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Topic: Ploidy

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	Ploidy Analysis: Encyclopedia of Cancer
		Ploidy analysis is a test that measures the amount of DNA in tumor cells.
		DNA ploidy analysis is used in addition to the traditional grading system as another way to evaluate how malignant a tumor might be.
		Ploidy analysis is performed on a sample of the tumor to determine how many of the cells have the normal amount of DNA and how many have more or less than the normal amount (called aneuploid).
	health.enotes.com /cancer-encyclopedia/ploidy-analysis (922 words)

	VALIDITY OF FLOW CYTOMETRY FOR TESTING PLOIDY LEVEL IN RYEGRASSES
		Cultivars pure in ploidy level are necessary because crossing among plants with different ploidy levels may result in genomic instability and uneven numbers of chromosomes, often leading to infertility and lower seed yields.
		Ploidy level was determined based on position of the G1 peaks of unknowns in relation to the internal standard G1 peak.
		The major phases are present regardless of ploidy level, but tetraploid plants, having twice the DNA complement and number of chromosomes, have peaks at double that of their diploid counterparts.
	cropandsoil.oregonstate.edu /seed-ext/Pub/1998/SR9919.html (2503 words)

	Ploidy and Meiosis
		Thus, we have reduced the ploidy in terms of genetic content to 1n (haploid genetically), since for each gene locus, only one of the two possible alleles is present.
		In this diagram, the dashed circle surrounding the chromosomes represents the boundary of the nuclear membrane.
		Ploidy in terms of genetic content is represented by changes in "n." Ploidy in terms of chromosome number (amount of DNA) is represented by changes in "c."
	www.auburn.edu /academic/classes/zy/vert_embryo/html/PloidyandMeiosis.html (984 words)

	CancerNetwork:
		Their earlier studies had suggested that the DNA content (or ploidy) of the malignant neuroblast cells might be a predictor of treatment response.
		Of the infants in the study whose tumor cell ploidy status could be assessed, 127 had hyperdiploid tumors, while 41 had diploid tumors.
		Ploidy status was assessed after all of the children received one initial cycle of cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Neosar) plus doxorubicin (a well-tolerated standard therapy).
	www.cancernetwork.com /journals/oncology/o9705p.htm (489 words)

	Patient Services - DNA Ploidy Analysis in Prostate Cancer
		Role of DNA Ploidy Analysis in Prostate Cancer: Studies have shown that patients with diploid cancers (having normal DNA content in cancer cells) have longer cancer-free intervals and survival than those with non-diploid content.
		Ploidy analysis by DIA offers superior accuracy compared with flow cytometry for small amounts of cancer such as may be found in needle biopsies.
		How to request DNA ploidy on your specimen: DNA ploidy analysis is offered on all prostate cancer specimens processed at Bostwick Laboratories, Inc. For specimens processed outside Bostwick Laboratories, Inc. we require the paraffin block with the largest focus of cancer to be sent to us.
	www.bostwicklaboratories.com /patientservices/dna.html (249 words)

	Ploidy
		Ploidy indicates the number of repetitions of the basic number of chromosomes.
		A haploid cell bears one set of chromosomes, a diploid cell bears two sets, and a polyploid cell bears many sets.
		Aneuploidy[?] is when a cell contains an abnormal or non-integer ploidy number.
	www.findword.org /pl/ploidy.html (424 words)

	Variability in Ploidy Determinations
		Alton D. Floyd, Ph.D. The primary purpose of ploidy analysis is to identify cells within a specimen that have unusual amounts of nuclear DNA.
		A secondary result of ploidy analysis, in some tumors, is identification of the percentage of cells within the tumor that are proliferating (proliferating cells double their DNA, then divide).
		Since the purpose of ploidy determinations is to identify the normal cell DNA content, and then identify abnormal DNA content, a standard must be used to determine the normal DNA content of the cell.
	www.imagepath.com /ploidy.html (699 words)

	Ploidy Analysis - Prostate Cancer Research Institute
		Normal DNA is comprosed of a pair of chromosome, and is thus termed "diploid." Diploid status is more commonly associated with tumors of a low to moderate Gleason score, whereas abnormal ploidy (aneuploid) status is more commonly associated with tumors of a higher Gleason score.
		The importance of ploidy as an independent prognostic factor is clearly demonstrated by Lerner, et al.
		When the data were analyzed below with respect to PSA, GS and ploidy status, a significantly higher rate of disease relapse was seen in patients with non-diploid tumors.
	www.prostate-cancer.org /education/staging/ploidana.html (261 words)

	Polyploidy: From Evolution to Landscape Plant Improvement
		The term "ploidy" or "ploidy level" refers to the number of sets of chromosomes and is notated by an "x".
		In cases, where interploid blocks exist, barriers to hybridization may be overcome by manipulating the ploidy levels to match prior to hybridization.
		For information on reproductive behavior, it is important to measure the ploidy level of L-2, or cortical layer, which is reflected in pollen size and chromosome counts from reproductive tissue (e.g.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /fletcher/programs/nursery/metria/metria11/ranney/polyploidy.htm (2880 words)

	DNA Ploidy
		Assessment of intratumoral DNA ploidy status using either flow cytometry and/or static image analysis is one of the most extensively investigated prognostic parameters in cancer biology.
		In some studies, abnormal DNA ploidy is merely a correlate of poor histologic grade or advanced stage, while other studies have found ploidy to be an independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis.
		Anywhere between 45-70% of breast cancers are aneuploid, and DNA ploidy has been shown to correlate with tumor size, proliferation index and steroid hormone receptor status, and is an independent predictor of disease-free and overall survival in multivariate analysis in some studies.
	www.oncodx.com /onco/dna.htm (388 words)

	ploidy
		Static image analysis allows determination of ploidy in tissue sections with relatively small amounts of tumor, but the interpretation of results is still hampered by the lack of standard methodologies (Grignon,1995; Hardt, 1994; Falkmer,1992).
		Two studies using RP material have shown that while DNA ploidy analysis can be used to predict stage, it does not add any additional information to that provided by grade (Epstein 1992, Dejter, 1989).
		In conclusion, it appears premature to place too much emphasis on DNA ploidy analysis performed on needle biopsy cores since a small biopsy demonstrating diploid tumor may be missing a significant underlying non-diploid component..
	www.prostatelab.com /ploidy.htm (874 words)

	Prostate Cancer DNA Ploidy and Response to Salvage Hormone Therapy After Radiotherapy With or Without Short-Term Total ...
		DNA ploidy was related to overall survival in multivariate analysis,
		The patients are categorized by the treatment randomization of RT alone (upper) and RT+TAB (lower) as subdivided by DNA ploidy status of diploid (- - - -) and nondiploid (——).
		Di Silverio F, D’Eramo G, Buscarini M, et al: DNA ploidy, Gleason score, pathological stage and serum PSA levels as predictors of disease-free survival in C-D1 prostatic cancer patients submitted to radical prostatectomy.
	www.jco.org /cgi/content/full/21/7/1238 (4770 words)

	Specialty Laboratories ::: we help doctors help patients
		DNA ploidy should be used in patients with tumor, a past history of tumor or where there is a strong suspicion of tumor.
		Comparison of cytology and DNA ploidy in urine and bladder washes for the detection of recurrent TCC shows that cytology has a sensitivity of 57% to74% and a specificity of 96%; DNA ploidy has a sensitivity of 81% to 85% and specificity of 57%.
		Patients treated with external beam radiation for muscle-invasive TCC have a clinical response in 100%, 54% and 30% of cases for tumors that are DNA diploid, aneuploid and multiploid, respectively.
	www.specialtylabs.com /books/display.asp?id=540 (1298 words)

	Banana Improvement
		As the accurate determination of chromosome number and/or ploidy by chromosome counting is laborious, a variety of phenotypic traits including stomata size, stomata density and pollen size were used as alternative approaches to estimate ploidy [3,4].
		As mitotic activity in vitro is usually low, flow cytometry is an attractive alternative to chromosome counting to monitor karyological instability of cell and tissue cultures, and to characterise regenerated plants.
		Some of the improvement programmes are based on crossing plants with different ploidy levels, giving rise to progenies representing combinations of male and female gametes with various chromosome numbers [11,12].
	www.fao.org /docrep/007/ae216e/ae216e0m.htm (2256 words)

	More on ploidy, n, etc (Unit 14)
		'reduction division' because it reduces ploidy) produces gametes (eggs and sperm which are haploid - having a single single set of chromosomes...23).
		PLOIDY: the number of complete sets of chromosomes per cell, e.g.
		If chromosome number n, ploidy, are still giving you trouble, let me revisit the analogy I gave you already (Mar. 12 '03) whereby we compare a chromosome to a grocery list.
	www.mun.ca /biology/Help_centre/1001_2_tutorialpages/MoreOnPloidyNetc.html (681 words)

	Partec Durchflusszytometrie - Ploidy Analyser PA
		Ploidy determinations with the Partec PA Ploidy Analyser are performed by the precise measurement of the total DNA content of individual nuclei, which can be derived from almost any plant tissue.
		The Ploidy Analyser measures the DNA content of many thousands of individual nuclei within seconds or minutes.
		The result is displayed as a DNA histogram in real time on a large LCD screen together with the ploidy level.
	www.partec.de /de/products/ploidy.html (430 words)

	Embryo development and ploidy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The seed coat is of maternal origin and, therefore, it is a 2n tissue genetically identical to the plant that formed the seed.
		Table 3 illustrates the ploidy of zygotes and endosperm resulting from crosses between plants of different ploidy.
		Effect of parental ploidy on the ploidy of the progeny
	courses.washington.edu /bot427/week3_00.htm (877 words)

	The A-Type Cyclin CYCA2;3 Is a Key Regulator of Ploidy Levels in Arabidopsis Endoreduplication -- Imai et al. 18 (2): ...
		Ploidy levels and the proportion of cells with those levels are indicated above each peak.
		Ploidy distribution analysis was performed by flow cytometry of cells from cotyledons.
		Ploidy distributions in cotyledons (A) and roots (B) of the wild type, CYCA2;3(–/–), and transgenic lines expressing CYCA2;3-GFP (lines 3-3 and 9-1) or mDB-CYCA2;3-GFP (lines 5-4 and 9-1) in the CYCA2;3(–/–) background are shown.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/18/2/382 (7965 words)

	Week 3, lecture 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The most common chemical inducer of ploidy changes is the alkaloid colchicine which inhibits the formation of the mitotic spindle.
		In nature, changes in ploidy are presumably caused by rare and spontaneous failures of the mitotic spindle.
		We will see that the ploidy fertility barrier is caused by a fundamental difference in the maternal and paternal genomes that are contributed to the endosperm.
	courses.washington.edu /bot427/week3_2_00.htm (2072 words)

	Amazon.com: PLOIDY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		DNA ploidy status as a prognostic marker and predictor of lymph node metastasis in laryngeal carcinoma: An article from: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology by Robert P Takes, Robert J Baatenburg de Jong, Roelof van Blommestein, and Jo Hermans (Nov 30, 2002)
		Change in the ploidy of fibril nuclei of various cotton cultivars =: Izmenenie ploidnosti iader volokonets razlichnykh sortov khlopchatnika by D. Kh Radzhabova (Unknown Binding - Jan 1, 1985)
		Establishment of ploidy of interspecific cotton hybrids by means of cytological analysis =: Ustanovlenie ploidnosti mezhvidovykh gibridov khlopchatnika putem tsitologicheskogo analiza by A. E Egamberdiev (Unknown Binding - Jan 1, 1985)
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=PLOIDY&tag=icongroupinterna&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (516 words)

	Pronuclear Location Before the First Cell Division Determines Ploidy of Polyspermic Pig Embryos -- Han et al. 61 (5): ...
		To examine the ploidy of fetuses derived from PPN eggs, embryonic
		Fibroblast cells were established from each fetus, and their ploidy was then examined by a cytological method.
		Alternatively, in type II fertilizations, a diploid/aneuploid mosaic was established with division to the 3- or 4-cell stage directly from the 1-cell stage.
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/61/5/1340 (4789 words)

	Flow Cytometric DNA Ploidy Analysis of Peripheral Blood From Patients With Sézary Syndrome : Detection of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Of 17 aneuploid cases, DNA ploidy study was essential for initial blood-based diagnosis of SS in 4 (24%) and important in monitoring minimal residual disease after treatment in 9 (53%) in which neoplastic T cells showed otherwise unremarkable or nonspecific flow cytometric immunophenotypic findings.
		Tissue biopsy slides (predominantly skin and lymph node) at the time of DNA ploidy studies were available for 47 of 63 cases.
		DNA ploidy study by flow cytometry is important for blood-based diagnosis of SS and detection of minimal residual disease in aneuploid SS after treatment.
	www.ajcp.com /previews/abstracts/204079.html (353 words)

	Plant DNA C-Value Database Ploidy meaning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		A problem was identified with some data given in release 3.1 for taxa with odd ploidy levels (45 out of 3493 (~ 1.3%) species listed).
		Thus 4C estimates were automatically divided by 4 to generate 1C values given for all taxa by the programme supporting release 3.1.
		However the resulting ‘1C’ data are not biologically meaningful for taxa with odd ploidy levels.
	www.rbgkew.org.uk /cvalues/html/cvalPloidyMeaning.html (173 words)

	MOB1, an Essential Yeast Gene Required for Completion of Mitosis and Maintenance of Ploidy -- Luca and Winey 9 (1): 29 ...
		Endomitosis, DNA replication in the absence of karyokinesis and cytokinesis, is one mechanism that causes an increase in ploidy
		in ploidy phenotype in the mob1 mutants is sensitive to gene dosage.
		Perhaps the mechanism of the increase in ploidy of mob1 mutants derives from the association between MOB1 and MPS1.
	www.molbiolcell.org /cgi/content/full/9/1/29 (7635 words)

	Changes to hepatocyte ploidy and binuclearity profiles during human chronic viral hepatitis -- Toyoda et al. 54 (2): ...
		Changes to hepatocyte ploidy and binuclearity profiles during human chronic viral hepatitis -- Toyoda et al.
		in liver ploidy and expansion of the diploid cell population.
		DNA ploidy pattern in human chronic liver diseases and hepatic nodular lesions.
	gut.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/54/2/297 (3405 words)

	Genome Duplication Events and Functional Reduction of Ploidy Levels in Sturgeon (Acipenser, Huso and Scaphirhynchus) -- ...
		an individual is an estimate of the ploidy level.
		Ploidy level as inferred from microsatellite analysis for the 20 of the 24–25 extant Acipenseriform species examined in this study
		Ploidy evolution in the Acipenseridae, including some related Acipenseriform taxa for comparison.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/158/3/1203 (5237 words)

	Following resection, can DNA ploidy be considered as a prognostic factor?
		Transformation from a normal to a malignant cell may be associated with changes in total DNA content or ploidy.
		Table I. By using flow cytometry, it is possible to provide objective information about the ploidy status of the tumor with reference to cells with a normal diploid amount of DNA.
		It has been shown that the evolution from normal esophagus to premalignant Barrett's metaplasia is frequently associated with abnormal DNA content and increased G2/M fraction (4N) of the metaplastic cells.
	www.hon.ch /OESO/free/Vol_6_Barrett_s_Esophagus/Articles/vol2/art114.html (311 words)

	VGG \| Interesting Medical Terms I've Heard That Would Make Good Band Names
		It is somehow used to determine the proliferative capacity of tumors.
		Ploidy would be one of those incomprehensible, odd, European novelty bands that storm the American charts for a month or two then fade into oblivion, at least on this side of the Atlantic.
		This term refers to a condition you get when your abdomen fills with fluid (bad thing) and when the doc thumps it with his rubber mallet, it sounds wrong (dull).
	www.vgg.com /tp/tp_020601_medicalbands.html (1241 words)

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