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Topic: Plurality criterion

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	MITCHELL et al
		If, as the plurality contends, a per‑capita‑aid program is identical in relevant constitutional respects to a true private‑choice program, then there is no reason that, under the plurality’s reasoning, the government should be precluded from providing direct money payments to religious organizations (including churches) based on the number of persons belonging to each organization.
		I reject the plurality’s argument that divertibility is a boundless principle.
		Adopting the plurality’s rule would permit practically any government aid to religion so long as it could be supplied on terms ostensibly comparable to the terms under which aid was provided to nonreligious recipients.
	www.uky.edu /~dsvoss/docs/ps461/m_v_helm.htm (7969 words)

	Minimax Condorcet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When one of the first two interpretations is used, the method can be restated as: "Disregard the weakest pairwise defeat until one candidate is unbeaten." An "unbeaten" candidate possesses a maximum score against him which is zero or negative.
		When winning votes is used, Minimax also satisfies the Plurality criterion.
		It also satisfies the Later-no-harm criterion, which means that by listing additional, lower preferences in one's ranking, one cannot cause a preferred candidate to lose.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Minimax_Condorcet (340 words)

	Plurality criterion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Plurality criterion is a voting system criterion devised by Douglas Woodall.
		This criterion is trivially satisfied by rank ballot methods which require voters to strictly rank all the candidates (and so do not allow truncation).
		Among Condorcet methods which permit truncation, whether the Plurality criterion is satisfied depends often on the measure of defeat strength.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Plurality_criterion (275 words)

	Voting system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The most prevalent single-winner voting method, by far, is plurality (also called "first-past-the-post", "relative majority", or "winner-take-all"), in which each voter votes for one choice, and the choice that receives the most votes wins, even if it receives less than a majority of votes.
		One of the earliest recorded elections in Athens was a plurality vote that it was undesirable to "win": in the process called ostracism, voters chose the citizen they most wanted to exile for ten years.
		Most elections in the early history of democracy were held using plurality voting or some variant, but as an exception, the state of Venice in the 13th century adopted the system we now know as approval voting to elect their Great Council.
	www.wikipedia.com /wiki/Voting_system (4751 words)

	Vote Aggregation Methods
		Plurality voting, also referred to as first past the post, is a procedure in which each voter votes for his or her single most preferred alternative (or when n alternatives are to be selected, voters vote for their n most preferred alternatives).
		Plurality voting is widely used for governmental elections in the United States and has been credited with helping to maintain the two-party system [86].
		Plurality voting is classified at the first level of Nurmi's preference misrepresentation hierarchy and is generally considered to be one of the easiest voting systems to manipulate [78].
	lorrie.cranor.org /pubs/diss/node4.html (8348 words)

	Collective Intentionality [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Bratman avoids positing a plural agent by trying to explain collective intentions in terms of individual attitudes with common contents that are distinctively social in the sense that solitary individuals could not have them.
		Plural subjects are formed when each of a set of individual agents expresses willingness to constitute, with the others, the plural subject of a goal, belief, principle of action, or other such thing, in conditions of common knowledge.
		So her analysis of plural subjecthood does not contain the technical notion of a plural subject and her analysis is not circular.
	www.iep.utm.edu /c/coll-int.htm (10298 words)

	Translated German Cases
		Alongside these are private producers organized differently, in the case of which plurality of opinion is in essential features to be guaranteed differently than with internally pluralistic programming, which finance their activities chiefly from the proceeds of advertising and are more subject to the laws of the market than the public corporations.
		Plurality of opinion, the securing and upholding of which is a task of broadcasting freedom, is particularly endangered by an emergence of predominant power over opinion.
		A guarantee of the decisive plurality of content is not however associated with this; still less so because the licensing authority, in accordance with its ties with government, may represent different views from the pluralistically composed assembly of the Land Broadcasting Committee.
	www.utexas.edu /law/academics/centers/transnational/work/german-cases/print_bverg.shtml?04nov1986 (14690 words)

	Borda count - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		From among these, the Borda count satisfies the monotonicity criterion, the consistency criterion, the participation criterion, the plurality criterion (trivially), reversal symmetry, and the Condorcet loser criterion.
		It does not satisfy the Condorcet criterion, the independence of irrelevant alternatives criterion, the independence of clones criterion, or the majority criterion.
		In Kiribati the president (or Beretitenti) is elected by the plurality system, but a variant of the Borda count is used to select either three or four candidates to stand in the election.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Borda_count (3162 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0020136327
		The apparatus according to claim 9, further comprising: a plurality of transmit antennas configured to transmit the code word to a plurality of receive antennas, wherein the number of receive antennas is less than the number of transmit antennas.
		The apparatus according to claim 17, further comprising: a plurality of transmit antennas configured to transmit the code word to a plurality of receive antennas, wherein the number of receive antennas is less than the number of transmit antennas.
		The apparatus according to claim 48, further comprising: a plurality of receive antennas coupled to the demodulator and configured to receive the signal, wherein the number of the plurality of receive antennas is less than the number of transmit antennas in the communication system.
	www.ece.osu.edu /~helgamal/app4.html (9945 words)

	Compliance incentives for audience monitoring/recording devices - Patent 5483276
		means for providing a plurality of indications to the audience member, each of the plurality of indications being provided at a different respective time, each of the plurality of indications indicating that the device is in the operating state based on the operational state signal and the sense signal.
		providing a plurality of indications to the audience member, each of the plurality of indications being provided at a different respective time, each of the plurality of indications indicating that the device is in the operating state based on the operational state signal and the sense signal.
		A typical usage criterion may be that the audience member docked the device within a certain time frame after the device indicated that it needed to be docked.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5483276.html (10553 words)

	Election methods and criteria
		This is a failure of the Plurality criterion.
		This scenario shows also that VFA fails the Plurality criterion, for the same reason Minimum Opposition and Equal Majorities do: A has more first preferences than C has any preferences (the B voters' unstated preference for C, assuming it exists at all, does not count), yet C is elected.
		The Plurality criterion says that C must be elected with no greater probability than A. If C is elected, it could be viewed as an obvious mistake, as there is no way to adjust the ballots voting for C so that there are as many C first preferences as A first preferences.
	nodesiege.tripod.com /elections (7972 words)

	Open Debates \| The 15 Percent Barrier
		The CPD nullifies the contributions of contemporary third-party candidates; excluded third-party candidates can't break the bipartisan conspiracy of silence on issues where the major parties, possibly so as not to upset business contributors, are at odds with most of the American people.
		A 15 percent criterion applied to all the presidential debates of the twentieth century would have excluded every third party candidate except for Congressman John Anderson, who participated in televised Republican primary debates.
		In fact, so formidable are the barriers to third party voices, a two percent criterion applied to all previous presidential debates would have included only three third-party candidates: John Anderson in 1980, Ross Perot in 1992 and 1996, and Ralph Nader in 2000.
	www.opendebates.org /theissue/15percent.html (772 words)

	The Gang of 9 Message Board \| Thread View (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A criterion, in the discussion of single-winner voting systems, is a yes/no, pass/fail, test for a single-winner voting system.
		Sometimes a criterion is used for giving precise meaning to a less precise standard.
		Plurality is a peculiar point system that only lets us give a point to one candidate.
	www.thegangof9.com /board.phtml?id=161 (1091 words)

	CS Patent Part II
		The system of claim 170 wherein the pair of values is the first and second values, the at least one predetermined criterion is satisfied and the payment value is the greater of the first and second values.
		The system of claim 170 wherein the pair of values is the first and second values, the at least one predetermined criterion is satisfied and the payment value is a function of the first and second values.
		The system of claim 156 further including a payment calculator which, when the at least one predetermined criterion has been satisfied, will calculate, in accordance with a formula, a monetary amount to be paid by one entity to the other to settle the claim.
	www.mediate.com /odrresources/pg8.cfm (3791 words)

	L28
		Criterion 3 (monotonicity): Suppose X is the winner and suppose that in another election some voters are able to rank X higher, with no change for the other candidates, then X should still win.
		Criterion 4: if C drops out, then B would win 22 first place votes and supercede A. Suppose the winner is decided by a single runoff.
		Criterion 4: if A, D, and E drop out, C would win a match between B and C. Suppose the winner is decided by sequential runoffs.
	www.math.wisc.edu /~meyer/math141/L28.html (377 words)

	Condorcet method - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Condorcet methods are named for the eighteenth century mathematician and philosopher Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, the Marquis de Condorcet, but the Condorcet criterion was also discovered independently by Ramon Llull in 1299.
		An argument in favour of using margins is the fact that the result of a pairwise comparison is decided by the presence of more votes for one side than the other and thus that it follows naturally to assess the strength of a comparison by this "surplus" for the winning side.
		B is preferred by a 501-499 majority to A, and by a 502-498 majority to C. So, according to the Condorcet criterion, B should win, despite the fact that very few voters rank B in first place.
	www.wikipedia.com /wiki/Condorcets_Method (3813 words)

	Mitchell v. Helms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Taking the second criterion first, it is clear that Chapter 2 aid "is allocated on the basis of neutral, secular criteria that neither favor nor disfavor religion, and is made available to both religious and secular beneficiaries on a nondiscriminatory basis." Agostini, supra, at 231.
		It is beyond question that the plurality's notion of evenhandedness neutrality as a practical guarantee of the validity of aid to sectarian schools would be the end of the principle of no aid to the schools' religious mission.
		To the plurality there is nothing wrong with aiding a school's religious mission; the only question is whether religious teaching obtains its tax support under a formally evenhanded criterion of distribution.
	www.agh-attorneys.com /4_mitchell_v_helms.htm (16174 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		These are (1) the best hereditary right to the title; (2) the "wish of the majority or plurality of those clans of the family as customary in that family"; (3) forcefulness, character, personality, and knowledge of Samoan custom; and (4) value to the family, village, and country.
		With respect to the fourth criterion, the value of the holder of the title to the family, village, and country, we are deeply troubled.
		The testimony of Tupusemanuia with respect to various services he has rendered to the family, to his church, to the village, and to the Territory would ordinarily be enough to satisfy this criterion, at least in an uncontested case.
	www.asbar.org /Cases/14ASR2d/14ASR2d67.htm (884 words)

	Wardekker / Identity, Plurality, And Education
		Plurality of values and views is therefore contained and subsumed under universal principles.
		Such theories are based on the view that the plurality of cultural traditions is fundamentally irreducible and should be dealt with as such.
		It expresses a societal fear of plurality which is perceived as a threat to power structures and stability.
	www.ed.uiuc.edu /EPS/PES-Yearbook/95_docs/wardekker.html (3951 words)

	Back to Constitutional Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The plurality also rejects the distinction between direct and indirect aid, and holds that the actual diversion of secular aid by a religious school to the advancement of its religious mission is permissible.
		If, as the plurality contends, a per-capita-aid program is identical in relevant constitutional respects to a true private-choice program, then there is no reason that, under the plurality's reasoning, the government should be precluded from providing direct money payments to religious organizations (including churches) based on the number of persons belonging to each organization.
		The plurality's insistence that this evidence is somehow substantial flatly contradicts its willingness to disregard similarly insignificant evidence of violations of Chapter 2's supplantation and secular-content restrictions.
	publicpolicy.pepperdine.edu /academics/faculty/lloyd/projects/conlaw/mit_v_hel.htm (18539 words)

	[No title]
		Plurality voting is bad because of the weak mandate it may give -- in particular, it may choose an alternative which would lose to any other alternative in a pairwise contest.
		Plurality with run-off and the elimination schemes due to Hare, Coombs and Nanson all fail to be monotonic: changes in an alternatives favor can change it from a winner to a loser.
		The Monotonicity criterion says that if we choose an alternative, and then the performance of that alternative with respect to some objective is improved (the performance of other alternatives remaining the same), we should still choose it.
	accuratedemocracy.com /archive/outprint/straffin/Straffn2.doc (5282 words)

	Evaluating Voting Methods
		With the Plurality Method, people are unwilling to support an unpopular candidate they greatly prefer, fearing that they will “throw their vote away,” to quote Kang from the Simpsons episode ‘Treehouse of Horror VII’.
		Perform a plurality election, eliminate an undesired alternative, and repeat until only one alternative is left.
		Although this system uses most of the information in the preference ballot, it still fails the Monotonicity criterion, since it is held in several rounds with elimination in between.
	www.theorem.ca /~mvcorks/code/voting_methods.html (2289 words)

	Illuminations: Will the Best Candidate Win?
		They are particularly surprised to discover that the plurality method can produce a winner who is liked least by a majority of the voters.
		Plurality voting is the method most familiar to students.
		Variations of the plurality method are used in choosing state representatives and senators, ratifying proposals, and selecting Academy Award winners.
	illuminations.nctm.org /LessonDetail.aspx?ID=L386 (2069 words)

	esp@cenet claims view
		The method of claim 1, wherein the pictorial representation includes a first diagram of at least one enclosure within which the plurality of hardware components is disposed, the diagram further depicting a physical location of each of the plurality of hardware components in the enclosure.
		The method of claim 5, further comprising selecting the filter criterion from a plurality of predetermined filter criteria, each of the plurality of predetermined filter criteria associated with a predetermined view among a plurality of views.
		The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein each of the plurality of hardware components is disposed in a computer selected from the group consisting of a single- user computer, a multi-user computer, a clustered computer, a multi-unit computer, and combinations thereof.
	v3.espacenet.com /textclam?IDX=EP1193599&QPN=EP1193599 (1111 words)

	What is a Majority - dKosopedia
		Criterion 1: If a majority of the electorate coordinates their efforts, they can assure that a given candidate is elected, or that another given candidate is not elected.
		You are correct in saying that in pseudomajority methods (like plurality and range voting), a given majority of the electorate can coordinate their intentions and decide the winner, but this merely postpones the question of how they do this.
		Although, in going from plurality to approval we'd just be going from one pseudomajority method to another, so the term wouldn't really be part of the discussion...
	www.dkosopedia.com /wiki/What_is_a_Majority (1135 words)

	Dynamic multiplexing of hyperlinks and bookmarks (US6182113) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The method includes a first step of storing a plurality of Bookmarks, individual ones of which refer to one of a plurality of data communications network sites, wherein each of the plurality of data network communications network sites provides a similar type of information.
		The at least one criterion can be, by example, a time of day, a location of the data processing system, or a bandwidth of a data communications link between the data processing system and the data communications network.
		In this case the at least one criterion can be a time of day at a location of the requestor, a location of the requestor, or a bandwidth of a data communications link between the requestor and the data communications network.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=US06182113__ (482 words)

	Section 12B
		If a method has a Y for a criterion, then that criterion is NEVER violated by that method, and you don't need to check.
		Plurality: B wins, 16 first place votes to C's 11 and A's 6.
		Note, we only have to check the runoffs for criterion #3, because it can't be violated by the other three methods.
	wind.cc.whecn.edu /~mgoodro/psm/12Bhelp.htm (1842 words)

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