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Topic: Pneumonic plague

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Septicemic plague

Black Plague

Black Death

Great Plague

Yersinia pestis

Infectious disease

Bubo

Disease

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Septicemia

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	CDC - Epidemiologic Determinants for Modeling Pneumonic Plague Outbreaks
		Pneumonic plague poses a potentially increasing risk to humans in plague nonendemic regions either as a consequence of an aerosolized release or through importation of the disease.
		Plague is also recognized as a potential weapon for bioterrorists (3,8–11) and has been used, or considered for use, as a biologic weapon in the past.
		Given that primary pneumonic plague is transmissible person-to-person and outbreaks could occur as a consequence of importation or bioterrorism, it is essential to develop quantitative assessments of the transmissibility and kinetics of the disease that are as robust as possible to aid public health planning, including training exercises such as those referred to above.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol10no4/03-0509.htm (3175 words)

	Plague Facts
		Plague has three forms: bubonic plague (infection of the lymph glands), septicemia plague (infection of the blood), and pneumonic plague (infection of the lungs).
		Perinea pests cause plague, a bacterium that is spread from rodent to rodent by infected fleas.
		Plague is an ancient disease that occurs in irregular cycles and remains a public health hazard in parts of Asia, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, Africa, and South America, as well as the United States.
	www.astdhpphe.org /infect/plague.html (1177 words)

	Plague Fact Sheet - Illinois Department of Public Health
		Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.
		Primary pneumonic plague occurs when the disease is acquired via the respiratory tract without having the bubonic plague; it is considered secondary when it is caused by the bacteria spreading to the lungs after the bubonic form is contracted.
		Pneumonic plague is the most severe form of the disease and death occurs in approximately half of the cases.
	www.idph.state.il.us /Bioterrorism/plaguefctsht.htm (798 words)

	Bubonic plague -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		In 1896, bacteriologist (French bacteriologist born in Switzerland; was a student of Pasteur; discovered the plague bacillus (1863-1943)) Alexandre Yersin isolated the responsible bacterium and determined the common mode of transmission.
		The Plague of Justinian is the first known (An epidemic that is geographically widespread; occurring throughout a region or even throughout the world) pandemic on record, and it also marks the first firmly recorded pattern of bubonic plague in A.D. 541–542.
		Plague victims were also reported to have been tossed by (Medieval artillery used during sieges; a heavy war engine for hurling large stones and other missiles) catapult into cities under siege.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bu/bubonic_plague.htm (1928 words)

	AllRefer.com - plague (Pathology) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Bubonic plague, the most common form, is characterized by very high fever, chills, prostration, delirium, hemorrhaging of the small capillaries under the skin, and enlarged, painful lymph nodes (buboes), which suppurate and may discharge.
		Invasion of the lungs by the organism (pneumonic plague) may occur as a complication of the bubonic form or as a primary infection.
		Pneumonic plague is rapidly fatal and is the only type that can be spread from person to person (by droplet spray) without intermediary transmission by flea.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/plague.html (346 words)

	Homeland Security: Pneumonic Plague Information
		Pneumonic plague is also spread by breathing in Y. pestis suspended in respiratory droplets from a person (or animal) with pneumonic plague.
		Pneumonic plague may also occur if a person with bubonic or septicemic plague is untreated and the bacteria spread to the lungs.
		With pneumonic plague, the first signs of illness are fever, headache, weakness, and rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes bloody or watery sputum.
	www.nationalterroralert.com /readyguide/pneumonicplague.htm (439 words)

	Plague (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The pneumonic form of the disease would be seen as the primary form after purposeful aerosol dissemination of the organisms.
		The pneumonic form is an infection of the lungs due either to inhalation of the organisms (primary pneumonic plague), or spread to the lungs from septicemia (secondary pneumonic plague).
		In man, the mortality of untreated bubonic plague is approximately 50 percent, whereas in pneumonic plague the mortality rate is 100 percent.
	www.nbc-med.org /SiteContent/MedRef/OnlineRef/FieldManuals/medman/Plague.htm (1253 words)

	AllRefer Health - Plague (Bubonic Plague, Pneumonic Plague, Septicemic Plague)
		Plague is an infection caused by the organism Yersinia pestis.
		Plague is transmitted among rodents and to humans by flea bite or ingestion of the feces of fleas.
		Plague is rare in the United States, but areas where the disease is known to occur include parts of California, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico.
	health.allrefer.com /health/plague-info.html (386 words)

	WHO \| Plague
		Plague is a zoonotic disease circulating mainly among small animals and their fleas.
		Pneumonic form of plague is the most virulent and least common form of plague.
		Plague vaccines at one time were widely used but have not proven to be an approach that could prevent plague effectively.
	www.who.int /mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en (727 words)

	Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About Plague
		Plague is a disease caused by Yersinia pestis (Y.
		Bubonic plague is transmitted through the bite of an infected flea or exposure to infected material through a break in the skin.
		If bubonic plague is not treated, however, the bacteria can spread through the bloodstream and infect the lungs, causing a secondary case of pneumonic plague.
	my.webmd.com /content/article/61/67263.htm (1055 words)

	Plague, NIAID Fact Sheet
		Most cases of human plague are caused by bites of infected animals or the infected fleas that feed on them.
		Usually, bubonic plague is contracted by being bitten by an infected flea or rodent.
		Within 1 to 3 days of exposure to airborne droplets of pneumonic plague, fever, headache, weakness, rapid onset of pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes bloody or watery sputum develop.
	www.niaid.nih.gov /factsheets/plague.htm (1002 words)

	Black Death - the outbreak of Plague at Maryborough
		Pneumonic Plague is a deadlier form of the disease, having a mortality rate of 99%.
		Pneumonic Plague is not spread by fleas, but from host to host by tiny drops of expectoration such as produced by a sneeze.
		A freighter from Hong Kong, where plague was rampant, was in the port of Maryborough about the time that a wharf worker named Richard O'Connell took home some sacking from the wharf, for his children to sleep on.
	dkd.net /maryboro/plague.html (1306 words)

	Plague
		Bubonic plague is caused by a bite from an infected flea and characterized by an enlarged, infected lymph node called a bubo.
		Pneumonic plague is the least common form of plague — accounting for less than 2 percent of U.S. cases from 1947 to 1996 — but the most rapidly fatal.
		Other indications that a bioterrorist event or germ warfare is behind a pneumonic plague outbreak include a high incidence of pneumonic plague in humans in regions of the country that haven't had outbreaks among animals or rodents, or when plague occurs in people without any known risk factors.
	www.cnn.com /HEALTH/library/DS/00493.html (2295 words)

	Weapons of Mass Destruction Chem/Bio - Pneumonic Plague
		Both are caused by the same bacterium and are spread by rodents and their fleas. Pneumonic plague can also be spread by droplets released into the air when an infected person coughs or by aerosol spray if it is being used as a biological weapon.
		Pneumonic plague is believed to have been the Black Death that devastated Europe and Asia in the 14th century.
		Plague often may be treated with antibiotics; however it might be bred into a more resistant form for use as a biological weapon.
	twr.mobrien.com /articles/research/weapons_of_mass_destruction-Plague.htm (444 words)

	Facts about Pneumonic Plague (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Plague is an infectious disease of animals and humans caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.
		The first signs of illness in pneumonic plague are fever, headache, weakness, and cough productive of bloody or watery sputum.
		Person-to-person transmission of pneumonic plague occurs through respiratory droplets, which can only infect those who have face-to-face contact with the ill patient.
	www.fiu.edu /~health/facts/pneumonicplague.htm (124 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - Plague : Article by Demetres Velendzas, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Alexandre Yersin isolated the plague bacillus, developed an antiserum to combat the disease, and postulated its connection with fleas and rats during the epidemic of 1894.
		The bubonic form of the plague involves the pathognomonic “bubo”; and is caused by deposition of the bacillus in the skin by the bite of an infected vector.
		Pneumonic plague results from direct inhalation of the bacillus, which occurs from close contact of infected hosts or from aerosolized bacteria such as may occur if used as a biological weapon.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic428.htm (4746 words)

	CIDRAP >> Pneumonic plague outbreak in Congo sparks WHO response
		Plague is endemic in the northeastern province of Orientale, near Uganda, but this outbreak is unusual because it appears to be exclusively the pneumonic form of plague, which accounts for only 2% of reported plague cases overall, said Dr. May Chu of the WHO's Alert and Response Operations program.
		Pneumonic plague often starts with cough, fever, and discomfort within 2 to 6 days of infection.
		News of the Congo outbreak prompted infectious disease expert C. Peters, MD, to compare it with a pneumonic plague outbreak that occurred early in the twentieth century in Manchuria.
	www.cidrap.umn.edu /cidrap/content/bt/plague/news/feb1805plague.html (1011 words)

	Facts about Pneumonic Plague (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is found in rodents and their fleas in many areas around the world, and can be grown in large quantities and disseminated by aerosol, the result could be an epidemic of the pneumonic form with the potential for secondary spread of cases.
		Although pneumonic plague is an uncommon form of the disease, large outbreaks of pneumonic plague have occurred.
		A pneumonic plague outbreak would initially resemble an outbreak of other severe respiratory illnesses, but would quickly be distinguished by the rapid development of life threatening respiratory failure, sepsis, and shock.
	www.health.state.ri.us /environment/biot/plague_public.php (610 words)

	Facts about Pneumonic Plague
		The Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is found in rodents and their fleas in many areas around the world, and can be grown in large quantities and disseminated by aerosol, the result could be an epidemic of the pneumonic form with the potential for secondary spread of cases.
		Although pneumonic plague is an uncommon form of the disease, large outbreaks of pneumonic plague have occurred.
		A pneumonic plague outbreak would initially resemble an outbreak of other severe respiratory illnesses, but would quickly be distinguished by the rapid development of life threatening respiratory failure, sepsis, and shock.
	www.health.ri.gov /environment/biot/plague_public.php (601 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| Plague outbreak kills 60 in Congo
		It is thought to be the worst outbreak of pneumonic plague, which affects victims' lungs, for 50 years.
		Bubonic plague is endemic in parts of Africa, including the DRC, but pneumonic plague, which occurs when bacterium infects the lung, has a very high fatality rate and is "invariably" deadly when left untreated, the WHO said.
		Humans are generally infected with plague by rodents and fleas, but the pneumonic form of the disease can also be transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/4276627.stm (290 words)

	Pneumonic Plague Seen in Congo Outbreak (washingtonpost.com)
		Pneumonic plague is both rarer and more frequently fatal than bubonic plague, which is spread by the bites of rat-borne fleas.
		Bubonic plague became notorious for causing millions of deaths in Europe in devastating medieval epidemics.
		But health officials expressed a high degree of certainty, based on the reported symptoms and course of the disease, that they were dealing with an outbreak of pneumonic plague.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/articles/A36428-2005Feb18.html?nav=rss_world/africa (810 words)

	What you should know about pneumonic plague
		Plague is an uncommon infectious disease of animals and humans caused by Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis) bacteria.
		Pneumonic plague is of particular concern because it can be spread from person to person.
		Pneumonic plague occurs when the Y. pestis bacterium is inhaled.
	www.doh.wa.gov /phepr/handbook/plague.htm (394 words)

	Plague: Yersinia pestis
		Plague or fl death is an infection of rodents caused by Yersinia pestis and accidentially transmitted to humans by the bite of infected fleas.
		Plague is endemic in the U.S. Here is a picture of the endemic regions.
		As the epidemic of bubonic plague develops (especially under conditions of severe overcrowding, malnutrition, and heavy flea infestation), it eventually shifts into a predominately pneumonic form, which is far more difficult to control and which has 100 percent mortality.
	www.kcom.edu /faculty/chamberlain/Website/lectures/lecture/plague.htm (1391 words)

	What you should know about Pneumonic Plague - WA State Dept. of Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Plague is an infectious disease of animals and humans caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis).
		Plague may be spread through a bite from an infected flea or through direct contact with an infected animal or animal tissue.
		Pneumonic plague occurs when the Y. pestis bacterium is inhaled, and the disease may be spread through face-to-face contact when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
	www.doh.wa.gov /phepr/generalfactsheets/newplaque-10-01A.htm (309 words)

	Deadly Dengue Epidemic Grows Ahead of Rio Carnival
		Pneumonic plague is probably a 500 gram disease.
		When a severe, toxic disease such as pneumonic plague wipes out all of the vitamin C in the body, the defenses of the white cells are eliminated because white cells need a little vitamin C to accomplish phagocytosis.
		When the vitamin C is destroyed by all the free radicals produced by the disease, then the patient has acute induced scurvy and the white cells shut down.
	www.orthomed.com /dengue.htm (874 words)

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