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Topic: Pluto Kuiper Express

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Pluto

	Pluto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, Pluto is more than twice the diameter, and a dozen times the mass, of Ceres, the largest minor planet in the asteroid belt, and it was larger than any other object known in the trans-Neptunian Kuiper belt until 2003 UB was announced in 2005.
		Pluto's discovery was mostly due to the thoroughness and diligence of Tombaugh's search, which he continued for some time after the discovery and left him satisfied that no other planet of a comparable magnitude existed.
		While Pluto's identification as Planet X began to be doubted soon after its discovery, and for some decades afterwards some considered that a hypothetical tenth planet might be the true Planet X which supposedly caused anomalies in Uranus and Neptune's position, Pluto's identity as the solar system's ninth planet was unquestioned until the 1990s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pluto_(planet) (4087 words)

	Pluto Kuiper Express - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Pluto Kuiper Express mission, originally designated the Pluto Fast Flyby, was designed to fly by and make studies of the planet Pluto and its satellite Charon in 2012 and fly on to encounter one or more of the large bodies in the Kuiper belt beyond the orbit of Pluto.
		Launch of the Pluto Kuiper Express spacecraft was to be on either a Delta rocket or from the Space Shuttle, tentatively scheduled for December 2004.
		It was planned for the spacecraft to obtain a gravity assist from Jupiter in April to June 2006 to obtain sufficient velocity to fly by Pluto in December 2012.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pluto_Kuiper_Express (661 words)

	Sky Works - The very best in astronomy products found on the web (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Pluto is the farthest planet from the Sun (usually) and by far the smallest.
		Pluto reached perihelion (closest point to the Sun) on 1989 September 5 at 12:00 UT. At that time it was at 29.66 AU, or 4.4 billion kilometers, or 2.7 billion miles from the Sun.
		Pluto became the "eighth" planet on 1979 February 7 at 10:44 UT when it came to a distance from the Sun less than Neptune.
	www.sky-works.com /lnk_pluto.htm (239 words)

	Pluto Kuiper Express (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Pluto Kuiper Express' major science objectives were to: #characterize the global geology and geomorphology of Pluto and Charon #map the composition of Pluto's surface #determine the composition and structure of Pluto's atmosphere.
		Launch of the Pluto Kuiper Express spacecraft was to be on either a Delta rocket or from the Space Shuttle, tentavely scheduled for December 2004.
		Pluto Kuiper Express Spacecraft and mission profile from the National Space Science Data Center.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Pluto_Kuiper_Express.html (937 words)

	Much ado about Pluto
		Pluto is the only planet that has not been visited by a spacecraft.
		Pluto's composition is unknown, but its density (about 2 gm/cm3) indicates that it is probably a mixture of rock and ice.
		It seems that Pluto is a sentimental favorite to remain a planet among both scientists and the public.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/ast17feb99_1.htm (1376 words)

	Pluto Kuiper Express -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It was cancelled for budgetary reasons, and a new mission to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt called (additional info and facts about New Horizons) New Horizons replaced it.
		Strawman experiments for the probe included either a (Spectroscope for obtaining a mass spectrum by deflecting ions into a thin slit and measuring the ion current with an electrometer) mass spectrometer or a retarding potential analyzer, an atmospheric imager, and an accelerometer.
		Launch of the Pluto Kuiper Express spacecraft was to be on either a (additional info and facts about Delta rocket) Delta rocket or from the (A reusable spacecraft with wings for a controlled descent through the Earth's atmosphere) Space Shuttle, tentatively scheduled for December 2004.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pl/pluto_kuiper_express.htm (577 words)

	Pluto Once Again 9th Planet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Pluto's orbit is highly eccentric, (eccentricity =.248, as opposed to.017 for the Earth) forming an ellipse.
		At the very least, it argues for Pluto and Charon to be considered a binary planet system, two gravitaionally-tied planets in the same orbit, instead of a single planet and a moon.
		Pluto is the only known planet that has not yet been explored by unmanned spacecraft.
	www.teachspace.org /news/pluto.html (498 words)

	PLUTO MISSION
		Plutos' year is equal to 248 earth years and it travels as far as 50 astronomical units (au) away from the sun during its orbit.
		Pluto is the only planet to rotate synchronously with the orbit of its satellite, it is normally the other way around, this results means the 2 of them continually face each other through their orbits causing them to be tidally locked.
		Pluto was discovered in 1930 by Clyde W Tombaugh and remains the only planet not yet visited by a spacecraft (at least not from this planet) so little is known about it.
	www.plutomission.com (1081 words)

	Dave Jewitt: Kuiper Belt: PLUTO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Pluto's size conveys several secondary benefits, notably the ability to retain a thin atmosphere from which surface frosts are deposited.
		Pluto's eccentricity and inclination were pumped up along with the eccentricities and inclinations of the ~few x 1000 other Plutinos (diameters > 100 km), probably driven by the radial migration of Neptune.
		The New Horizons Pluto mission is intended to explore Pluto and may have the capability to fly near one or more smaller KBOs after the encounter with Pluto.
	www.ifa.hawaii.edu /faculty/jewitt/kb/pluto.html (529 words)

	APOD Index - Solar System: Pluto
		Pluto is still considered to be a planet, although very little is known about it compared to other planets.
		Pluto is smaller than any other planet and even smaller than several other planet's moons.
		Pluto-Kuiper Express mission is tentatively planned for launch in 2003 and should encounter Pluto around the year 2012.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/pluto.html (356 words)

	NASA Reconsiders a Mission to Pluto \| SpaceRef - Your Space Reference
		Pluto takes 249 years to complete one orbit of the sun, and, with the exception of several decades when it's elliptical orbit takes it closer to the Sun than Neptune, is the farthest planet from the sun.
		Pluto's stature as a "planet" has been contested recently given that many astronomers now believe that Pluto is just the largest (known) representative of a large number of objects in the outer solar system.
		Pluto's atmosphere is exceptionally thin and is thought to be composed of nitrogen with smaller amounts of carbon monoxide and methane.
	www.spaceref.com /news/viewnews.html?id=266 (2652 words)

	Detailed information on pluto kuiper express spacecraft
		Pluto is the only planet in our Solar System not yet viewed close-up by spacecraft, and given its great distance and tiny size, study of the planet continues to challenge and extend the skills of planetary astronomers.
		The Pluto mission plan calls for launch when this technology is ready with a goal of encounters with Pluto and Charon around 2010 or later.
		If the encounter with Pluto is successful, the mission may be extended to encounter one or more icy, asteroid-sized objects in the Kuiper Disk.
	freespace.virgin.net /d.finn/pluto-kuiper-express-spacecraft.html (239 words)

	Planet Pluto - Pluto-Kuiper Express
		Pluto is the farthest known planet from the Sun.
		Pluto's orbit from the Sun varies from 4.4 to 7.7 billion kms and for the most of its orbit it is the outer most planet.
		Between 1979 and 1999 Pluto was actually closer to the Sun than Neptune and the closest approach to the sun (perihelion) was in September 1989.
	www.aerospaceguide.net /planet/planetpluto.html (438 words)

	CNN.com - Languishing Pluto mission kept alive by Congress - November 9, 2001
		Pluto has a highly irregular orbit and is currently heading away from the sun.
		A later launch could push the arrival date so far in the future that most of Pluto's tenuous atmosphere might be frozen by the time the a spacecraft reaches the system, Friedman said.
		The Pluto-Kuiper Express would also fly by Pluto's moon Charon and the Kuiper Belt, a ring of icy objects beyond the planets that may hold clues about how the solar system formed.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/TECH/space/11/09/pluto.mission (460 words)

	Pluto Express (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Originally designated the Pluto Fast Flyby (PFF), the Pluto Express mission is planned to be a two-spacecraft mission designed to make studies of the planet Pluto and its satellite Charon.
		Its major science objectives are to: (1) characterize the global geology and geomorphology of Pluto and Charon; (2) map the composition of Pluto's surface; and, (3) determine the composition and structure of Pluto's atmosphere.
		Pluto Express is designed to reach the planet as quickly as possible, before the tenuous can refreeze onto the surface as the planet recedes from the Sun.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/pexpress.htm (358 words)

	Johns Hopkins Magazine
		Pluto has a thin atmosphere, part of which it is losing to space; when the planet is farthest from the sun, astronomers expect this atmosphere to freeze and all but disappear.
		Pluto may represent a large sample of the original gas and dust from which the sun and planets formed, so scientists have been searching for some way to get a close look and perhaps answer major questions.
		Pluto will begin to recede in New Horizons' rear-view mirror (or it would if the spacecraft had one), but the mission team hopes that its work will not be done.
	www.jhu.edu /jhumag/1105web/pluto.html (4429 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| NASA-funded study of Pluto-Kuiper mission completed
		Pluto is the most distant planet known and the largest member of the Kuiper Belt.
		Kuiper Belt Objects -- a class of objects composed of material left over after the formation of the other planets -- have never been exposed to the higher temperatures and solar radiation levels of the inner solar system.
		Pluto has large quantities of ices of nitrogen and simple molecules containing combinations of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that are the necessary precursors of life.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/n0109/29swripluto (888 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| NASA's Pluto mission delayed
		Another Pluto option under consideration, Stetson said, is the next available gravity assist at Jupiter, which would call for a launch in 2014 or 2015 with a projected eight-year flight.
		Pluto, the farthest planet from the sun and the only planet never explored by a NASA spacecraft, has an orbit of almost 250 years around the sun.
		A strategic planning process for the next Pluto mission will involve the findings of NASA's Solar System Exploration Subcommittee, which will be assessing options and recommend to NASA Headquarters within the next two years, Stetson said.
	spaceflightnow.com /news/n0010/03pluto (518 words)

	Encyclopedia of the Solar System: Contents: Chapter 25
		Since its discovery in 1930, Pluto has traditionally been viewed as the last vestige of the planetary system-a lonely outpost at the edge of the solar system, orbiting beyond Neptune with a 248-year period.
		Pluto receives very little light from the Sun (being almost 40 times farther from the Sun on average than the Earth) and thus it is very cold.
		First predicted on theoretical grounds and later confirmed by observations, the Kuiper Belt is the first totally new class of bodies to be discovered in the solar system since the first asteroid was found on New Year's day in 1801.
	www.apnet.com /refer/solar/Contents/chap25.htm (286 words)

	Pluto-Kuiper Express (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Because Pluto’s orbit is the most elliptical of any of the planets.
		Having reached its closest approach to the sun in 1989, Pluto warmed enough to develop an atmosphere.
		The Pluto-Kuiper Express can be launched, as scheduled in 2004, with no increased burden to taxpayers – merely with a re-allocation or increase of NASA's Budget.
	jagor.srce.hr /damirspace/pluto.htm (233 words)

	ipedia.com: New Horizons Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The primary objectives are to characterize the global geology and morphology of Pluto and Charon, map the surface composition of Pluto and Charon, and characterize the neutral atmosphere of Pluto and its escape rate.
		During the flyby the instruments should be able to obtain images with resolution as high as 25 m/pixel, 4-color global dayside maps at 1.6 km resolution, hyper-spectral near-infrared maps at 7 km/pixel globally and 0.6 km/pixel for selected areas, characterization of the atmosphere, and radio science results.
		The Pluto Exploration Remote Sensing Investigation (PERSI) is composed of three parts, a visible CCD imager (MVIC), a near-infrared imaging spectrometer (LEISA), and an ultraviolet imaging spectrometer (ALICE).
	www.ipedia.com /new_horizons.html (705 words)

	Chaos On The Frontiers Of Sol - Part One
		But the delay in the probe's arrival at Pluto produces another problem -- as Pluto moves farther away from its perihelion, its thin atmosphere (one of the mission's major scientific goals) is starting to freeze out on its surface.
		The other is its argument that Pluto and the Kuiper Belt are not really all that high priority scientifically -- and that Pluto's atmosphere is even less so.
		Lunine said that the Pluto-Kuiper Express should thus have the importance of its optional extension to fly by one or two smaller Kuiper objects (or "KBOs") after Pluto reemphasized.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/outerplanets-00c1.html (699 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| 'New planet' forces rethink
		The outcome could lead to a demotion for Pluto, which some astronomers argue is too small to be called a planet.
		Sedna, named unofficially after the Inuit goddess of the sea, is the latest in a string of icy objects approaching the size of Pluto discovered in the outer reaches of the Solar System.
		Sedna is believed to be about three-quarters of the size of Pluto, based on measurements of light reflected from its surface detected by telescopes on Earth.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/3516952.stm (400 words)

	Space Today Online -- Exploring the Solar System Planet Pluto
		The nuclear powered New Horizons interplanetary probe designed to study Pluto, the Solar System's farthest known planet, is expected to be blasted off on an Atlas 5 rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, during a 35-day launch window that opens January 11, 2006.
		Pluto is the planet and Charon is its Moon.
		Following its encounter with Pluto and Charon, the New Horizons probe would fly on into the Kuiper Belt of objects beyond the orbits of Neptune and Pluto.
	www.spacetoday.org /SolSys/Pluto/PlutoNewHorizons.html (1205 words)

	NÁVRH MISE PLUTO-KUIPER EXPRESS
		Pluto-Kuiper Express je v současné době navržená první kosmická sonda, která by měla navštívit tak záhadný svět nejmenší a obvykle nejvzdálenější planety sluneční soustavy.
		Zda je Pluto planetou, dvojplanetou (po objevu Charona), či zda se jedná o malý asteroid nebo měsíc některé z gigantických planet.
		Po osmi až dvanácti letech od startu by Pluto-Kuiper Express mohl mapovat Pluto a Charon a studovat Kuiperův pás malých planetek.
	astro.sci.muni.cz /pub/info2000/cnn2807b.html (268 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Pluto mission clings to life
		Hartman said that NASA notified Congress on Wednesday, the day the 2002 budget summary was released, that it planned to close the AO for the Pluto mission and not accept any proposals because there would be no funding in the budget for such a mission.
		Pluto is currently moving away from the Sun in its elliptical, 248-year orbit and many scientists believe that the planet's tenuous atmosphere will freeze out within the next 20 years.
		The same activists who fought for PKE last year are gearing up for another fight to keep the mission alive.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/n0103/03pluto (853 words)

	Pluto Kuiper Express (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Pluto Kuiper Express mission originally designated the Pluto Fast Flyby was designed to fly by and studies of the planet Pluto and its satellite Charon in 2012 and fly on to encounter one more of the large bodies in the Kuiper belt beyond the orbit of Pluto.
		The mission was intended to reach Pluto the tenuous Plutonian atmosphere can refreeze onto surface as the planet recedes from the Studies of the double planet system would have begun 12-18 months to closest approach.
		It planned for the spacecraft to obtain a gravity assist from Jupiter in April to June 2006 to sufficient velocity to fly by Pluto in 2012.
	www.freeglossary.com /Pluto_Kuiper_Express (934 words)

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