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Topic: Pneumococci

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	CDC - Outpatient Antibiotic Use and Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Pneumococci in France and Germany: A ...
		CDC - Outpatient Antibiotic Use and Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Pneumococci in France and Germany: A Sociocultural Perspective
		Outpatient Antibiotic Use and Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Pneumococci in France and Germany: A Sociocultural Perspective
		Summary of published aggregate data on the prevalence of pneumococci with intermediate (MIC >0.12 mg/L) and high-level (MIC >2.0 mg/L) resistance (A), and the prevalence of erythromycin-resistant pneumococci (B), France and Germany (3,6,7,9–11).
	www.cdc.gov /Ncidod/eid/vol8no12/01-0533-G1.htm (86 words)

	Pathogenesis of Pneumococci Infection (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Pneumococci is the causative agent of pneumococcal pneumonia.
		Because many healthy humans carry pneumococci in their throats, the demonstration of the organism in sputum or pharyngeal culture does not provide conclusive evidence of pneumococcal infection.
		Pneumococci are morphologically similar to other streptococci of the viridans group but they differ in being bile-soluble and sensitive to optochin.
	virology-online.com /Bacteria/Pneumococci2.htm (292 words)

	[No title]
		Pneumococci adhere tightly to the nasopharyngeal epithelium by multiple mechanisms that, for most individuals, appears to result in an immune response that generates type-specific immunity.
		Passage of pneumococci up the eustachian tube is accompanied by bacterial induced changes in the surface receptors of the epithelial cell, particularly by neuraminidase.
		The ligands by which pneumococci bind to activated human cells include choline located on the cell wall teichoic acid that can serve as a direct ligand to the PAF receptor, and the choline-binding protein, CbpA, which binds to a specific carbohydrate on the alveolar cell surface.
	textbookofbacteriology.net /S.pneumoniae.html (3248 words)

	New tools in the fight against pneumococci
		New tools in the fight against pneumococci - the bugs targeted by vaccines recently announced by the Department of Health - are described by a team led by scientists from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
		Pneumococci (formal name Streptococcus pneumoniae) are widespread, causing non-invasive disease, such as ear and sinus infections, and rarer, invasive disease, such as pneumonia and meningitis.
		It is known that pneumococci can switch their capsular polysaccharide and so, if an invasive strain changes its coat to a form not recognised by the vaccine, it might start to become more prevalent and cause disease.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=16572 (935 words)

	Animal Health Trust \| Streptococcus pneumoniae
		Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococci) is an important world-wide cause in man of pneumonia, meningitis and febrile bacteraemia and the non-invasive diseases otitis media, sinusitis and bronchitis.
		Pneumococci were first isolated from horses during a study of the virological causes of respiratory disease in Swiss horses and worldwide reports of sporadic isolation from various types and age of horse followed.
		The importance of pneumococci in the United Kingdom as a cause of inflammatory airway diseases in Thoroughbred horses was first noted in the 1980's but it was not until a later more detailed prospective study that IAD was shown to be extremely common in the training Thoroughbred particularly in the two-year-old.
	www.aht.org.uk /thes/sd13-15.html (365 words)

	Nasal Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae Includes Subpopulations of Surface and Invasive Pneumococci -- Briles ...
		Presence of pneumococci in the noses, brains, and lungs of mice inoculated i.n.
		pneumococci from the nasal washes and homogenates of the nasal
		The role of antibody and complement in the reticuloendothelial clearance of pneumococci from the bloodstream.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/73/10/6945 (3863 words)

	David E. Briles ('07)
		Pneumococci are maintained in the human population by asymptomatic nasopharyngeal colonization and are generally acquired from carriers.
		Even though pneumococci probably gain little, if any, evolutionary advantage from causing serious illness, they have virulence factors that can protect them during invasive infection and are responsible for their ability to kill humans.
		Recent studies have demonstrated that pneumococci follow the olfactory nerves into the brain and that the brain must have an ongoing protective mechanism, which eliminates bacteria without causing significant inflammation.
	www.asm.org /Membership/index.asp?bid=35670 (779 words)

	New Page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Resistance to penicillin in pneumococci is not dependant on beta-lactamase production such as the case of H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis, but due to alterations in the penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) which lead to a reduction in the affinity of penicillins and cephalosporins.
		Pneumococci are either very sensitive or highly resistant to macrolides/azalides and cotri-moxazole whilst some macrolide-resistant strains may be sensitive to clindamycin.
		A higher dosage of amoxicillin/clavulanate (90 mg/kg/day of amoxicillin in- stead of 40 mg/kg/day as in current formulation, and a constant amount of clavulanate 6.4 mg/kg/day) is presently being evaluated in a double-tap study.
	www.medpharm.co.za /sapj/2003/jan/otitis.html (1498 words)

	Ultrastructure of Streptococcus pneumoniae after exposure to xylitol -- Tapiainen et al. 54 (1): 225 -- Journal of ...
		of Streptococcus pneumoniae and the adherence of pneumococci
		the adherence of pneumococci and Haemophilus influenzae to nasopharyngeal
		Pneumococci after exposure to 5% glucose (a), 5% fructose (b) and 5% sorbitol (c) for 2 h.
	jac.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/54/1/225 (1584 words)

	Pneumococcal Infections: Bacterial Infections: Merck Manual Home Edition
		Pneumococci commonly inhabit the upper respiratory tract of people, their natural host, particularly during the winter and early spring.
		Pneumococci may also cause infections in the ear (otitis media), paranasal sinuses (sinusitis), the tissues covering the brain and spinal cord (meningitis), and, less often, the heart valves, joints, and abdominal cavity.
		Pneumococci that are resistant to penicillin are becoming increasingly common, so newer quinolone antibiotics are often used.
	www.merck.com /mmhe/print/sec17/ch190/ch190n.html (569 words)

	Effect of Xylitol on Growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the Presence of Fructose and Sorbitol -- Tapiainen et al. 45 ...
		Growth of pneumococci (11 and 21 strains), measured in terms of OD counts, in media containing 1, 2.5, or 5% fructose (fru) with or without 5% xylitol (xyl) over 24 h and in BHI containing xylitol only.
		Growth of pneumococci (11 strains), measured in terms of OD counts, in media containing 1 or 5% glucose (glu), 1% galactose (gal), or 1% sucrose (sucr) with or without 5% xylitol (xyl) over 24 h.
		Growth of pneumococci (11 strains), measured in terms of OD counts, in BHI, 2.5% sorbitol, 2.5% xylitol, and a medium containing both 2.5% xylitol and 2.5% sorbitol over 24 h.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/45/1/166 (2189 words)

	BMJ
		MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of penicillin resistant pneumococci in children aged under 7 years in relation to antibiotic use as determined by information from parents, patient's records, and total sales of antimicrobials from local pharmacies in four study areas.
		Pneumococci were carried by 484 (52.7%) of the children, 47 (9.7%) of the isolates being resistant to penicillin or multiresistant.
		Control measures to reduce the prevalence of penicillin resistant pneumococci should include reducing the use of antimicrobials in community health care.
	www.hi.is /nam/heiml/bmj.htm (276 words)

	ACP Online - Session Topics - Pros and Cons of Empiric Treatment for Infection
		The preschool child is the primary vector of infection with pneumococci.
		Cerebrospinal influenzaid tested positive for multidrug-resistant pneumococci, and the patient was given vancomycin and rocephin.
		A study was done to examine the dynamics of transmission of resistant pneumococci to farming communities.
	www.acponline.org /ear/vas2002/emp_treat.htm (2924 words)

	APUA
		In the latter instance, pneumococci take up foreign DNA from their environment (transformation) and replace their "penicillin-susceptible" PBP genes with those from closely-related streptococcal species that by chance produce PBPs with lower affinity for penicillin.
		The problem of increasing multi-drug resistance in the pneumococci means that clinicians must know (and keep track of changes in) the prevalence and susceptibility pattern of resistant isolates in their community and use this data to reassess their selection of first and second line antimicrobials for each particular type of pneumococcal infection.
		Despite the decreased susceptibility of pneumococci to the ß-lactams, high-dose penicillin is likely to be effective in patients with non-meningeal bacteremic infections or pneumonia if the MIC of penicillin is £; 2 µg/ml (17,18) (Table 2).
	www.tufts.edu /med/apua/Newsletter/13_3a.html (1972 words)

	Respiratory Research \| Full text \| Streptococcus pneumoniaeinduced c-Jun-N-terminal kinase- and AP-1 -dependent IL-8 ...
		Cytokine liberation and subsequent recruitment and activation of leucocytes are a hallmark in pneumococci pneumonia usually leading to elimination of the pathogens.
		Pneumococci infection of lung epithelial cells initiated complex signaling pathways leading to activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway and subsequent expression of pro-inflammatory genes.
		Pneumococci induced liberation of a broad array of chemo- and cytokines as well as growth factors.
	respiratory-research.com /content/7/1/98 (4820 words)

	Limiting the Spread of Resistant Pneumococci: Biological and Epidemiologic Evidence for the Effectiveness of ...
		to carriage of nonsusceptible pneumococci was not elevated (39).
		Reduction of nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci during the second year of life by a heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine.
		Nasopharyngeal colonization in southern Israel with antibiotic-resistant pneumococci during the first 2 years of life: relation to serotypes likely to be included in pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.
	cmr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/13/4/588 (8250 words)

	BD - Diagnostic Systems: Taxo P Discs
		Taxo™ P Discs are recommended for use in the presumptive identification of pneumococci, and are intended for use with pure cultures.
		The growth of pneumococci, but not of other streptococci, is markedly inhibited by this chemical.
		Pneumococci may, therefore, be differentiated from other alpha-hemolytic streptococci by the formation of a zone of inhibition around a Taxo P disc placed on a blood agar plate heavily inoculated with a pure culture suspected to be Streptococcus pneumoniae.
	www.bd.com /ds/productCenter/231554.asp (495 words)

	Acute Otitis Media Caused by Resistant Pneumococci American Family Physician - Find Articles
		In 1999, resistant pneumococci were of primary concern in this subgroup of children, and few clinical, patient-oriented outcome studies were available to guide clinicians in making the best treatment decisions for their patients.
		Of the major pathogens causing acute otitis media, pneumococci are not only the most common but are the least likely to resolve in the absence of appropriate therapy.
		If resistant pneumococci are not a concern, any of the 18 approved drugs might appropriately be selected, but this is no longer the case for most areas of the United States.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3225/is_2_61/ai_59486870 (587 words)

	Genetic Recombination in Bacteria
		The capsule prevents the pneumococci from being engulfed (by phagocytosis) and destroyed by the scavenging cells — neutrophils and macrophages — of the body.
		Pneumococci also occur in over 90 different types: I, II, III and so on.
		The phenotype of the pneumococci — the chemical composition of the polysaccharide capsule — is determined by the particular enzymes (proteins) used in polysaccharide synthesis.
	home.comcast.net /~john.kimball1/BiologyPages/A/Avery.html (1381 words)

	Virtual Hospital: P & T News
		Penicillin-resistant pneumococci have been recognized as one of the causes of treatment failure in otitis media and chronic sinusitis.
		There have been reports of penicillin-resistant pneumococci isolated from middle-ear fluid which have also been resistant to erythromycin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.2 Judicious use of these agents is required to reduce the further spread of resistance, reserving empiric use for those cases of amoxicillin treatment failures.
		A recent multicenter national surveillance study determined that the overall national prevalence of pneumococci strains which were not susceptible to penicillin was 23.6% (penicillin-intermediate and high-level resistant strains), with approximately two of every five nonsusceptible strains manifesting as penicillin-resistance.
	www.healthcare.uiowa.edu /pharmacy/PTNews/1996/09.96.html (1995 words)

	Antibodies and Antigens
		Coated with protein instead of polysaccharide, the pneumococci are now easy to ingest.
		Left: A neutrophil extends a pseudopod toward two pneumococci.
		Center: these bacteria have been engulfed (arrows), and the neutrophil is beginning to engulf four more pneumococci at the upper right.
	home.comcast.net /~john.kimball1/BiologyPages/A/Ag_Ab.html (571 words)

	Direct Binding of Respiratory Syncytial Virus to Pneumococci: A Phenomenon That Enhances Both Pneumococcal Adherence to ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Direct Binding of Respiratory Syncytial Virus to Pneumococci: A Phenomenon That Enhances Both Pneumococcal Adherence to Human Epithelial Cells and Pneumococcal Invasiveness in a Murine Model -- HAMENT et al.
		Detection of pneumococci positive for RSV glycoprotein-F antigen as detected by FACS immunofluorescence.
		RSV binding to pneumococci is inhibited by heparin.
	www.pedresearch.org /cgi/content/full/58/6/1198 (3667 words)

	CDC - Limited Spread of Penicillin-Nonsusceptible Pneumococci, Skåne County, Sweden
		In response to increasing frequencies of penicillin-nonsusceptible pneumococci (PNSP), for which the MIC of penicillin was >0.12 mg/L, in Skåne County, southern Sweden, national recommendations were initiated in 1995 to limit the spread of pneumococci with high MICs (>0.5 mg/L) of penicillin (PRP), especially among children of preschool age.
		For pneumococci with an oxacillin 1 mg inhibition zone <20 mm, the MIC of penicillin was determined by the Etest (AB Biodisk, Solna, Sweden) (21).
		The average frequency of index case-patients with PRP (that is, the number of clinical case-patients with a culture with growth of PRP, divided by the number of pneumococci found in nasopharyngeal cultures) has been rather stable since the start of the project, ≈2.6% (905 PRP/34,745 pneumococci) (Figure 1).
	www.cdc.gov /Ncidod/EID/vol10no6/03-0488.htm (4018 words)

	European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The major serum and mucosal fluid opsonins apart from immunoglobulin are the complement proteins which on contact with pneumococci are activated with resulting stabilisation of C3b on the bacterial surface (which is recognized by phagocyte receptors CR1 and CD11b/CD18).
		Pneumococci are killed by ROS but some studies have suggested pneumococci inhibit spontaneous ROS production.
		Therefore induction of macrophage apoptosis by pneumococci may contribute to bacterial killing although the mechanisms underlying this association remain to be defined.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /eccmid16/abstract.asp?id=49057 (447 words)

	HPA \| Pneumococci Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcal typingRSIL Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory
		There are currently over 90 different pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide serotypes based upon the Danish classification scheme.
		Results of serotyping of these isolates are shared with the HPA-CfI Immunisation Department and contribute to National Surveillance.
		SDRU liaise closely with the Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring and Reference Laboratory (ARMRL) in studies of antibiotic resistant pneumococci.
	www.hpa.org.uk /cfi/rsil/pneumococci.htm (362 words)

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