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	Who Rules America: Alternative Theories
		Here pluralists point to the successes of non-business interest groups, such as labor unions from the 1930s to the 1960s, or environmentalists and consumer advocates in the 1970s, as evidence for their theory.
		Pluralists deny or ignore this claim, which is morally offensive to Marxists because of their concern with equality and social justice.
		Pluralist theory is first of all a statement that advanced capitalist countries are not monarchies or dictatorships, which is not really necessary.
	sociology.ucsc.edu /whorulesamerica/theory/alternative_theories.html (6154 words)

	Pluralism
		First, pluralists note that if a majority of people do not like what their representatives are doing, they can vote them out of office at the next election.
		What matters to pluralists about the distribution of power in society is not that it is uneven, but that it is widely dispersed rather than concentrated into the hands of the few.
		Pluralists argue that such a system is healthy because it encourages political participation, it ensures that people can exert influence over decision makers, it ensures that power is dispersed rather than concentrated into the hands of a few and, at the same time, it allows the view of minority groups to be voiced.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /pluralism.htm (317 words)

	Pluralism
		Robert Dahl, a noted pluralist, suggested in one of his early writings that in societies like ours "politics is a sideshow in the great circus of life." Most people, he explained, concentrate their time and energies on activities involving work, family, health, friendship, recreation, and the like.
		Three of the major tenets of the pluralist school are (1)resources and hence potential power are widely scattered throughout society; (2) at least some resources are available to nearly everyone; and (3) at any time the amount of potential power exceeds the amount of actual power.
		Perhaps the key characteristic of American government, according to pluralists, is that it is dominated not by a single elite but rather by a multiplicity of relatively small groups, some of which are well organized and funded, some of which are not.
	www.socialstudieshelp.com /APGOV_pluralism.htm (1740 words)

	Theoretical Models in Political Sociology
		Pluralist theory does not make use of the whole range of sociological thinking; it passes over theories of social class or of bureaucratization and turns instead to the sociology of small groups.
		Pluralist theorists do not directly deny the elitist argument a relatively small group of people at the center actually carry out day-to-day processes of governing in a society or within a smaller group.
		Pluralist theory complements elite theory by drawing attention to the secondary levels of leadership, and to how the diversity which exists on this level reflects broad social divisions.
	crab.rutgers.edu /%7Egoertzel/polsoctheories.htm (6030 words)

	News from Agape Press
		The pluralist view often degenerates to the position that whatever is sincerely believed is true.
		By this reasoning, pluralists are also "intolerant." They claim their views are true, to the exclusion of opposing views (including exclusivism).
		Beneath the pluralists' assertion that all major religions have equal claim to the truth is a relativistic view of truth.
	headlines.agapepress.org /archive/9/152003e.asp (897 words)

	Brett Dellinger: Finnish Views of CNN -- Chapter 5: Analyzing the Media
		Pluralists defend the concept of freedom and autonomy for "the main organizations that represent man's involvement in society." Western societies, according to this theory, are composed of groups and organizations competing in the "marketplace of ideas" to promote democracy and equality.
		The explanation for the pluralist phenomenon has its roots in the "revolutions" within the last hundred years "in transport and communications." Masses of people have been "brought...into closer contact with each other," causing a division of labor.
		Advocates of the pluralist model have concluded, therefore, that "mass culture" is "very, very democratic: it absolutely refuses to discriminate against, or between, anything or anybody.
	members.tripod.com /Brett_Dellinger/C5.htm (7506 words)

	Jesus and the World Religions
		On the basis of their study of religious traditions, pluralist philosophers and theologians contend that salvation, though diversely mediated, is nonetheless universally accessible.
		Pluralists argue on empirical and philosophical grounds that a soteriological structure underlies all religious traditions and thus variously orients their adherents to "Reality" as it is diversely figured in these traditions.
		Pluralists argue that all religious communities advance their members toward specific aims- communion or enlightenment, as the case may be-that are surpassed or transcended by a more ultimate, but indescribable, aim.
	www.leaderu.com /ftissues/ft9506/articles/dinoia.html (4112 words)

	Christianity and Other Religions
		Religious pluralists accept that all religions are different and promote different views of life and the universe yet they do believe that all religions are equally able to move people from a state of self-centredness to Reality-centredness (this being either God, Allah, Brahman etc.).
		Pluralists recognise that people hold to the truth of their religion primarily because they presuppose their belief is true (and this is often decided by the country they were born in or family they were born into (E.g.
		Pluralists respond by claiming it is not the beliefs but the effects of a religion which one should be looking at.
	www.faithnet.org.uk /KS4/Social%20Harmony/otherreligionsgcse.htm (1275 words)

	CATHOLIC CULTURE WARS: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Moreover the PLURALIST would want to see dialogue expanded in the Church, with Protestants and Jews, with women in the Church, and with various factions in the church, even those who disagree with the Pope in certain matters (a goal which seems similar to that of the late Cardinal's "Common Ground" project).
		The magnitude of the PLURALISTIC response can be judged from the fact that a third of the respondents endorsed all the PLURALISTIC positions (and thus rejected all the fundamentalist positions) and 60% endorsed at least seven out of eight of the pluralistic answers.
		The two graphs show that women are more likely to be pluralists at every level of education (figure 2) and that the differences between them and men increase with educational attainment, so that three out of four women with college education endorse at least seven of the eight pluralistic responses.
	www.agreeley.com /_vti_bin/shtml.exe/articles/recaclt.html/map (1653 words)

	Religious pluralism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In contrast, most religious pluralists hold that no religion can claim to teach the only or absolute truth, arguing that religion is not literally the word of God, but rather is mankind's attempt to describe the word of God.
		Religious pluralists note that because nearly all religious texts are a combination of historical documents, journalist accounts, essays, and morality plays, distinctions must be made between the literal claims within religious texts, and those claims contained within spiritual metaphors.
		So the pluralist must either distort Christianity to make it pluralistic, or reject it and acknowledge that one cannot be a complete pluralist.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Religious_pluralism (4863 words)

	Sample Chapter for Gutmann, A. and Thompson, D.: Why Deliberative Democracy?
		Consensus democrats also tend to resist the idea, which pluralists willingly embrace, that a great deal of political disagreement is built into the conditions of collective life, and that to eliminate it entirely would be undesirable.
		A thin pluralist conception of the common good produces passive citizens, the consensus democrats argue, who too readily settle for the role of consumers of material commodities, rather than producers of public goods.
		Although pluralists agree that deliberation should strive to justify as much agreement as possible, they also seek ways of living well with those disagreements that cannot or should not be eliminated at any given time.
	pup.princeton.edu /chapters/s7869.html (9428 words)

	New York's Christian Radio - WMCA 570 & 970 DJ
		According to press reports, the pluralist conference, held September 6-9 at the University of Birmingham, was a festival of theological denial.
		He developed what he calls his "pluralistic hypothesis" and argues that Jesus did not even claim to be the unique revelation of God.
		More than anything else, this conference of pluralists demonstrates where theologians and philosophers feel free to go, once they are liberated from the authority of Scripture.
	www.nycradio.com /weblogs/mohler/date10092003.aspx (1527 words)

	[No title]
		I have said that the pluralists' mistaken interpretation of federalism includes the particularist notions of "consent" and "rights" and "balance," and that all these come from a false conception of sovereignty.
		This those pluralists cannot accept who take the consent of the group as part of their theory of the state.
		The pluralist state is to be composed of sovereign groups.
	sunsite.utk.edu /FINS/Mary_Parker_Follett/XXXI.txt (4336 words)

	Species
		Pluralists believe that the monist's goal of a single correct species concept should be abandoned.
		The point is to show that pluralists can provide criteria for discerning which species concepts should be accepted as legitimate.
		The conclusion drawn by some pluralists (Kitcher 1984, Dupré 1993) is that the term "species" should be given a disjunctive definition.
	setis.library.usyd.edu.au /stanford/entries/species (5731 words)

	[No title]
		A Pluralist View of Power: P1 The debate starts with an initial charge by the elitists who argue that there exists a ruling elite, who despite being in minority, are able to command resources and power enabling their interests to prevail over those of the majority.
		Unlike the pluralists, one of principal facets of Lukes’ theory is the likelihood of a ‘false consensus’ as a companion to the non-conflicts that he analyzes (24).
		The pluralists were biased in their presumption of an absence of elites as were the elitists by presuming the opposite (elites everywhere).
	www.campusactivism.org /uploads/apathynd7.doc (11892 words)

	Stanford encyclopedia
		pluralist priests on a quest to find truth...I thought they were on quests of tolerance but they seem to think they have the right to analyze and label everyone in the process.
		pluralist priests are so careful that their very artifice is evidence that the deception is intentional.
		Furthermore, Gellman has added more recently, even if we grant that rock bottom beliefs are at times open to belief assessment, the exclusivist need not engage in such assessment in the face of religious diversity unless she finds the awareness of such diversity causes her to lose significant confidence in her own perspective.
	www.blessedcause.org /indoctrination/stanford%202%20basinger.htm (1974 words)

	SparkNotes: Presocratics: Themes, Motifs, and Symbols
		The Pluralists, however, who tried to revive natural philosophy in Parmenides' wake, returned to the physis problem.
		For Empedocles, it is the two corporeal motive forces, love and strife, that maintain order in the world, whereas for Anaxagoras that role is played by mind or nous, a rationality that controls all of nature.
		The Milesians and the pluralists were primarily interested in natural philosophy—in the topics that we today would call physics, cosmology, and biology.
	www.sparknotes.com /philosophy/presocratics/themes.html (1679 words)

	AcademicDB - 'Pluralists and Marxists provide fundamentally different accounts of the distribution of political power'. ...
		Home: Politics: World: 'Pluralists and Marxists provide fundamentally different accounts of the distribution of political power'.
		Although the latter contradicts the pluralist view, the democratic political arrangement, being the seven institutional features, can provide links between what at first appear to be two very distinct theories.
		Also, although economics is a predominant Marxist tenet, it does accept that this is limited and that political development and intervention play a significant role.
	www.academicdb.com /pluralists_marxists_provide_fundamentally_differe_4383 (284 words)

	Marxist Media Theory
		Marxist theorists tend to emphasize the role of the mass media in the reproduction of the status quo, in contrast to liberal pluralists who emphasize the role of the media in promoting freedom of speech.
		As the time of the European ascendancy of neo-Marxism in media theory (primarily in the 1970s and early 1980s), the main non-Marxist tradition was that of liberal pluralism (which had been the dominant perspective in the United States since the 1940s) (see Hall 1982: 56-65).
		Pluralists see society as a complex of competing groups and interests, none of them predominant all of the time.
	www.aber.ac.uk /media/Documents/marxism/marxism01.html (344 words)

	Value Pluralism and the Challenges of Freedom
		To be a liberal pluralist is to be in favor of relatively limited scope for governmental authority and conversely in favor of relatively expansive scope for the authority of other institutions from civil society.
		To be a liberal pluralist is also to hold a certain thesis concerning burden of proof, namely in debates over whether the state should or should not intervene in some aspect of civil society the burden of proof is always on the person who holds that it should intervene.
		So to put it all together, to be a liberal pluralist is to hold Galston’s burden of proof principle and in addition to hold that the burden isn’t borne successfully very often.
	www.pewforum.org /events/index.php?EventID=29 (12856 words)

	Is Jesus the Only Savior?: The Answer to Religious Pluralism-Pt 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Pluralists also accuse Christian exclusivists of being intolerant, but if intolerance means disagreeing with someone’s view, then pluralists are also intolerant since they disagree with exclusivists.
		Pluralists seem to forget that the same kind of intolerance must then be attributed to Jewish, Muslim, and Hindu exclusivists, for they also hold to this view.
		Hick’s pluralistic views are presented to many college and seminary students as brilliant, compassionate, and tolerant, and as such his views are having a far greater influence than they deserve.
	www.equip.org /free/DJ771.htm (4070 words)

	Viewpoints (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The "pluralist" or "non-preferential" theory claims that since no one religion should receive any preference under our laws, religion should and must be kept locked away behind closed doors.
		The separatists will have nothing of religion, and the pluralists will allow it--so long as the law is uniform to all religions.
		It plainly shows that the intent of the First Amendment "establishment" and "free exercise" clauses were to simply prevent the creation of a national tax-financed and supported church or denomination, while leaving the people free to practice their religious faiths without government intervention.
	www.usiap.org /Viewpoints/Culture/Christianity/OurGodlyHeritage.html (2348 words)

	THE THIRD ESTATE
		It is the unassailable justice of the pluralist cause that has made it the most energetic and impassioned element of contemporary liberalism.
		At its core the pluralist message is unassailable: every person should be judged on their own merits, on their own deeds, and they deserve rewards commensurate to their contribution.
		None of this is to say that pluralists aren’t right, it is only to say that their moral virtue comes at a terrible political cost.
	home.mindspring.com /~thirdestate/public_html/2004_12_01_thirdestate_archive.html (13159 words)

	CULTURAL DIVERSITY?
		Cultural pluralists claim to want diversity, but the diversity they seek is certainly not in opinions different from their own.
		In the cultural pluralists' model, no one is really capable of escaping his or her cultural determinants.
		Cultural pluralists may favor an environment where professors feel constrained from introducing "any sort of thing that might hurt a group," as one of them admonished his colleagues at a Harvard seminar on racial insensitivity last year.
	www.forerunner.com /forerunner/X0355_Chavez_-_Cultural_Di.html (1219 words)

	World: Smashing the ‘idol’ of religious superiority
		American Rabbi Michael Kogan related the story at a first-of-its-kind international summit of theologians committed to the pluralist view of religions in early September, and it nicely crystallized their aim: smashing what these thinkers regard as the “idol” of claims to superiority by one religion over others.
		Knitter argued that the pluralists accept universal but not absolute truth -- a doctrine can be true for all, but it cannot be the only truth.
		Despite such tensions, Hick insisted that the pluralist view will prevail, comparing it to the acceptance of biological evolution by mainstream Christianity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
	www.natcath.com /NCR_Online/archives2/2003c/091903/091903c.php (1147 words)

	Boundless-Bill Clintonâs "Vision Tour"
		Those who are not themselves pluralists are thus rightly suspicious of pluralismâs aims: what pluralism seeks to do is destroy the foundations of particular historical cultures and replace them with its own.
		Most pluralists, it is true, do not realize that this is what they are demanding.
		The point here is that, when it comes to negotiating cultural difference in the real world, pluralists end up being just as narrow and intolerant as anyone else; pluralism works, to the degree that it ever does, only once people are in some measure already pluralists.
	www.boundless.org /2001/features/a0000547.html (2147 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 1999.06.21
		Examples of cosmologies that might pass the tests are those of the pluralists (Anaximines, Empedocles, the Atomists, and Plato's theory of forms as presented in the early and middle dialogues).
		It threatens the pluralistic accounts not because they posit a numerical plurality of entities, but because they posit corporeal entities as really existing.
		So, on Curd's account, the pluralists (who are traditionally assumed to be in direct opposition to Eleaticism) seem to advance fundamentally Parmenidean positions, while Zeno (traditionally taken to be the 'faithful servant of Parmenides' views' -- p.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1999/1999-06-21.html (2645 words)

	[No title]
		For the pluralists view they are: tolerant, coglomeration, lack of founder, authority and organization, atmosphere of interactors and that there is criticism amongst themselves and others.
		Shelly thought the pluralists had the advantage over the centralists because they incorporated oral narrative, folklore traditions, and cultural influences in there interpretation of texts and Hinduism as religious practice.
		Our understanding of pluralist and centralist is that pluralist Hinduism is a belief of many beliefs where centralist Hinduism is a belief of one belief.
	www.stthomasu.ca /~parkhill/india00/grprep1.htm (1296 words)

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