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	Wings of Valor II- The Ploesti Raid
		Ploesti was an oil boom city in the plains below the Transylvanian Alps in the North, and the Romanian capitol of Bucharest in the south.
		The remaining twelve continued on towards Ploesti where they dropped their bombs on what was believed to be the large Astra Romana refinery.
		With the bombers launching from Libya, 200 miles closer than the first Ploesti mission and in a direct line over the Mediterranean and across Greece, the formation was plotted to approach the city from the west instead of the Black Sea as the Halpro Group had done.
	www.homeofheroes.com /wings/part2/09_ploesti.html (15499 words)

	ploesti
		For the Ploesti mission, however, it was decided to risk these lumbering giants and their crews on a surprise low-level attack from an altitude of only 200 feet.
		Due to spies and enemy radar, the Germans were not surprised, and the enemy defenses were ready and waiting for the Liberators when they made their bombing runs.
		The Ploesti Aircraft link below is a list of the 179 aircraft that took to the air during the early hours of August 1, 1943.
	home.comcast.net /~skyscorpions/ploesti.htm (286 words)

	Consolidated Aircraft - Operation Tidal Wave - The Ploesti Raids
		The target was the Ploesti oil fields in Rumania, estimated to be supplying 60% of Germany's crude oil requirements.
		If this source of 40 per cent of Germany's oil could be eliminated, it would deal a vital body-blow to the Third Reich's ability to wage war, and a surprise attack by heavy B-24 Liberators flying at tree-top height was considered the best method of achieving success.
		The Ploesti Raid took place on Sunday, August 1, 1943 and, but for a navigational error which put the leading formation on a course away from the target, the operation might have resulted in the destruction of the seven chosen targets.
	www.consolidatedaircraft.org /clubhouse/ploesti.htm (507 words)

	Valor: Into the Mouth of Hell - September 1988
		The task force put together for Ploesti was composed of two Ninth Air Force B-24 groups--the 376th and 98th--based in North Africa and three B-24 groups from Eighth Air Force--the 93d, 44th, and the recently arrived 389th--that were moved from their UK bases to fields in North Africa near Benghazi, Libya.
		Specific buildings within the five refineries in Ploesti; the refinery at Campina, 18 miles northwest of the city; and one at Brazi, five miles to the south, were assigned to elements of the five groups.
		A surprise attack on the refineries in Ploesti by a single wave of some 140 bombers, that dominant key to success at an acceptable cost, was beyond redemption.
	www.afa.org /magazine/valor/0988valor.asp (1929 words)

	On this Memorial Day: Remembering Lansing native's ultimate sacrifice
		He was speaking of Ploesti, Romania, the site of many large oil refineries that provided up to sixty percent of the oil needed to fuel the German war machine during World War II.
		Ploesti was a dangerous target for Allied bomber crews to attack.
		Ploesti was not a name that air crews wanted to hear during their pre-strike briefings, but their courage and commitment kept them going back to this vital target.
	www.waukonstandard.com /main.asp?SectionID=24&SubSectionID=103&ArticleID=37714&TM=34440.6 (2017 words)

	Operation Tidal Wave: Ploesti August 1, 1943
		Ploesti is to the US Air Force (successor to the US Army Air Corps) what Tarawa is to the US Marine Corps.
		The aircrew at Ploesti continued on their path because of those most abstract of ideals: honor and a determination not to let down their comrades.
		In reality, however, the first Ploesti raid just happens to be one of those rare military actions where extraordinary bravery was displayed by large numbers of combatants.
	www.orbat.com /site/history/historical/usa/operationtidalwave.html (1357 words)

	America in WWII magazine: Ploesti, Romania, oil, Jacob Smart, Benghazi, B-24s
		Ploesti was Hitler’s oil supply, so it had to burn.
		Ploesti was also among the first sites in the world to commercially exploit oil, having put its first refinery into operation in 1856.
		Mock refinery complexes representing those at Ploesti were built in the desert south of Benghazi, and the aircrews flew repeated missions against them.
	www.americainwwii.com /stories/raidinruins.htm (3954 words)

	John Stone Fitness: Books: Fortress Ploesti: The Campaign to Destroy Hitler's Oil
		Unlike previous books on Ploesti, Jay Stout goes well beyond the famous big and bloody raid of August 1943 and depicts the entire 1944 strategic campaign of twenty-plus missions that all but knocked Ploesti out of the war and denied the German war machine the fuel and lubricants it so desperately needed.
		While Fortress Ploesti is the narrative history of the entire air campaign to deny the Ploesti oil complex to the Axis powers, it is also a launching point for the author's inquiries into many aspects of the American strategic bombing effort in World War II.
		In the end, Stout's narrative describes the entire Ploesti effort for the very first time in print, and, by proxy, guides the reader through the intricacies of the entire Allied strategic bombing campaign in Europe, and all the weapons and techniques the Axis powers used to parry it.
	www.johnstonefitness.com /store/shop.php?c=books&n=4972&i=1932033181&x=Fortress_Ploesti_The_Campaign_to_Destroy_Hitlers_Oil (798 words)

	MUNICIPIUL PLOIESTI
		Between Ploesti and Brasov commercial bonds existed form long ago. The carters from Ploesti brought long ago goods from Brasov, first on the Teleajenului road, then along the Prahova River.
		Michael the Brave founded Ploesti city in 1599, once with the concentration of the troops, which, in the fall of this year, passed in Ardeal.
		"Ploesti Fair is bound to the name of Michael the Brave - the one who rebelled against the Turks and who, for a moment, united the Romanian provinces in a single body.
	www.ploiesti.ro /en_legenda.php (634 words)

	ploesti
		Photographs of the disastrous first Ploesti mission. A disaster for both sides.
		On August 1, 1943, 177 B-24 Liberators took off from their base in North Africa.
		It was a low level attack, bombs released below 1000 feet.
	www.b17sam.com /ploesti.html (271 words)

	Dispatch Archive
		Arriving at the south edge of Ploesti, the formation was met by heavy flak as they prepared to start their bombing run.
		The Ploesti raid was an act of courage for all the men who participated, but five particular individuals were awarded the Medal of Honor.
		Of the 179 B-24s which began the mission, 165 attacked Ploesti or another target, 33 were lost to anti-aircraft fire and ten were shot down by Axis fighters.
	rwebs.net /dispatch/output.asp?ArticleID=47 (2570 words)

	B-24 Liberator
		Ploesti, in Romania, was a large center of the oil industry, accounting for one-third of German oil and aviation fuel.
		John R. "Killer" Kane, CO of the 98th, and Col. Leon W. Johnson, CO of the 44th, led their groups right over Ploesti, as planned, except that German defenses had been fully alerted and there were half as many bombers to "saturate" them.
		Ploesti Mission Results: Of seven target refineries, one was permanently destroyed; two were untouched; two were shut down completely for several months; and two had production greatly reduced for some time.
	www.acepilots.com /planes/b24.html (3916 words)

	Ploesti (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The first Jews settled in Ploesti in the second half of the 17th century.
		From 280 Jews listed as taxpayers in 1831, the number reached 2,478 in 1899 (5.5% of the total population) and 3,843 (3.3%) in 1930, Five synagogues were eventually established, including one for artisans and another for Sephardim.
		Youth from the ages of 13 to 18 remained in Ploesti and were mobilized into different forms of forced labor.
	www.bertramweb.com /ploesti_jews.html (691 words)

	Tidalwave, the 1943 Raid on Ploesti
		The most inviting oil target was at Ploesti which was thought to produce a third of Germany's liquid fuel requirements.
		Halfway to the initial point where the final turn was to be made into Ploesti, the 376th Group, followed by the 93rd Bombardment Group, made an erroneous turn southeast toward Bucharest.
		The 376th was told to strike targets of opportunity, and the 93rd attacked the original targets from the opposite direction as briefed.
	www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil /PopTopics/ploesti.htm (506 words)

	[No title]
		Five bomb groups (the 98th and 376th of 9th Bomber Command and the 44th, 93rd, and rookie 389th borrowed from 8th Bomber Command) were assigned to bomb 7 targets from the west, more or less simultaneously.
		To compound his navigation error, Ent released bombardiers from their assigned targets to bomb targets of opportunity, and the 376th split up into small elements that approached Ploesti from the south, east, and north.
		Of the 162 raiders to reach Ploesti (3 crashed and 13 aborted en route), 51 were lost and 22 landed (or crashed) at Allied bases on Malta, Sicily, and Cyprus.
	www.njipms.org /Articles/tidalwave.htm (777 words)

	American Thinker: Lessons old and new
		The Ploesti refinery complex was responsible for producing almost 35% of the oil used by the German military—industrial complex and a similar percentage of their aviation fuel.
		In 1943, there were no long—range fighter aircraft capable of escorting the bombers on the entirety of the trip—2700 miles round—trip from Libya to Romania and back—so mission planners made the decision that the bombers would fly at extremely low level to avoid enemy radar detection and mitigate their lack of fighter protection.
		The lessons learned from the Ploesti mission are clear and well worth remembering: In spite of the best intentions and the most arduous training, it is never possible to foresee or allow for every imaginable contingency in any given situation or endeavor.
	www.americanthinker.com /articles.php?article_id=4562 (941 words)

	B-17 Bombardier in WWII - Ploesti, Romania (Site not responding. Last check: )
		SIR WINSTON CHURCHILL called Ploesti, Romania, "the taproot of German might", because this is where the Nazi Third Reich obtained much of its oil.
		The German commander in charge of Ploesti, General Alfred Gerstenberg, had provisioned Ploesti with 2,000 smoke generators, placed in patterns to take advantage of the prevailing winds, to help conceal the refineries.
		The Citation was presented to the Unit on November 7, 1944 in the name of the President of the United States, by order of the Secretary of War and General George C. Marshall, Chief of Staff.
	www.50missions.net /ploesti.html (664 words)

	Ploesti: The Great Ground-Air Battle of 1 August 1943 (Brassey's Aviation Classics) : Tomísimo
		A mix-up caused three groups to approach the target simultaneously from three different directions at three different altitudes, stunning the German flak commander with what he thought was incredible American air tactics.
		This gave the Tidal Wave crews credit for reducing Ploesti's refined oil output by 50-70% for the rest of the war.
		According to the US Strategic Bombing Survey such levels of destruction were not reached until more than a year later after a series of much larger raids by the 15th Air Force.
	www.tomisimo.org /books/isbn1574885103.html (622 words)

	FORTRESS PLOESTI [9250] - £22.00 : Barbarossa Books, Military and Modelling Books, DVDs and Magazines
		Unlike previous books on Ploesti, the author goes well beyond the famous big and bloody raid of August 1943 and depicts the entire 1944 strategic campaign of twenty-plus missions that all but knocked Ploesti out of the war and denied the German war machine the fuel and lubricants it so desperately needed.
		While Fortress Ploesti is the narrative history of the entire air campaign to deny the Ploesti oil complex to the Axis powers, it is also a launching point for the author's inquiries into many aspects of the American strategic bombing effort in World War II.
		In the end, Stout's narrative describes the entire Ploesti effort for the very first time in print and, by proxy, guides the reader through the intricacies of the entire Allied strategic bombing campaign in Europe, and all the weapons and techniques the Axis powers used to parry it.
	www.barbarossabooks.co.uk /index.php?main_page=pubs_product_book_jph1_info&products_id=4795 (376 words)

	Ploesti Air Raids on Romania Oil Fields World War II
		Ploesti Air Raids on Romania Oil Fields World War II Gen. Jacob E. Smart, a four-star general who conceived the strategy for the daring World War II bombing raid on the
		Colonel Smart was not allowed to fly on the Ploesti mission because his superiors thought his knowledge of Allied war plans and secrets was too great to risk his capture.
		General Smart, then a colonel, came up with the idea of having planes fly exceedingly low to bomb the tightly defended refineries, which were believed to be producing one-third of the fuel oil for the Nazi war machine.
	www.roconsulboston.com /Pages/InfoPages/Ploesti.html (1979 words)

	Of Tradition and Valor
		Air Force attacks on the oil refineries at Ploesti, Romania, probably are best remembered--by those who were not there--from dramatic pictures of a B-24 emerging at chimney-top level from smoke and flame engulfing one of the targets.
		John R. Kane, was one of five men to be awarded the Medal of Honor for valor that day) The refineries, because of their small size, were the more difficult of the oil targets.
		Smoke generators at Ploesti often made it necessary to use recently received M2X radar equipment to find a target.
	www.afa.org /magazine/valor/0791valor.asp (715 words)

	No. 1219: Ploesti
		Hitler had said that if the Ploesti refineries were destroyed, the damage would be beyond repair.
		The first great Ploesti raid left from Benghazi in Libya on Sunday, August 1st, when few Romanians would be at work.
		The planes attacked Ploesti at treetop level -- flying into flak, machine gun fire, fighters, and barrage balloons.
	www.uh.edu /admin/engines/epi1219.htm (498 words)

	Commentary about the Ploesti Air Raids on Romania Oil Fields World War II
		We talk of missions to Ploesti, but actuality they were missions to different parts of the Ploesti area.
		The descriptions that follow are of the 7 missions to Ploesti flown by the 461st BG.
		Although no one knew it at the time, this was destined to be the last mission to be flown by this Group against this first priority target which had long since been recognized by all United Nations as one of the most important and well defended target areas possessed by the enemy.
	www.roconsulboston.com /Pages/InfoPages/PloestiFrstPersn.html (1336 words)

	The Tourniquet and The Hammer
		At the time of the raid, Ploesti was processing all of the crude oil that could be piped in by using only 60 percent of total refining capacity.
		In contrast to the Ploesti raid of 1943, the bombers in 1944 did not neglect the second element of air interdiction: attacking the movement of supplies to the battle area.
		At Ploesti the Red Army arrived before any significant rebuilding had been accomplished, but there can be little doubt that if they had not arrived Ploesti would have staggered up from the ashes once again to furnish fuel to the Axis as soon as cessation of the bombing allowed such an undertaking.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1981/jul-aug/true.htm (6368 words)

	General Jacob Smart obituary - Times Online
		Yet the Ploesti raid stands as symbolising the “can-do” daring of American strategic bomber sorties, which had been initiated by Doolittle’s carrier-launched strike on Tokyo the year before, when the Japanese might have expected the US to be licking its wounds in the aftermath of Pearl Harbor.
		Ploesti had first been attacked, by Soviet bombers, on June 23, 1941, the day after the German invasion of Russia.
		At Ploesti itself concentrated air defences were good and ready as the first of the Liberators swept in at 200ft.
	www.timesonline.co.uk /tol/comment/obituaries/article659794.ece (1625 words)

	The National World War II Museum, New Orleans
		The large B-24s, heavily loaded with 4,000 pounds of bombs each, were on a minimum-altitude attack on a facility protected with 230 anti-aircraft guns, mobile anti-aircraft units called “flack trains” and hundreds of German soldiers armed with machine guns.
		A third of Germany’s oil was produced and refined at Ploesti, so if the Allied bombing was successful it would cripple the German war machine.
		The Army Air Corps lost 54 planes in the first raid on Ploesti; only one in six of the returning bombers were left in flyable condition.
	www.ddaymuseum.org /exhibits/special_tidalwave1.html (514 words)

	B-24 Liberator the other hesvy bomber
		B-24's scraping their bellies attacking Ploesti at 50 feet altitude.
		Under optimum conditions and for brief periods, the B-24 had a top speed of about 300 miles per hour, could carry 8,800 pounds of bombs 3,000 miles at altitudes of up to 30,000 feet.
		Without detracting from the B-17, it should be made part of the enduring record that the B-24 did its fair share and was an outstanding success at the work for which it was created.
	www.b17sam.com /B24.html (530 words)

	Tidalwave, the August 1943 Raid on Ploesti (60th Anniversary 8/1)
		B-24s over Ploesti with bombs bursting over targetThe most inviting oil target was at Ploesti which was thought to produce a third of Germany's liquid fuel requirements.
		From the Foxhole thread about the Ploesti raid, this is a Medal Of Honor citation that bears repeating each and every day.
		Ploesti Black Sunday by Michael Hill copywright 1993 is still available I believe.I know they have it at Air Force Musems.Good pictures.They have many crew pictures as well as all the mission photos.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/957481/posts (3206 words)

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