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Topic: Pneumoencephalography

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	Pneumoencephalography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pneumoencephalography (sometimes abbreviated PEG) is a medical procedure in which cerebrospinal fluid is drained from around the brain and replaced with air, oxygen, or helium to allow the structure of the brain to show up more clearly on an X-ray picture.
		Pneumoencephalography procedure was performed extensively throughout the late 20th century; however, the procedure was extremely painful and, as researchers would later discover, very dangerous.
		Pneumoencephalography appears in popular culture in the movie The Exorcist (1973), when Linda Blair's Regan McNeil character undergoes the procedure.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pneumoencephalography (197 words)

	Pneumoencephalography chair - Patent 4071231
		Pneumoencephalography is a medical procedure for determining the size and location of brain tumors.
		In pneumoencephalography a small amount of air is injected into the spinal column of an erect patient so that it travels up the spinal column and into the ventricles where it displaces some of the cerebral fluid in the ventricles.
		Pneumoencephalography is a very traumatic and painful experience for the patient, so that repetition of the study is very undesirable.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4071231.html (3918 words)

	The Riesco Lectures: Lecture 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The pneumoencephalography showed that the left cisterna pontis was perfectly clear, that there was not the slightest evidence of a tumor but a very marked cerebellar atrophy on that side.
		In the first place, it is a very clear demonstration that a typical cerebellopontine angle syndrome may be the result of a tumor which is not in the angle.
		If it belongs to the first group, in which the abnormalities are present but not quite definite, a pneumoencephalography should be done in order to find out if there is or is not a tumor.
	www.neohns.com /riesco/lect10.html (3135 words)

	International League Against Epilepsy
		The second child, who presented with right-sided focal seizures followed by the development of a right hemiparesis, also had a normal pneumoencephalography early in the disease, but by 2 years after the onset, there was definite enlargement of the left lateral ventricle.
		Another pneumoencephalography performed 3 years later showed more marked evidence of atrophy of the left cerebral hemisphere, and by the following year, there was marked destruction of the left hemisphere with slight enlargement of the right lateral ventricle.
		The third patient described in the paper similarly had a normal pneumoencephalography early in the disease, with evidence of worsening hemispheric atrophy as the disease progressed.
	www.ilae-epilepsy.org /Visitors/Centre/ctf/rasmussens_syndrome.cfm (7172 words)

	Empty Sella Syndrome
		One of these papers applied the term to a patient with an enlarged sella that filled with air on pneumoencephalography; the patient had no known or demonstrable pituitary lesion.
		On CT scans, an empty sella appears as a low-density abnormality in the pituitary fossa, often with erosion of the sellar floor.
		Studies by Brismar and Bergstrand, using CT scanning, pneumoencephalography, and cisternography with isotope or metrizamide, have demonstrated impaired CSF circulation in most (>80 percent) patients with a primary empty sella.
	www.pituitaryadenomas.com /emptysella.htm (3335 words)

	AANS.org \| Education and Meetings \| AANS Scientific Journals \| Neurosurgical Focus
		Intraoperative imaging was revolutionized by the pioneering efforts of Walter Dandy[10] in pneumoencephalography.
		However, it was the invention of computerized tomography (CT) scanning and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging that heralded the modern epoch of neurosurgery.
		It was not long before the CT scanner was entrained into the operating room, as reported by Lunsford and associates.[26,29,30] Lunsford and coworkers[28] have suggested that CT scanning would probably remain the preeminent modality for conventional intraoperative image-guided stereotactic surgery, because of the enhanced access it provides to patient and its enhanced instrument compatibility.
	www.aans.org /education/journal/neurosurgical/mar99/6-3-6.asp?ShowMenu=false&ShowPrint=false (5048 words)

	Empty sella refers to the radiological appearance of an enlarged or deformed sella turcica... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the earlier days, the radiographic appearance of an enlarged sella turcica was frequently equated with the presence of an intra or perisellar neoplasm.
		It was found, however, in some of these patients on pneumoencephalography, that the enlarged sella was not occupied by a tumour mass, but a significant amount of air was reaching the sella indicating that the subarachnoid space was extending well below the clinoid processes.
		The confirmation of empty sella with x-rays used to be done by performing the pneumoencephalography or metrizamide cisternography, which are no longer required with the advent of better imaging modalities.
	www.indegene.com /End/FeatArt/indEndFeatArt6.html (1722 words)

	Intrasellar subarachnoid herniation or empty sella associated with galactorrhea -- Bryner et al. 51 (2): 198 -- ...
		All 8 patients had abnormal sellae, and the diagnosis of empty sella was made by polytome pneumoencephalography.
		There may be a coincidental association of empty sella with galactorrhea, and this association is probably more common than previously noted.
		Evaluation of patients with galactorrhea and abnormal sellae by polytome pneumoencephalography is emphasized.
	www.greenjournal.org /cgi/content/abstract/51/2/198 (156 words)

	Neuroimaging Studies In PTSD // National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The first radiologic studies in trauma patients used pneumoencephalography, which involves the injection of air into the cerebrospinal space, and imaging with the use of simple X-rays.
		The authors reported "[cerebral] atrophy of varying degrees and " diffuse encephalopathy" in up to 81% of cases, based on their visual interpretation, although noquantitative measures of atrophy were performed (1).
		MRI uses a powerful magnetic to throw the electrons and protons which make up brain tissue out of their normal patterns, and measures the time it takes for them to return to their normal resting state.
	www.ncptsd.va.gov /publications/cq/v7/n4/bremner.html (2241 words)

	Angelman syndrome (AS)
		Nervous system: Brisk tendon reflexes, hyperreflexia, hyperkinesia, hypsarrhythmia, epilepsy, and EEG abnormalities showing slow wave or spike activity are the principal neurological disorders.
		Pneumoencephalography indicates cerebral cortex atrophy and dilation of the cerebral ventricles.
		Hyperactivity, restlessness, jerky movements, ataxic gait or complete inability to walk and, absent speech, sleeping disorders, feeding problems, and drooling.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /mesh/jablonski/syndromes/syndrome032.html (217 words)

	Subdural fluid as a consequence of pneumoencephalography -- Smith and Crothers 5 (3): 375 -- Pediatrics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Subdural fluid as a consequence of pneumoencephalography -- Smith and Crothers 5 (3): 375 -- Pediatrics
		Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, and the Pediatric Division of the Children's Medical Center, Boston, Mass.
		Pneumoencephalography has proved so useful in the investigation of disease
	pediatrics.aappublications.org /cgi/content/abstract/5/3/375 (191 words)

	NEURORADIOLOGY
		Death in tuberous sclerosis is due to renal failure due to renal angiomyolipoma or renal cysts or cardiac failure due to intra-cavitatory or intra-mural rhabdomyomas that may obstruct blood flow or produce cardiac arrhythmias.
		Prior to the advent of CT and MRI, the investigations available were plain radiographs and pneumoencephalography.
		Plain films demonstrated periventricular calcification while pneumoencephalography demonstrated the characteristic “candle wax” pattern of nodular ependymal masses.
	www.indianradiologist.com /neuroradiology11.htm (486 words)

	Notes f or 1/19/99 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		To a certain extent, calcifications of some structures can be used to form inferences about the health of other tissues.
		Pneumoencephalography (a rare form of medieval torture) was used to force air from the spinal sac to the brain, and to outline the soft structures of the brain.
		This was practiced to just a few years ago.
	airto.loni.ucla.edu /BMCweb/CourseWork/M267/ClassNotes1-99/LECTURE3.HTML (1603 words)

	Department of Neurology: Chairman of the Department
		Most of his monographs were written in Hungarian and German.
		Professor Benedek's original idea was to unite pneumoencephalography with cerebral angiography recorded on X-ray film.
		The shape and position of the air-filled cerebral ventricles, along with the angiographic imaging of the arteries made possible a much more vivid determination of the condition of the cerebral cortex and the location and size of space-occupying tumors.
	www.neuropat.dote.hu /ideg/ideg1.htm (1216 words)

	Botsford Health Care Continuum - Graduate Medical Education - Neurology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Clinical training shall include electroencephalography, electromyography, interpretation of isotope and CT and MRI scans, and autopsy studies.
		In addition, training will include the performance of cerebral angiography, pneumoencephalography, myelography, and lumbar and cisternal punctures.
		The Neurosurgery service at Botsford General Hospital is very active and, working in conjunction with the Department of Neurology, the Neurology resident will actively participate in diagnostic work-up and postoperative care of patients.
	www.botsfordsystem.org /educ/med_ed/programs/neuro.htm (172 words)

	Survey of brain imaging techniques with implications for nanomedicine
		Non-invasive imaging of the patient's brain has proven invaluable in this context, evolving dramatically since the 1970s when it was realized that computer processing of X-ray densitometry could create tomograms (slices) of any X-ray permeable object such as the human skull.
		This led to now-ubiquitous CT (computed tomography) scans; prior to their advent, the only way to image the brain was via pneumoencephalography, which required introducing air into the ventricles of the brain for an air-contrasted skull X-ray, and early nuclear brain scans.
		The 1980s brought the next level of achievement in the form of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which offers better resolution and discrimination than CT, which often fails to distinguish grey and white matter regions.
	www.foresight.org /Conferences/MNT8/Papers/Flitman (3309 words)

	Gray Matters Spring-Summer 1999 Page 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Many of the most important advances in the care of neurosurgical patients stem from improvements in neuro-imaging.
		The introductions of cerebral angiography, pneumoencephalography, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging resulted in significant refinement of diagnosis and treatment of neurosurgical disorders.
		The treatment of cerebral aneurysms has particularly benefitted from the continuing evolution of cerebral angiography.
	www.wramc.amedd.army.mil /departments/Surgery/Neuro/newsltr/graymatters/Page1.htm (358 words)

	Giant cell astrocytoma in tuberous sclerosis - MedPix Medical Image Database and Teaching Files
		These nodules elevate the ependyma, resulting in protuberances into the ventricle described as a "candle guttering" type appearance.
		Calcification in these nodules was important for detection of these lesions with plain films or pneumoencephalography prior to the advent of CT. CT is helpful for detection of subependymal tubers primarily due to its sensitivity to calcium.
		Contrast enhancement of a subependymal tuber suggests degeneration into a giant cell astrocytoma since hamartomas or tubers do not enhance.
	rad.usuhs.mil /synapse/radpix.html?mode=single&recnum=1427 (577 words)

	Conventional Stereotaxy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Because this technique was based on the false assumption that the position of an internal point was determined solely by the position of external landmarks, it was not precise enough to be used on human subjects.
		The next major step in stereotaxy occured in 1947, when Spiegel and Wycis used an imaging technique called pneumoencephalography (which consists in x-ray images of the brain with air injected into the ventricular space) [58].
		This provided information about spatial localization of soft tissue landmarks (for example the pineal gland) with respect to the stereotactic frame.
	www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca /users/patrice/msthesis/node10.html (579 words)

	Epilepsy Focus - Fall 1996 - by the Cleveland Clinic Foundation
		Modern neuroimaging technology now allows noninvasive diagnosis of a wide spectrum of brain lesions which may cause epilepsy.
		In the past, imaging of the brain relied on indirect visualization of brain lesions, using skull roentgen-ograms, cerebral angiography and pneumoencephalography.
		This article reviews the contribution of magnetic resonance imaging techniques to our understanding of the epilepsies.
	www.medhelp.org /ccf/effall00.htm (980 words)

	Printer Friendly Version (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		For decades, it has been known that heavy drinking, particularly that associated with a diagnosis of alcohol dependence, is accompanied by indices of brain damage.
		Findings of cortical atrophy and ventricular dilatation are common on autopsy, pneumoencephalography, or radiological scans, and findings of cognitive impairment are common on neuropsychological tests of perceptuomotor speed, visuospatial skills, and verbal as well as nonverbal memory.
		The bulk of the research has been conducted on alcoholic men.
	www.indegene.com /Psy/Jour/prn_indJour_AJP_Sum_01-02-2001_2.asp (427 words)

	DEMONSTRATION
		The rationale was to integrate radiology into the human structure curriculum in a format that is readily accessible for local and distance learning.
		Active learning was achieved by creating five radiology tutorial units that target content areas dealing with standard and cross-sectional anatomy, angiography, and pneumoencephalography.
		We will demonstrate the utilization of internet/browser technology to present information critical to the interpretation of standard X-rays and CT- and MRI-scans.
	www-medlib.med.utah.edu /slice/2003/Friday_demo/Reilly,_demo.htm (218 words)

	Abebooks Search Results - Pneumoencephalography
		Pneumoencephalography in Atrophic Brain Lesions in Infancy and Childhood
		1961 Thomas 25cm,orig cloth ex-library, good : xxi, 238p., 128 figs, 22 tables: ref.-p.213-222 BRAIN TUMOR::: NEUROSCIENCES: NEUROPATHOLOGY,PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:: ANGIOGRAPHY:: PNEUMOENCEPHALOGRAPHY:: PLAIN FILM X RAYof SKULL: Please allow an additional 3 weeks on top of delivery estimate for this title.
		1935 Masson Paris French 23cm,in fl buckram ex-library, good ;iii, 213[2]p., illus., bibliographies BRAIN TUMOR::: NEUROSCIENCES: NEUROPATHOLOGY,PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:: ANGIOGRAPHY:: PNEUMOENCEPHALOGRAPHY:: PLAIN FILM X RAYof SKULL:: VENTRICULOGRAPHY: Please allow an additional 3 weeks on top of delivery estimate for this title.
	www.abebooks.co.uk /search/sortby/3/kn/Pneumoencephalography (887 words)

	Temporary trigeminal disorder as a result of pneumocephalus after subarachnoid block -- Cosío et al. 91 (3): 430 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Inhalation of nitrous oxide expands epidural air bubbles.
		Changes in cerebrospinal fluid pressure during pneumoencephalography under nitrous oxide anesthesia.
		Nitrous oxide plays a direct role in the development of tension pneumocephalus intraoperatively.
	bja.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/91/3/430 (1092 words)

	History of brain imaging: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		began in the early 1900s with a technique called pneumoencephalography (Pneumoencephalography is a painful and now obsolete medical procedure in which cerebrospinal fluid is drained...)
		Dandy also observed that air introduced into the subarachnoid space via lumbar spinal puncture could enter the cerebral ventricles and also demonstrate the cerebrospinal fluid compartments around the base of the brain and over its surface, Exception Handler: No article summary found.
		This technique was called pneumoencephalography, Exception Handler: No article summary found.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /ref/history_of_brain_imaging (7023 words)

	Evolution of Diagnostic Neuroradiology from 1904 to 1999 -- Leeds and Kieffer 217 (2): 309 -- Radiology
		in 1918, pneumoencephalography in 1919, and arteriography in
		In the beginning, air studies were the primary modality,
		in the need for pneumoencephalography and ventriculography and
	radiology.rsnajnls.org /cgi/content/full/217/2/309 (6088 words)

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