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	Pluperfect tense - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The pluperfect tense (from Latin: plus quam perfectum more than perfect) is a perfective tense that exists in most Indo-European languages, used to refer to an event that has completed before another past action.
		In French, the pluperfect (plus que parfait) is formed from the imperfect tense of the appropriate auxiliary verb (être or avoir) plus the past participle.
		In Spanish, the pluperfect (pluscuamperfecto) is (similarly) formed from the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb haber plus the past participle.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pluperfect (514 words)

	Course II, Lesson 3
		In the pluperfect, the augment is often omitted.
		Being a secondary tense, the pluperfect tense may have the augment in the indicative mood.
		Because an aorist or pluperfect is used rather than an imperfect, you know the speaker has past time in view and you translate "had been done" rather than "were done" in the protasis and "would have repented" rather than "would repent" in the apodosis.
	www.ntgreek.net /lesson23.htm (1402 words)

	Spanish Translation. Pluperfect
		In Spanish, the pluperfect is formed in the indicative mood by using the imperfect form of haber (había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían) followed by the past participle: Había estudiado.
		In Spanish, the pluperfect can also be used in the subjunctive mood by preceding the past participle with the imperfect subjunctive of haber (hubiera, hubieras, etc.): Dudo que hubiera estudiado (I doubt she had studied).
		The pluperfect usages of the two languages are almost identical, so it is usually safe to translate the pluperfect of one language into the pluperfect of the other.
	www.translation-services-usa.com /pluperfect.shtml (252 words)

	Pluperfect tense -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The pluperfect tense is formed by combining the past tense of the (Click link for more info and facts about auxiliary verb) auxiliary verb have with the (A participle that expresses completed action) past participle.
		In (The Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France) French, the pluperfect (plus que parfait) is formed from the (A tense of verbs used in describing action that is on-going) imperfect tense of the appropriate auxiliary verb (être or avoir) plus the past participle, e.g.
		the pluperfect in "habia comido cuando mi madre vino" translates as I had eaten when my mother came, derives from the indicative mood to its pluperfect tense.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pl/pluperfect_tense.htm (455 words)

	Spanish Pluperfect Subjunctive - Pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo - Spanish Past Perfect Subjunctive - All Info About ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The pluperfect tense of the subjunctive mood is used to express the same subjectivity as the present subjunctive, but, like the pluperfect indicative, at a point before another action in the past.
		For the pluperfect subjunctive to be needed, the verb in the main clause has to be in one of the following tenses/moods: preterite, imperfect, or conditional.
		The pluperfect subjunctive is a compound verb formed with the imperfect subjunctive of the auxiliary verb haber + the past participle of the main verb.
	spanish.allinfo-about.com /grammar/verbs/pluperfectsubjunctive.html (275 words)

	Lagelands Grammar - Pluperfect
		The pluperfect is a tense which, like the perfect tense, uses the auxiliaries hebben and zijn plus the past participle of the verb.
		The difference is that in the pluperfect the auxiliaries occur in the past tense.
		The pluperfect can be used to describe a past event within the description of another past event.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /dutch/grammatica/pluperfect.htm (173 words)

	PLUPERFECT
		The PLUPERFECT tense relates action that is "extra perfect" (plu-, sort of like "plus"); i.e.
		We get the sense of the pluperfect by translating a verb as "I had praised", "I had praised" andc.
		To form the pluperfect active indicative, find the perfect stem (the 3rd principle part less the final "i"), and add the personal endings.
	omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu /latin/grammar/pluperfecttense.htm (107 words)

	[No title]
		Regarding the Yiddish "pluperfect", _ikh hob gehat gezungen_ etc. (with the variants mentioned in other recent contributions), I think there are closer parallels and paraphrases in Slavic languages than in German, and so am led to suspect that it was formed on, or at the very least re-formed according to, the Slavic model.
		The label "pluperfect" seems to suggest that _ikh hob gehat gezungen_ means the same as "I had sung" in English.
		In such cases the so-called "pluperfect" appears to have the meaning of a special variant of the past tense, not of a pluperfect as normally understood.
	shakti.trincoll.edu /~mendele/vol05/vol05.213 (1028 words)

	Encyclopedia: Pluperfect tense (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Latin is the language that was originally spoken in the region around Rome called Latium.
		Proto-Indo-European Indo-European studies The Indo-European languages include some 443 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken by about three billion people, including most of the major language families of Europe and western Asia, which belong to a single superfamily.
		The past tense is a verb tense expressing action, activity, state or being in the past.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Pluperfect-tense (863 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Pluperfect is used of an action which was complete at a point of past time implied in the context.
		A periphrastic Pluperfect formed by adding the Perfect Participle to the Imperfect of the verb ei`mi, is somewhat frequent in the New Testament.
		In the New Testament these periphrastic forms are frequently, but not at all uniformly, Pluperfects of existing state; about one-third of the whole number of instances belong to the class of Pluperfects denoting completed action, referring to the past act as well as the existing result.
	www.dabar.org /BurtonMoodsTenses/010-Pluperfect.doc (460 words)

	The Gap theory page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the present Chapter, our primary concern is with the use of the pluperfect in Hebrew and we shall not here enter into detailed consideration of the other tenses, of such questions as the "waw consecutive", the mode of expressing continuing present action, or action in the future.
		The opening verb is to be read as a pluperfect, for here the writer wishes to combine two streams in his narrative; ie., he has (i) brought Rebekah to the termination of her journey, but (ii) he also desires to account for Isaac's presence at the same spot.
		By analogy, we should assume, therefore, that the pluperfect is used to describe something which occurred prior to the events which thereafter form the main thread of the story.
	www.creationdays.dk /withoutformandvoid/3.html (5301 words)

	Beginning Philology \| Housman on Thought #4
		If anyone adopted the former, he would have to explain what syntactical property, inviting the author to use pluperfect for perfect, is possessed by the 3rd person plural and not by the two other plural or the three singular persons, and I should like to see someone set about it.
		Wherever they give examples of the pluperfect which cannot be removed by the change of one letter — such as pararat in 1/8:36 or fueram in 1/12:11 — those are examples where it has sometimes the sense of the imperfect, sometimes of the preterite, but never of the perfect.
		And the inference is plain: The Latins did not use the pluperfect for the perfect.
	www.umass.edu /wsp/philology/front/housman/04.html (1105 words)

	Course II, Assignment 4
		The lack of a "connecting" vowel between the verb stem and the middle/passive personal ending is characteristic of the Perfect and Pluperfect tenses.
		There is no "connecting" vowel between the verb stem and the middle/passive personal ending, and this indicates the verb is either Perfect or Pluperfect.
		There is no augment such as would be necessarily required if this were a Pluperfect instead of a Perfect form.
	www.ntgreek.net /assign24.htm (799 words)

	Learn more about French language in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The commonly conjugated compound tenses are the perfect (le passé composé), the pluperfect (le plus-que-parfait), the future perfect (le futur antérieur), the imperfect subjunctive (le subjonctif passé) and the past conditional (le conditionnel passé).
		The simple literary tenses are the simple past or past historic (le passé simple), replaced in ordinary language by the perfect tense, and the imperfect subjunctive (l'imparfait du subjonctif), replaced in ordinary language by the present subjunctive.
		The compound literary tenses are the past anterior (le passé antérieur), usually replaced by the pluperfect; the pluperfect subjunctive (le plus-que-parfait du subjonctif), usually replaced by the past subjunctive; and a second form of the past conditional.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /f/fr/french_language.html (1334 words)

	pluperfect. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		More than perfect; supremely accomplished; ideal: “He has won a reputation as [a] pluperfect bureaucrat” (New York Times).
		The pluperfect tense, formed in English with the past participle of a verb and the auxiliary had, as had learned in the sentence He had learned to type by the end of the semester.
		A verb or form in the pluperfect tense.
	www.bartleby.com /61/43/P0384300.html (167 words)

	Tense - Pluperfect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It corresponds in a single Greek word to the sense of the English pluperfect, which indicates an event viewed as having been once and for all accomplished in past time.
		In translation the Greek pluperfect may not always follow the rendering of the English pluperfect, due to excessive wordiness.
		The English pluperfect is normally formed with the past tense of the “helping” verbs “to have” or “to be,” plus the past participle, e.g., “He had finished.” The English perfect is formed by the present tense of the helping verb plus the past participle, e.g., “He has finished.”
	www.craigwhite.net /craignew/cosb/tense-pluperfect.htm (114 words)

	Matti Kilpiö
		The earlier type of word order in (plu)perfect verb phrases in main clauses seems to have been the one with sentence brace, where we have a finite verb earlier in the clause and a non-finite verb or adverbial particle at the end.
		Whether we can say that with the loss of participle inflection and the adjacency of the elements of the verb phrase we already have a fully grammaticalised (plu)perfect which can, for instance, be used in variation with the simple past, is a question I shall have to address in my own research.
		The part of the analysis which from the point of view of theory is the most ambitious one is an attempt to theorise about the putative grammaticalisation of the OE (plu)perfect in the light of the complete evidence.
	www.eng.helsinki.fi /main/news/ESSE5-2000/matti.kilpio.htm (2222 words)

	KET DL \| Latin 3 \| Grammatica \| Moods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Forming Imperfect and Pluperfect Passive in the Subjunctive Mood
		When a deponent verb is in the 3rd conjugation - such as gradior, gradi, gressus - one needs to reconstruct the present active infinitive, thus gradi will lose the final i and receive ere and then the passive endings: graderer - I walked.
		Recall how one forms the pluperfect passive indicative.
	www.dl.ket.org /latin3/grammar/SubMood.htm (212 words)

	Pluperfect: Definition of Pluperfect in Webster's Dictionary 1913 Edition - Wunder Dictionary
		Pluperfect: Definition of Pluperfect in Webster's Dictionary 1913 Edition
		More than perfect; past perfect; -- said of the tense which denotes that an action or event was completed at or before the time of another past action or event.
		The pluperfect tense; also, a verb in the pluperfect tense.
	websters.wunderdictionary.com /dictionary/def/english/pluperfect.html (70 words)

	Spanish Grammar drill
		When the verb in the principal sentence is in the preterite, imperfect, pluperfect, or conditionals, the subordinate if calling for the subjunctive mood will use the imperfect subjunctive.
		Improper use of tense in the subordinate after past tenses in the principal.
		Improper use of tense in the subordinate after present tenses in the principal.
	www.columbia.edu /~fms5/hseq.html (3438 words)

	Pluperfect tenses (Level 2)
		The pluperfect (= imperfect of avoir / être + past participle, e.g.
		English frequently uses the simple past where strict logic requires the pluperfect (i.e.
		s used instead of the pluperfect in temporal clauses, when the main verb is in the
	www.shef.ac.uk /learningmedia/assets2004/guitares/pluperfect.htm (266 words)

	The e-Writer's Place Writers Resource - Creative Writing: Using Pluperfect Tense
		Pluperfect tense refers to when the writer of a story told in past tense needs to reach further back into the past, perhaps before the story began--in other words, a flashback.
		Beginner writers usually take great pains to stay doggedly in the pluperfect until their flashback ends.
		As you can see, the trick is to start the flashback scene with the pluperfect and slide (almost imperceptibly) back into past tense.
	www.ewritersplace.com /a063.php (585 words)

	Linguistics: an interdisciplinary journal of the language sciences: Computing perspective: the pluperfect in Dutch ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The proposal by linguists and narratologists that the pluperfect may be used to introduce perspective has not been founded in the (formal) semantics of tense and aspect.
		In order to make a start in overcoming these shortcomings, the perspectivizing function of the pluperfect has been defined in terms of temporal semantic information and contextual properties.
		On the basis of the theoretical model a method has been developed to compute perspective as introduced by a pluperfect for two different text types:...
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:85280870&refid=holomed_1 (199 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spanish Language and Literature
		It may be said once for all that all the perfect tenses of the indicative and subjunctive both are made up of the requisite form of the auxiliary haber and the past participle of the principal verb.
		Of the Latin subjunctive tenses the present remains; the imperfect has vanished wholly; the pluperfect has become an imperfect in force (amase, "I should love", from amavissem, amassem); the perfect has been spoken of.
		A second subjunctive imperfect largely interchangeable in use with the other is one derived from the Latin pluperfect indicative (amara, "I should love", Lat.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14192a.htm (9223 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		what i was interested in was the yiddish pluperfect with invariant 'gehat', even when the main verb takes 'zayn'.
		what is clearer, however, is that there is no reason to suspect slavic influence in the yiddish pluperfect where (or when) 'gehat' alternates with 'geven', depending on the verb.
		so, if the yiddish pluperfect is losing its semantic 'pluperfectness', that too could be a not unusual germanic development and doesn't necessarily point to a slavic influence.
	sunsite.sut.ac.jp /pub/academic/languages/yiddish/mendele/vol5.216 (1415 words)

	Define Pluperfect : powered by In Dictionary (InDicitonary.com) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		preter- + pluperfect.] (Gram.) Old name of the tense also called pluperfect.
		pluperfect adj : more than perfect; "he spoke with pluperfect precision" n : a perfective tense used to express action completed in the past; "`I had finished' is an example of the past perfect" [syn: past perfect, past perfect tense, pluferfect tense]
		Renewed calls for a ban on the import of live birds are made after the bird flu strain H5N1 was found in the UK.
	www.indictionary.com /define/Pluperfect (276 words)

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