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	Urban IPM: Vertebrates: Rodents: Pocket Gophers
		Pocket gophers are thick bodied rodents five to seven inches long with a short sparsely haired tail, wide head, very small eyes and ears, strongly clawed front feet which are well suited for digging.
		Pocket gophers are found throughout Arizona in any most any habitat in which sufficient amounts of tuberous roots and other plant material are available and the soil is suitable for digging tunnels.
		Pocket gophers are strict herbivores and feed on plant roots from their runways, venture a short distance from the runway entrance to feed on or drag vegetation back into the runway and will pull vegetation into their runway from below.
	ag.arizona.edu /urbanipm/rodents/pocketgophers.html (2830 words)

	Gofer control and Gofer animal facts
		Pocket gophers are fossorial (burrowing) rodents, so named because they have fur-lined pouches outside of the mouth, one on each side of the face.
		Pocket gophers are powerfully built in the forequarters and have a short neck; the head is fairly small and flattened.
		Pocket gophers feed on plants in three ways: 1) they feed on roots that they encounter when digging; 2) they may go to the surface, venturing only a body length or so from their tunnel opening to feed on aboveground vegetation; and 3) they pull vegetation into their tunnel from below.
	www.crittercontrol.com /?doc=resources_af_pocketgopher (3192 words)

	Pocket gopher - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The pocket gophers are burrowing rodents of the family Geomyidae.
		The name "Pocket Gopher" on its own may be used to refer to any of a number of subspecies of the family.
		Pocket gophers, despite being largely a pest, are a symbol of the U.S. state of Minnesota.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pocket_gopher (864 words)

	Gophers, pocket gopher, traps, smoke bombs,and other damage control products
		Pocket gophers have been thought to be polygamous (one male mating with 2 or more females), but serial monogamy mat be the case.
		When pocket gophers encounter weasels, or other threats, they typically react by assuming a threatening posture with the mouth open, vocalizing with panting sounds, and raising the front of the body slightly with their claws extended forward..
		The plains pocket gopher is intermediate in its endurance between the southern pocket gopher and the yellow-faced pocket gopher.
	www.animalcontrolproducts.com /Gopher.html (1736 words)

	Managing Pocket Gophers
		The northern pocket gopher usually is dark-colored with a whitish chin and belly whereas the Botta's pocket gopher is often reddish-brown with a flish chin and reddish belly.
		Pocket gophers construct burrow systems by loosening the soil with their claws and incisors, then use their forefeet and chest to push the soil out of the burrow.
		Pocket gophers can be excluded from valuable plots of ornamental trees and shrubs with a 1/4 to 1/2-inch mesh hardware cloth fence buried at least 18 inches.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /PUBS/NATRES/06515.html (2385 words)

	WDFW -- Landscaping for Wildlife
		Pocket gophers are well-equipped for a digging, tunneling lifestyle, with large-clawed front paws, small eyes and ears, and sensitive whiskers that assist with movement in the dark (Fig.
		Pocket gopher tunnels are 1¾ to 3½ inches in diameter, depending on the size of the gopher digging the tunnel.
		Tunnel exits made by a pocket gopher are marked by a 1- to 3 inch circle of disturbed soil, or a circular depression, called a “soil plug.” Soil plugs occur where a gopher emerged to forage or deposit soil, and then plugged up the hole on reentry.
	wdfw.wa.gov /wlm/living/gophers.htm (3022 words)

	Guide to Pocket Gopher Control, from MSU Extension
		Pocket gophers are the burrowing rodents that leave soil mounds on the surface of the ground.
		Pocket gophers can cause considerable damage to agricultural land and underground features such as utility cables and irrigation pipe, but there are several effective ways to control and prevent the destructive results of their prolific burrowing.
		Pocket gophers are burrowing rodents, so named because they have fur-lined cheek pouches outside of the mouth, one on each side of the face.
	www.montana.edu /wwwpb/pubs/mt200009.html (2725 words)

	Botta's Pocket Gopher (Thomomys bottae) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Pocket gophers of this species are extremely adaptable as regards habitat.
		Although pocket gophers are active the year round, they store food to carry them over periods of scarcity, especially periods of drought when food is scarce and burrowing a difficult task.
		In cultivated areas, pocket gophers may be destructive and require control by trapping or poisoning, but on natural lands they are of decided benefit as soil builders.
	www.nsrl.ttu.edu /tmot1/thombott.htm (679 words)

	Pocket Gophers Management Guidelines--UC IPM
		Pocket gophers (Thomomys spp.) are burrowing rodents that get their name from the fur-lined external cheek pouches, or pockets, that they use for carrying food and nesting materials.
		Pocket gophers are herbivorous, feeding on a wide variety of vegetation, but generally preferring herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees.
		Pocket gophers can easily withstand normal garden or home landscape irrigation, but flooding can sometimes be used to force them from their burrows where they can be dispatched with a shovel or caught by a dog.
	www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7433.html (2548 words)

	Southeastern Pocket Gopher
		The pocket gopher feeds on the tap roots, crown roots, fleshy rhizomes, bulbs, and tubers of a wide variety of plants in its natural environment.
		When pocket gophers are damaging lawns, golf courses, or gardens, it is legal for the property owners, tenants, or employees to trap them without a permit.
		Because the southeastern pocket gopher is a native nongame wildlife species, it is illegal to use any type of poison (bait or fumigant) to kill it without a Poison Permit issued by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC).
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /UW081 (1667 words)

	NPWRC :: Northern Pocket Gopher
		The northern pocket gopher is the smaller of our state's pocket gopher species and weighs less than one-quarter pound compared to more than half a pound for the plains pocket gopher.
		Gophers live a solitary life and a burrow is usually occupied by only one individual except during breeding season and when young are present.
		Proof that pocket gophers have been excavating during the winter is evident by "tubes" of soil laying above the ground after snow melt.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/mammals/mammals/pocket.htm (409 words)

	Project Wildlife: Summer 2000 Newsletter
		The Valley pocket gopher differs quite dramatically in appearance from place to place, with three subspecies in San Diego County alone and more than a hundred subspecies over its range in the western U.S. In desert areas of Imperial County the gophers are nearly white, but along the Pacific coast they can be almost fl.
		Pocket gophers are eaten by owls, hawks, coyotes, foxes, badgers, weasels and snakes.
		Gophers are considered a pest which destroy lawns and the poor gopher is trapped, gassed, poisoned and flooded from his home.
	www.projectwildlife.org /news.smmr2000-pocketgopher.htm (1413 words)

	Survey Document #2180 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In Illinois, the plains pocket gopher is found just east of the Mississippi River in St. Clair and Madison counties, then east and south of the Illinois River to its junction with the Kankakee River, and south of the Kankakee to the Indiana state line.
		It is generally said that a pocket gopher's coat is the same color as the soil in which it lives.
		Gophers have large forefeet with five strongly-clawed toes to aid in digging and pushing dirt from the tunnel.
	www.inhs.uiuc.edu /chf/pub/surveyreports/sep-oct95/gopher.html (507 words)

	Publication: Using Burrow Builders for Pocket Gopher Control
		Pocket gophers spend nearly their entire lives underground and may only appear aboveground when they excavate soil to the surface or when they disperse to new areas.
		Pocket gophers subsequently, through their natural digging activities, intercept and enter the tunnels, and eat the toxic bait.
		Populations of pocket gophers can be reduced up to 85 percent to 95 percent at application rates of one to two pounds per acre of 0.3 percent to 0.5 percent strychnine alkaloid grain.
	www.ianrpubs.unl.edu /epublic/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=77 (3021 words)

	Plains Pocket Gopher (Geomys bursarius) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The gopher digs with its front claws and protruding teeth, shoves the loose earth ahead of it with its chin and forefeet, and uses the hind feet for propulsion.
		As long as they remain in their burrows, pocket gophers are relatively safe from predators other than those which are specialized for digging, such as badgers and long-tailed weasels.
		As a result of the protection offered by the burrow, pocket gophers are long-lived relative to many other rodents, insectivores, and lagomorphs, living an average of 1-2 years in the wild.
	www.nsrl.ttu.edu /tmot1/geomburs.htm (844 words)

	Northern Pocket Gopher
		The northern pocket gopher is nearly ground squirrel size (total length 6 ½ to just over 9 inches (165-235 mm), it weighs 2 ¾ to 4 5/8 ounces (78-130 g).
		Like all pocket gophers, they have a tube-shaped body, very small eyes and ears, short and smooth fur that is brownish to tan, and a short tail.
		Pocket gophers are ecologically important as prey items, they are fed on by coyotes, grizzly bears and great gray owls.
	imnh.isu.edu /digitalatlas/bio/mammal/Rod/Gophers/npogo/npgo.htm (348 words)

	Botta’s pocket gopher - DesertUSA
		Botta’s pocket gopher or valley pocket gopher are two common names for this fossorial (i.e., digging or burrowing) mammal.
		Strictly vegetarian, pocket gophers eat a panoply of herbaceous plants, grasses, tubers, bulbs and roots of native plants, weeds and shrubs.
		Pocket gophers generally live where they can find good soils for excavation, which could mean any environment from the desert up into the mountains.
	www.desertusa.com /mag01/jun/papr/gopher.html (623 words)

	The University of Arizona Cooperative Extension - Yavapai County Horticulture - Pocket Gopher Biology
		To be sure you are dealing with a pocket gopher, look for a fan-shaped mound of loose soil that has a smaller plug of loose soil in the center or to one side within the main mound.
		Pocket gophers live their entire lives in the soil, leaving only to occasionally feed above ground, to travel to a new area, or to get around an obstacle.
		Pocket gophers are named for their fur-lined pouches outside of the mouth, one on each side of the face.
	ag.arizona.edu /yavapai/anr/hort/gopher/gopherbiology.html (367 words)

	Pocket Gopher
		The name "Plains Pocket Gopher" is because of their cheek pouches on their cheeks.
		Pocket Gophers are active day and night, They guard their house fiercly.
		the plains pocket gopher is cinnamon brown in color, with a lighter belly; the tail has some white hairs; this gopher has four large claws on its front feet the males are longer than the females; males measure 285 to 298 mm and weigh 226.5 to 343 g
	www.holoweb.com /cannon/pocket.htm (553 words)

	NWRC - Olympia, Washington Field Station--pocket gopher damage and control
		Pocket gophers are burrowing rodents named for their external fur-lined cheek pouches.
		Management practices to reduce pocket gopher damage include silvicultural practices, such as minimizing disturbance of an area, habitat manipulation, trapping, repellents, fumigation, and seedling barriers such as Vexar tubing.
		However, strychnine baiting is the most widely used method to reduce pocket gopher populations prior to planting seedlings.
	www.aphis.usda.gov /ws/nwrc/field/olympia/pocket_gophers.html (631 words)

	Ladywildlife's Western Pocket Gopher Page
		Gophers use their four incisors (chisel edged teeth at the front of the mouth) to cut away roots.
		Pocket gophers in areas with hard, dry soil tend to have bigger incisors than those in areas with soft soil.
		Gophers can promote plant growth by breaking up and aerating the soil, but large numbers can damage crops with their huge appetites and vigorous digging.
	ladywildlife.com /animal/westernpocketgopher.html (712 words)

	Gopher Be Gone
		Gophers are rodents that usually live in places where they are not pests.
		The gophers are still alive to have new young, and they will continue to invade your property as well as your neighbors.
		Pocket gophers and the burrows and tunnels they dig can create a tremendous problem causing precious irrigation water to be wasted.
	www.gopher-be-gone.com (1291 words)

	Douglas County Pocket Gopher
		The Douglas County pocket gopher in particular seems able to tolerate a variety of soil types, utilizing areas not preferred by adjacent northern pocket gopher subspecies.
		Douglas County pocket gopher life history characteristics (including their strong territoriality and solitary nature) and their discontinuous distributions (based on local habitat characteristics) lead to small population sizes.
		The historic distribution of the Douglas County pocket gopher is limited to parts of southwestern Arapaho, northern Douglas, and northwestern Elbert Counties in Colorado.
	www.r6.fws.gov /species/mammals/DougPocketGopher (265 words)

	Valley Pocket Gopher - Wildlife - Presidio of San Francisco (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is a solitary animal that inhabits subterranean tunnels in moist soil.
		In the Presidio, the Pocket Gopher is found in areas of of annual and serpentine grassland, coastal and dune scrub, forests, and in lawns.
		The pocket gopher is typically between 120 to 180 mm in length.
	www.nps.gov /goga/prsf/nathist1/wildlife/mammals/pocketgopher.htm (152 words)

	Friends of Saguaro National Park - About Saguaro National Park: Botta's Pocket Gopher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		All other western pocket gophers are very similar, distinguishable mainly by range.
		Most pocket gophers breed once a year, in spring, but this species often has multiple litters, and some females in irrigated fields in the Sacramento Valley evidently breed year-round.
		Botta’s Pocket Gopher spends most of its time in underground burrows, which may account for its ability to tolerate a wide variety of habitats.
	www.friendsofsaguaro.org /gopher-bottaspocket.html (352 words)

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