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Topic: Plutonic rock

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	Rock (geology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rocks are classified by mineral and chemical composition; the texture of the constituent particles; and also by the processes that formed them.
		Plutonic rocks result when the magma cools and crystallises slowly within the Earth's crust, while Volcanic rocks result from the magma reaching the surface either as lava or fragmental ejecta.
		Sedimentary rocks are formed by deposition of either detrital or organic matter, or chemical precipitates (evaporites), followed by compaction of the particulate matter and cementation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rock_(geology) (264 words)

	Igneous Rock Identification Exercise
		Rocks formed from the cooling and solidification of magma deep within the crust are distinct from those erupted at the surface mainly owing to the differences in conditions in the two environments.
		As discussed earlier, texture is used to subdivide igneous rocks into two major groups: (1) the plutonic rocks, with mineral grain sizes that are visible to the naked eye, and (2) the volcanic types, which are usually too fine-grained or glassy for their mineral composition to be observed without the use of a microscope.
		A plutonic rock may be classified mineralogically based on the actual proportion of the various minerals of which it is composed.
	geology.csupomona.edu /alert/igneous/ignrxs.htm (1238 words)

	Rock (geology) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Rocks are classified by (Solid homogeneous inorganic substances occurring in nature having a definite chemical composition) mineral and (Produced by or used in a reaction involving changes in atoms or molecules) chemical composition; the texture of the constituent particles; and also by the processes that formed them.
		(Rock formed by the solidification of molten magma) Igneous rocks are formed from molten (Molten rock in the earth's crust) magma, and are divided into two main categories: Plutonic rock and Volcanic rock.
		(Rock formed from consolidated clay sediments) Sedimentary rocks are formed by deposition of either detrital or organic matter, or chemical precipitates ((The sediment that is left after the evaporation of seawater) evaporites), followed by compaction of the particulate matter and cementation.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/ro/rock_(geology).htm (409 words)

	USGS Photo Glossary: Volcanic rocks
		The initial distinction between volcanic and plutonic rocks is made on the basis of texture (fine-grained volcanic vs. coarse-grained plutonic).
		Volcanic and plutonic rocks are divided further on the basis of chemistry and mineral composition.
		Different names are given to such slow-cooling plutonic rocks on the basis of chemical composition and mineral proportions (for example, plutonic rocks of basaltic composition are called gabbro).
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Products/Pglossary/VolRocks.html (563 words)

	Geology of North Cascades National Park
		Because the magma which forms plutonic igneous rocks generally rises into or penetrates existing rocks, it is commonly said to be intrusive, and the rock solidified from it is an intrusive igneous rock.
		Ultramafic rocks are of relatively small extent in the North Cascades, but are geologically significant because they are derived from the Earth's mantle.
		Because ultramafic rocks are generally found in relatively small masses--fist- to house-sized--in a variety of other rocks, geologists used to think that the ultramafics invaded the other rocks as magma, that is, that they were intrusive igneous rocks.
	geopubs.wr.usgs.gov /docs/parks/noca/nocageol2a.html (656 words)

	Planet Earth I: Igneous Rocks
		When determining whether a rock is plutonic, hypabyssal or volcanic, it is the size of the groundmass that is critical, as the groundmass shows the environment of the final crystallisation.
		As plutonic rocks form deep under the earth's surface in large magma chambers, it cools slowly and, initially, relatively few nucleation centres form, so the crystals are free to grow, unhindered by the growth of neighbouring crystals.
		Plutonic rocks that have less than 90% mafic minerals (the vast bulk of all plutonic rocks) are classified according to the relative percentages of quartz, alkali feldspar and plagioclase.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/geo/pe1/chapter6.html (7841 words)

	Encyclopedia: Rock (geology)
		Plutonic rocks results when the magma cools and crystallises slowly within the Earth's crust, while Volcanic rocks result from the magma reaching the surface as lava.
		Sedimentary rocks are formed by deposits of either dead plants or animals, which are compacted over millions of years.
		Metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of a pre-existing rock type, the protolith, in a process called metamorphism, which means change in form (from the Greek words meta, change, and morphe, form).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Rock-(geology) (351 words)

	Petrogenesis
		Sediments are derived from the erosion of preexisting rocks, by precipitation from aqueous solution, or from the skeletal remains of organisms, and are transported by flowing water, wind, and moving glaciers.
		Rocks of clastic texture exhibit a mass of discrete particles and grains which are cemented together but retain their individual shape, whereas rocks which are nonclastic do not contain visible, macroscopic grains or particles.
		Phaneritic rocks are of plutonic origins; in order to enable the growth of macroscopic crystals the process of cooling and crystallization of magma had to take place at a relatively slow rate deep within the earth's crust.
	dave.ucsc.edu /myrtreia/petrogene.html (7748 words)

	A Glossary to the Formation of the Adirondack Mountains
		A group of plutonic rocks intermediate in composition between acidic and basic, characteristically composed of hornblende, oligoclase, or andesine, pyroxene, and sometimes a little quartz.
		The rocks of this region, and of the Early Precambrian as a whole, are generally granite, schist, or gneiss.
		Sedimentary rocks are formed at or near the earth's surface by the accumulation of particles in size varying from submicroscopic to boulder size.
	www.adirondackjourney.com /Glossary.htm (1728 words)

	Mineral Resources Data System
		Volcanic Rock (Aphanitic) > Pyroclastic Rock > Tuff > Ash-Flow Tuff
		Volcanic Rock (Aphanitic) > Mafic Volcanic Rock > Basalt > Tholeiite
		A schistose metamorphic rock derived by metamorphism of an argillaceous or a fine-grained alluminous sediment.
	tin.er.usgs.gov /metadata/mrds.faq.html (6867 words)

	UCMP Glossary: Geology
		Rock consisting of alternating light and dark layers of iron-rich chert (the dark layers have more iron minerals) formed from 3.8 to 1.7 billion years ago.
		The oldest rocks in a given area; a complex of metamorphic and igneous rocks that underlies the sedimentary deposits.
		rock or sediments derived from debris of organic materials composed mainly of calcium and carbonate (e.g., shells, corals, etc.) or from the inorganic precipitation of calcium (and other ions) and carbonate from solution (seawater).
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /glossary/gloss2geol.html (3545 words)

	granite
		The present exposure of these relatively coarse-grained rocks is the result of uplift and removal of the overlying rock by erosive agents such as rivers and glaciers long after their intrusion into the crust due to tectonic-plate conversion during Mesozoic time.
		Exposed bodies of plutonic rock are referred to as plutons that are further subdivided on the basis of their shape.
		Plutons are combined into map units (formal name: lithodeme) consisting of a number of plutons that are composed of rock of similar composition, fabric, and age and are presumed to have been continuous at depth when they were emplaced (Bateman, 1992).
	www.virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us /ghayes/granite.htm (1080 words)

	Read about Rock (geology) at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Rock (geology) and learn about Rock (geology) here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		magma, and are divided into two main categories: Plutonic rock and Volcanic rock.
		Metamorphic rocks are formed by subjecting any rock type (including previously-formed metamorphic rock) to different
		The metamorphic-rock-forming PT conditions are always higher than those at the earth's surface, and are sufficiently high enough to change the original mineralogy to either other minerals or to other forms of the same minerals (e.g.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Rock_(geology) (214 words)

	USGS OFR 03-471: Science Language for Geologic-Map Databases in North America: A Progress Report
		A rock or sediment composed principally of broken fragments that are derived from the land or continent.
		Sediment or sedimentary rock ≥50% of whose primary and (or) re-crystallized constituents are composed of carbonate minerals (calcite, aragonite, dolomite).
		Streckeisen, A. 1978, IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks: Classification and nomenclature of volcanic rocks, lamprophyres, carbonatites and melilitic rocks.
	pubs.usgs.gov /of/2003/of03-471/matti (11479 words)

	Rocks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This can keep rock from melting, but if a fault occurs and pressure is release a little along the fault zone, the already hot rocks can begin to melt (e.g., this happens at mid–ocean ridges).
		A metamorphic rock is any rock (sedimentary, volcanic, plutonic, or even metamorphic) that has undergone changes in texture or mineralogical composition in the solid state.
		When hot magma bodies intrude into sedimentary rocks (e.g., at subduction zones) the area of contact between the magma and the preexisting rock can be “cooked” and metamorphism occurs in a zone around the magma body.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /gerard/GG101/RockOutline.html (1059 words)

	ROCK CLASSIFICATION
		Rocks that have solidified from a molten state.
		Plutonic - Rock from magma rising up from deep under the earth's crust, and solidifies as it cools before it reaches the earth's surface.
		Rock formed by the accumulation of particles on or near the earth's surface, and compacted down, often under extreme pressure, creating rock layers.
	www.bestcrystals.com /rockclass.html (133 words)

	Crater Lake National Park: Nature Notes (2000) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Plutonic igneous rocks form when magma cools slowly underground, as in the case of granite.
		Plutons can sometimes be exposed at the surface through the process of erosion, uplift, or even by catastrophic geological events.
		On one side of this plutonic rock is a carving that detracts from its appearance, but the fragment still has much to convey about Mount Mazama's climactic eruption.
	www.nps.gov /crla/notes/vol31h.htm (451 words)

	The Dynamic Earth @ National Museum of Natural History
		The grains of this volcanic rock are enclosed in a glassy matrix—evidence that the magma cooled within minutes to days, turning the liquid portion to glass.
		Plutonic rocks are named after Pluto, the Roman god of the underworld.
		Like all plutonic rocks, this one is made completely of crystals, with no glass or gas bubbles.
	www.mnh.si.edu /earth/text/3_2_2_2.html (337 words)

	Plutonic Petrography
		Approximately sixteen square miles of the bedrock outcrops in the Alabama Hills are granitic rocks.
		Less than 5% of the plutonic rocks were of this type, which was an alkali syenite (normarkite).The dike was emplaced after the alaskite.
		The Rattlesnake Hill pluton comprises less than 5% of the total plutonic rocks and has an areal extent of less than a quarter mile.
	www.angelfire.com /extreme4/lkrwork/c141.htm (208 words)

	[No title]
		Textures of Volcanic Rocks The textures of volcanic rocks gives some indication of the way in which they erupted: Volcanic rocks may be Flow Rocks which erupted as lava flowing onto the surface of the Earth, or they may be Pyroclastic which are expelled into the air from the volcanic vent.
		Plutonic (intrusive) gabbro, diorite, granite These rocks are characterized by a relatively larger grain size, due to the much longer time for crystallization to occur from the magma in an intrusive (insulating) environment.
		Volcanic rocks are extruded onto the surface of the Earth Plutonic rocks are formed at depth in the Earth (greater than several km down).
	www.geosc.psu.edu /Courses/Geosc_001/N006.DOC (1124 words)

	Union College Geology Department, Physical Geology, Igneous rocks page
		Gabbro: A plutonic rock, with large, identifiable crystals of labradorite and pyroxene.
		The rock in this photograph is an amphibolite (an amphibole-plagioclase rock) that was partially melted during high-grade metamorphism.
		The breakdown of amphibole released water, which lowered the melting temperature of the rock to below the ambient metamorphic temperature of about 700°C. The silicate liquid (magma), migrated from thin grain boundary films into fractures as the rock was deformed.
	www.union.edu /PUBLIC/GEODEPT/COURSES/geo-10/igneous.htm (687 words)

	ROCKS AND THEIR USES
		A rock may be thought of as a "mineral environment." Each rock type was formed under certain specific conditions, resulting in the formation of a fairly predictable group of minerals.
		BASALT: An igneous volcanic rock, dark gray to fl, it is the volcanic equivalent of plutonic gabbro and is rich in ferromagnesian minerals.
		Due to physical and chemical similarity between many gneisses and plutonic igneous rocks some are used as building stones and other structural purposes.
	www.coaleducation.org /lessons/wim/20.htm (624 words)

	laboratory mafic
		Mafic rocks consist mainly of clinopyroxene and plagioclase (labradorite) with accessory orthopyroxene, olivine, hornblende and biotite.
		This is a coarse-grained rock consisting of andesine plagioclase and one or more mafic minerals clino-and ortho-pyroxene, hornblende, and biotite.
		Comment: grain sizes of the rocks vary in thin sections; parts of T/s 691 are medium- to fine-grained and could be classified as diabase.
	www.eos.ubc.ca /courses/eosc321/lab_mafic.htm (982 words)

	Pegmatites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		PEGMATITE is a common plutonic rock, of variable texture and coarseness, that is composed of interlocking crystals of widely different sizes.
		Terms such as granite pegmatite, gabbro pegmatite, syenite pegmatite, or names with any other plutonic rock type as prefix are used.
		This rock is pushed up as large veins of magma that was rich in volatile elements resulting in large crystals, usually surrounded by grantic rocks.
	socrates.berkeley.edu /~eps2/wisc/peg.html (447 words)

	ipedia.com: Gabbro Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Gabbro is a dark, coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock chemically equivalent to basalt.
		It is a plutonic rock, formed when molten magma is trapped beneath the Earth's surface and cools slowly into a...
		It is a plutonic rock, formed when molten magma is trapped beneath the Earth's surface and cools slowly into a hard, coarsely crystalline mass.
	www.ipedia.com /gabbro.html (212 words)

	The North American Tapestry of Time and Terrain
		These masses of intrusive igneous rocks are called plutons (derived from Pluto, the Roman god of the underworld), and thus the rocks are called plutonic.
		As a result, the minerals in these coarse-grained plutonic rocks are typically easy to identify.
		For example, granite, a well-known plutonic rock, usually has evident grains of quartz, biotite and feldspar in it.
	nationalatlas.com /articles/geology/types/plutonic.html (202 words)

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