strangescience.net /pliny.htm (517 words)

	Pliny
		Pliny the Elder was the governor of Bithynia in Asia Minor and lived between 23-79.
		We find that already before Pliny became governor, it was generally recognized as a capital crime to be connected with the church, and it had become the custom to put an accused Christian to the test by requiring him to sacrifice to the image of the emperor.
		Pliny the Elder is almost the only Roman who won renown as an investigator of the phenomena of nature.
	latter-rain.com /ltrain/pliny.htm (235 words)

	Pliny the Elder: rampant credulist, rational skeptic, or both? Skeptical Inquirer - Find Articles
		Pliny the Elder's Natural History was the premier source of information about the natural world for fifteen hundred years.
		This means to live according to natural law (to "follow nature"), and to understand natural law one needs to study and understand the world.
		Pliny's Natural History, an encyclopedic compendium of Roman knowledge, was called by Cuvier "one of the most precious monuments that has come down to us from ancient times" (Cuvier 1854).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2843/is_1_27/ai_95501851 (854 words)

	Pliny the Elder
		Pliny the Elder or Gaius Plinius Secundus (23-79): Roman officer and encyclopedist, author of the Natural history.
		Pliny, however, developed a liking of the military, and was soon promoted to prefect of a cavalry unit.
		Pliny seems to have stayed in the Rhine army for some time, because in 50/51, he took part in the campaign against the Chatti, a tribe that lived opposite Mainz.
	www.livius.org /pi-pm/pliny/pliny_e.html (1220 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2000.08.20
		It is perhaps only fitting that Pliny died during the same eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79 which buried the Campanian cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum (his death is memorably described by his nephew, Pliny the Younger, in a letter to the historian Tacitus (Ep.
		Scholars, happy to cite the Natural History for the information it contains (especially when Pliny was drawing on a source which no longer survives), have been unable to forgive the combination of rhetoric and dry intonation, and the apparent lack of critical judgement which characterises its presentation.
		Healy's assessment of Pliny's scientific contribution (and of the Natural History as a whole) is broadly positive.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr-cgi-dev/2000/2000-08-20.html (1070 words)

	HISTORY
		Pliny states that the Antiochian city of Laodikeia was formerly called Diospolis, “the city of Zeus,” and then Rhoas (Pliny, Natural History, V, 105).
		Pliny’s listing of former name of Laodikeia includes Diospolis, “the city of Zeus,” suggesting the presence of a very old sacred precinct.
		Strabo describes this “Colossian” wool as raven-fl in color, even as Pliny the Elder explains that it is wool dyed purple or madder-red from the dye gained from the root of the madder flower, Rubia tinctoria L. (Pliny, Natural History, XXI, 9.
	www.pamukkale.edu.tr /laodikeia/english/history.htm (2221 words)

	Pliny on nitre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Pliny the Elder, Caius Plinius Secundus lived from 23 to 79 CE.
		He wrote his encyclopaedic Natural History towards the end of his life.
		That of Chalastra is used as a substitute for salt, in making bread, and the Egyptian nitrum is eaten with radishes, it having the effect of making them more tender; though as to other edibles it turns them white and spoils them.
	nefertiti.iwebland.com /timelines/topics/pliny_nitre.htm (886 words)

	Pliny the Elder, Author of Natural History
		The scheme of his great work is vast and comprehensive, being nothing short of an encyclopaedia of learning and of art so far as they are connected with nature or draw their materials from it.
		Pliny the Elder died near Pompei during the Vesuvio eruption.
		Together, a conspectus of its history and valid scientific evidence make a strong case that the Shroud is a genuine burial cloth of a Roman-style crucifixion victim.
	www.shroudstory.com /a-pliny-the-elder.htm (1065 words)

	Pliny the Elder
		His nephew Pliny the Younger gives an indication how devoted his uncle was to reading and studying, which was like working to him.
		The Natural history, which was dedicated to Titus in 77, was, according to the author's nephew, "a learned and comprehensive work as full of variety as nature itself".
		A.o., history of bronze working, bronze statues, Greek and Roman styles of sculpture, famous statues, colossi, the colossus of Rhodes, famous Greek sculptors, copper, copper slag and copper compounds used in medicine, iron-ores and smelting, lode-stone, lead, tin, medical use of lead.
	www.livius.org /pi-pm/pliny/pliny_e3.html (1460 words)

	History and the Essenes
		Pliny is describing the region around the Dead Sea and says that on the western shore, where they had been for thousands of centuries, live the Essenes, a solitary people who renounce women and money.
		Pliny's comparison of En Gedi with Jerusalem is a mistake, suggesting that he was working from sources that he either misunderstood or were not quite accurate.
		Thus, Pliny's choice of words is noteworthy because he uses expressions typical of an Essene or proto-Christian community like "assembly," "born again" and "repentance," and even speaks of them being "eternal," a likely misunderstanding by Pliny of a source which said their expectation was eternal life.
	www.thenazareneway.com /classical_authors_on_the_essenes.htm (7679 words)

	Pliny the Elder - History for Kids!
		Pliny the Elder was a very rich man from one of the most important families in the Roman Empire.
		Pliny the Elder wrote a tremendous Natural History, in many volumes, which is a sort of encyclopedia of everything anybody knew about at that time.
		Under Pliny's command, the ships did evacuate many people and so saved them from the eruption, but Pliny himself was overcome by the poisonous gases and died a hero's death on the beach.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/romans/literature/elderpliny.htm (480 words)

	Natural History (Pliny) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The work was probably published with little, if any, revision by the author's nephew Pliny the Younger, who, when telling the story of a tame dolphin, and describing the floating islands of the Vadimonian Lake, thirty years later (viii.
		In the History of Art the original Greek authorities are Duris of Samos, Xenocrates of Sicyon, and Antigonus of Carystus.
		For a number of items relating to works of art near the coast of Asia Minor, and in the adjacent islands, Pliny was indebted to the general, statesman, orator and historian, Gaius Licinius Mucianus, who died before 77.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pliny's_Natural_History (910 words)

	History of Horticulture - Pliny, the Elder (Caius Plinius Secundus) 23 to 79
		History of Horticulture - Pliny, the Elder (Caius Plinius Secundus) 23 to 79
		Pliny, the Elder (Caius Plinius Secundus) 23 to 79
		He wrote Historia Naturalis about 77 A.D. It was composed of 37 books on natural history in all its phases including meteorology, zoology, geography and botany.
	www.hcs.ohio-state.edu /hort/history/019.html (169 words)

	Pliny the Elder. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		He died of asphyxiation in the neighborhood of Vesuvius, having gone to investigate the eruption.
		It is divided into 37 books and, after a preface, deals with the nature of the physical universe; geography; anthropology; zoology; botany, including the medicinal uses of plants; curatives derived from the animal world; and mineralogy, including an account of the uses of pigments and a history of the fine arts.
		Pliny’s industry was immense and his knowledge of sources extensive, but his information is mostly secondhand and quite useless as science.
	www.bartleby.com /65/pl/PlinyEld.html (241 words)

	Jonathan Couch Papers, American Philosophical Society
		The bulk of the correspondence relates to Couch's translation of Pliny's Natural History, published by the Wernerian Club of London between 1847 and 1849.
		Training the local fishermen to make natural historical observations and to assist him in bringing in rare specimens, Couch dissected and illustrated hundreds of fish over more than three decades of research, taking meticulous care to depict the colors of the live fish as accurately as possible.
		The manuscript of Couch's Natural History of Cornish Fishes (1844) is held in the Kienbusch Angling Collection at Princeton University.
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/mole/c/couch.htm (1120 words)

	Amazon.com: Pliny: Natural History, Volume I, Books 1-2 (Loeb Classical Library No. 330): Books: Pliny,H. Rackham (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Pliny the Elder, tireless researcher and writer, is author of the encyclopedic Natural History, in 37 books, an unrivaled compendium of Roman knowledge.
		Pliny the Elder, Gains Plinius Secundus (Au 23-79), a Roman of equestrian rank of Transpadane Gaul (N. Italy), was uncle of Pliny the letter writer.
		This book is fun PRECISELY because Pliny wrote down everything that reached his ears without checking the facts -Zeus bless his heart-, and because of his welcoming disposition, a geography of the common imagination of that time has been preserved; something that otherwise would be lost.
	www.amazon.com /Pliny-Natural-History-Classical-Library/dp/0674993640 (1730 words)

	Reflections on Great Literature: Pliny (the Younger)
		He is sensible of the fact that his reputation is what keeps him successful, and he has become entrained on reputation to such an extent that the development of it is the single guiding force in his life, the basis upon which he makes all significant choices.
		Pliny the Younger is one of the most powerful men of his time in Trajan's Rome (especially if we take his own word for it), a man of many positions and even more friends, an owner of sumptuous villas and large sums of money.
		Pliny idolizes Cicero, and although Pliny's orations do bring him fame and fortune, and although he did write these letters with the idea that they might eventually become published as Tully's had, we cannot fool ourselves that Pliny is quite in the same league as his hero.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~lahtid/literature/roman/pliny/letters.htm (6684 words)

	Pliny the Younger : Manuscripts
		It is placd here as a service to those who wish to know on what the text of Pliny's letters is based, especially for book 10, letters 96 and 97, in which Pliny writes for advice on dealing with the Christians.
		It is quite possible that Book 10 had had a separate transmission immediately after Pliny's death, but the move over to the codex from the roll in Late Antiquity may have encouraged the combination at that point.
		It would be natural, with the greater capacity of the codex, to add the separate book at that point.
	www.tertullian.org /rpearse/pliny/pliny_mss.htm (1128 words)

	History of Central Java, Part I
		Pliny the Elder was the first western historian to mention the accomplishments of these amazing seafarers.
		Composed during the first century of the Common Era (CE), Pliny's Natural History refers to merchant ships out of Asia who were engaged in trade with the East Coast of Africa.
		The predominantly religious nature of this assimilation of foreign influences is illustrated by the way that the Javanese adopted words of Indian origin for their own use.
	www.borobudur.tv /history_1.htm (2415 words)

	Dionysodorus biography
		In Natural history Pliny mentions a certain Dionysodorus who measured the earth's radius and gave the value 42000 stades.
		Strabo distinguishes this Dionysodorus from Dionysodorus of Amisene and it is now thought that the Dionysodorus referred to by Pliny is not the mathematician who solved the problem of the cubic equation.
		Interestingly Pliny died as a result of the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD and it is as a consequence of this eruption that new information regarding a mathematician Dionysodorus was published in 1900.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Dionysodorus.html (792 words)

	Hort 306 - Lecture 19
		His famous Natural History (Historia Naturalis) was published in the year 77, 2 years before his death and is the only work of Pliny to survive.
		Pliny was a compiler and the work is a monumental collection of science, technology, and ignorance.
		Although Pliny appears overly credulous, his encyclopedic coverage is the best known and most widely referred sourcebook of "classical" natural history.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /newcrop/history/lecture19/lec19.html (2545 words)

	Discoveries: Discoveries in Renaissance Culture
		In his Natural History, Pliny the Elder gives a brief and seemingly factual account of the life and works of the fourth century B. Greek artist, Apelles of Cos.
		Pliny says that Apelles regarded the public as a more accurate critic than he was.
		Because of his libidinous nature Filippo Lippi was also like Apelles, and like the ancient painter he extracted himself from a dangerous situation by spontaneously drawing a lifelike portrait.
	www.cwrl.utexas.edu /~nydam/scrc/discoveries/drc/land231.htm (2472 words)

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