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Topic: Plurality electoral system

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	Plurality electoral system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Plurality electoral system (or first past the post electoral system), is a voting system for single-member districts.
		When this system is in use at all levels of politics it may result in a two-party system, based on single seat district voting systems.
		Changes to the UK system have been proposed, and alternatives were examined by the Jenkins Committee in the late 1990s but no major changes have been implemented.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Plurality_voting (3260 words)

	Plurality electoral system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A candidate who is very popular among the electorate in general may lose if the candidate or the candidate's party is unpopular or has caused dissatisfaction in his or her seat.
		It is argued that a weak or absent opposition due to an electoral wipeout is bad for the government.
		The first past the post election system is used in the Republic of China on Taiwan for executive offices such as county magistrates, mayors, and the president, but not for legislative seats which used the single non-transferable vote system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/FPP (3260 words)

	3PT - Electoral College Primer
		Makeup and operation of the electoral college itself are tightly defined by the Constitution, but the method of choosing electors is left to the states.
		The winner-take-all system literally means that the candidate team that wins most of the popular votes (the plurality vote winner) in a particular state gets all of the electoral votes in that state, and the loser gets none, even if the loss is by a slim popular-vote margin.
		Many see the apportioning of the electoral college votes by states as a basic flaw, because it gives each of the smaller states at least three electoral votes, even though on a straight population basis some might be entitled to only one or two.
	www.ksg.harvard.edu /case/3pt/electoral.html (2177 words)

	Plurality Electoral Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The plurality electoral system is the oldest and the most frequently used voting system.
		Plurality electoral systems are most commonly associated with single-member districts and "first past the post" allocation rules.
		The process of electoral district delimitation in a plurality system is important because the configuration of districts can affect the partisan, and possibly even the racial, ethnic, religious or linguistic composition of the legislature.
	www.aceproject.org /main/english/bd/bda01a (574 words)

	Plurality systems are the simplest of all electoral systems
		Plurality systems are the simplest of all electoral systems.
		Plurality systems are commonly used for the election of Heads of State where only one candidate is to be elected.
		The alternative vote system removes the cumbersomeness of the second ballot system by asking the voter to indicate how he would vote if his first choice candidate were defeated and he had to choose again from the remaining candidates.
	homepages.udayton.edu /~aherndaw/ausaec.htm (5226 words)

	First Past the Post electoral system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		When this system is in use at all levels of politics it usually results in a true two-party system, based on single seat district voting systems.
		However, the system of forming a governing government is also crucial; it is very common in former British colonies and is the single most commonly used system for election of parliaments [1] (http://www.aceproject.org/main/english/es/esh.htm) based on FPTP voting districts.
		If enough voters use this tactic, the first-past-the-post system becomes a form of runoff voting where the first round is held in the court of public opinion.
	marylandheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Single_member_plurality (2803 words)

	Duverger: The Electoral System
		I expressed its effects in 1946 in the formulation of three sociological laws: (1) a majority vote on one ballot is conducive to a two-party system; (2) proportional representation is conducive to a multiparty system; (3) a majority vote on two ballots is conducive to a multiparty system, inclined toward forming coalitions.
		A given electoral regime does not necessarily produce a given party system; it simply exerts an influence in the direction of a particular type of system; it is a force, acting in the midst of other forces, some of which move in an opposite direction.
		The exact role of the electoral system seems, in the last analysis, to be that of an accelerator or that of a brake.
	www.janda.org /c24/Readings/Duverger/Duverger.htm (1502 words)

	Commission on Legislative Democracy - Glossary
		Electorate: The entire population that is eligible to vote to elect candidates and political parties to represent them in the Legislative Assembly.
		Different divisors are used (the d'Hondt system uses 1, 2, 3 4, etc. as divisors, while the Sainte-Lague system uses 1.4, 3, 5, etc.) The party with the highest average vote after each stage wins a seat and its vote is then divided by the next divisor.
		Plurality of Votes: When a candidate or political party receives more votes than his or her opponents, but less than 50% or a majority of all votes cast.
	www.gnb.ca /0100/glossary-e.asp (2913 words)

	Electoral Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Electoral Systems topic area deals with issues relating to the type of representation and the nature of the democracy that electoral systems provide.
		For examples of how electoral systems were chosen (and changed), in fact, one should examine The Process of Choice.
		For the purposes of this project, electoral systems are categorised into three broad families: majority-plurality systems, semi-proportional systems and proportional representation systems.
	www.aceproject.org /main/english/es/es (195 words)

	Algeria Electoral System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The pre-1989 electoral system allowed for multiple candidates for local and national elections, although all candidates were drawn from an FLN list.
		In the absence of an absolute majority, the party with a plurality of votes receives 51 percent of the seats and the remaining seats are proportionally divided among all other parties receiving at least 7 percent of the total popular vote.
		This new electoral system actually served to undermine the FLN when the FIS emerged as the most popular party in the June 1990 local elections and again in the first round of national elections in December 1991.
	www.country-studies.com /algeria/electoral-system.html (234 words)

	First Past the Post electoral system - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The first past the post election system is used on Taiwan for executive offices such as county magistrates, mayors, and the president, but not for legislative seats which used the single non-transferable vote system.
		If the system has multiple areas, such as the states in the electoral college system for the US presidential elections, or the constituencies for the UK parliamentary elections, the system favors political parties with concentrated geographical support, as they can command the majority in that area.
		This facet of the system leads to the practice of gerrymandering, which is the drawing of electoral district boundaries for the purpose of influencing an election.
	openproxy.ath.cx /fi/First-past-the-post_election_system.html (718 words)

	International IDEA \| Glossary of Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A Two-Round System may take a majority-plurality form–more than two candidates contest the second round and the one wins the highest number of votes in the second round is elected, regardless of whether they have won an absolute majority–or a majority run-off form–only the top two candidates in the first round contest the second round.
		Mixed Member Proportional is a mixed system in which the choices expressed by the voters are used to elect representatives through two different systems–one List PR system and (usually) one plurality/majority system–where the List PR system compensates for the disproportionality in the results from the plurality/majority system.
		A Parallel System is a mixed system in which the choices expressed by the voters are used to elect representatives through two different systems–one List PR system and (usually) one plurality/majority system–but where no account is taken of the seats allocated under the first system in calculating the results in the second system.
	www.idea.int /esd/glossary.cfm?renderforprint=1 (716 words)

	Electoral Laws in Emerging Democracies
		Electoral systems are merely one cog in the intricate wheel of constitutional design mechanisms, however.
		Plurality voting's defenders claim their system performs particularly well on this criteria, but, if an ethnic group is sufficiently geographically concentrated, then under a plurality system they may be more advantaged by appealing to divisive ethnic loyalties rather than national political values.
		The study of election results under plurality shows that these fears are by no means groundless, as single party governments are often elected under plurality systems with less than a majority of the popular vote.
	www.fairvote.org /reports/1993/reynolds2.html (1439 words)

	Electoral System in Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		As a result, electoral campaigns are almost always under way, and each election is viewed as a test of the federal government's popularity and the strength of the opposition.
		The most consistent participants in the electoral process are civil servants, and a clear correlation exists between willingness to vote and increasing social and professional status and income.
		The framers believed that this combination would create an electoral system that would not fragment as the Weimar Republic had and would ensure greater accountability of representatives to their electoral districts.
	www.germanculture.com.ua /library/facts/bl_electoral_system.htm (1228 words)

	Canadian Electoral Reform
		In early 2004, the Law Commission of Canada issued a report recommending that the federal electoral system be changed to a mixed member system that allows for more proportional representation of parties in the House of Commons.
		The success with which a PR system provides parties with a share of the seats that is proportional to their vote share is dependent on several factors including the number of parties that fall short of the threshold and whether the votes and seats are counted up either nationally, provincially, or regionally.
		The STV system raises the probability that the main parties share of seats in the legislature will be somewhat proportional to their share of votes.
	www.sfu.ca /~aheard/elections/reform.html (2517 words)

	single-member-plurality system (SMP)
		Smith and Stewart analyze the single-member plurality system using a well-known measure of disproportionality...
		Single-member plurality (SMP) systems are commonly found in countries that have inherited elements of the British parliamentary system; it is this...
		This electoral system is based on single member districts, with successful candidates being...
	www.jointctr.org /?Category=single-member-plurality+system+(SMP) (294 words)

	Alice Doesn't Vote Here Anymore
		While elections under the plurality system tend to produce rival moderates exaggerating their differences, elections under the preference voting system would encourage candidates from genuinely different parties to reach out to members of other parties.
		Under the current electoral system, choosing not to vote is a rational decision by people who do not identify with either of the two parties, or who live in congressional districts or states in which one party has an overwhelming majority.
		When the system is rigged against you, a boycott makes perfect sense (international comparisons demonstrate, to nobody's surprise, that voter turnout is far lower in democracies with plurality voting than in multiparty democracies using proportional representation).
	www.motherjones.com /news/feature/1998/03/lind.html (4104 words)

	Alistair McMillan: Electoral Behaviour in India
		Electoral politics in India shows distinctive regional patterns of party competition, with a complex interaction between outcomes at the National and State level.
		Such electoral diversity has emerged despite the presence of traditionally strong and centrist political parties, and a plurality electoral system associated, through Duverger's Law, with a two-party system.
		This research project seeks to clarify the relationship between electoral outcomes and developments at the National and State level, using the analysis of aggregate and survey data of socio-economic characteristics and political effects.
	www.nuff.ox.ac.uk /users/Mcmillan/BA.htm (709 words)

	Thomson Nelson - Political Science -Government and Politics on the Web/Introduction to International Politics
		One problem with single member plurality systems is that there can be significant under-representation of social groups among those who win seats in the legislature.
		In mixed systems, a portion of the legislature's seats are filled through single member plurality elections, while the rest are filled from party lists according to each party's share of the vote.
		The sample NZ ballot is useful to look at in order to understand the two votes each elector now has. In 2001, the New Zealand Parliament released a report on the country's experience with the MMP system.
	polisci.nelson.com /electsys.html (1200 words)

	Finland - Electoral System
		In the 1980s, the country was divided for national elections into fifteen electoral constituencies, fourteen of which sent between seven and twenty-seven representatives to the Eduskunta, according to their population.
		Under this system, elections are based on proportionality rather than on plurality, and seats are allotted to parties commensurately with the number of votes polled.
		There is no electoral threshold, such as the Swedish requirement that a party receive at least 4 percent of the votes in order to sit in parliament.
	countrystudies.us /finland/121.htm (709 words)

	Mapleleafweb.com: Electoral Reform Movement - Canadian electoral system in detail
		The history of the system precedes Confederation; it was first used to elect members to the Nova Scotia legislature in 1758 (Source: Law Reform Commission of Canada,).
		The single member plurality system is often referred to as the ‘first past the post’ system simply because, in a sense, it can be characterized as a race.
		Today, advocates of electoral reform believe Canadian society has changed significantly – to the point where the drawbacks of the single member plurality system outweigh its advantages.
	www.mapleleafweb.com /features/electoral/reform/system-detail.html (970 words)

	The South African Electoral System
		The proportionality of PR systems depends mainly on four factors: the electoral formula (such as plurality, different forms of PR, etc.); district magnitude (the number of representatives elected per district), electoral threshold (the legal minimum required for representation), and the size of the assembly to be elected.
		The electoral system used in April 1994 is part of the interim constitution.
		Actually, the South African system used in April 1994 was already such a system: while the over-all election result was determined by converting the parties' national vote totals into the 400 seats in the National Assembly, 200 of the representatives were elected from separate provincial lists in each of the nine provinces.
	www.fairvote.org /reports/1995/spot4/lijphart.html (1321 words)

	[No title]
		Under this system the nation (or state or province) is divided into electoral districts containing approximately equal numbers of residents and voters.
		The effect this has on most rational voters, who understand how the electoral rules promotes an implicit "two party system," is to discourage them from casting their ballots away on candidates and parties that have little chance of winning.
		Since independent and minor parties have a better chance of winning under this system they are more encouraged to run candidates in many districts under this system than under the SMDP system while voters who prefer the independent or the minor parties will be more encouraged to cast their votes for such candidates.
	www.isu.edu /~andesean/amsek8.htm (1949 words)

	THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE
		The critics hold that the electoral system violates basic tenets of democracy and that its many mechanical flaws invite breakdown and the eruption of a presidential election into a nightmare of civil strife.
		Second, because the electors were pledged to support a particular candidate or party, they served merely to reflect the popular sentiment of their state’s electorate, and exercised no discretion in deciding how to cast their votes.
		First, the often seek a system of awarding electors according to the distribution of the popular vote within a state, either by some system of proportional representation of by the election of electors within electoral districts.
	usinfo.state.gov /usa/infousa/politics/eleccol/katz.htm (2210 words)

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