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Topic: Poison hemlock

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	POISON HEMLOCK. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The poisonous principle (the alkaloid coniine) causes paralysis, convulsions, and eventual death.
		Poison hemlock was used in ancient Greece in executions; a famous example was the philosopher Socrates.
		Poison hemlock is classified in the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Apiales, family Umbelliferae.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/po/poisonhe.html (121 words)

	Poison Hemlock
		Poison hemlock is one of the most poisonous of plants.
		Poison hemlock alkaloids are found in different concentrations depending on several factors that make it virtually impossible to predict how dangerous the plant is at any given time.
		We sent individual samples of ensiled poison hemlock on a weekly basis to the Toxicology Lab at UC Davis to determine how much of the two most toxic alkaloids found in poison hemlock, coniine and γ-coniceine, was present at different points in time throughout the ensiling process, information that was previously unknown.
	extension.oregonstate.edu /coos/Forage/PoisonHemlock.php (803 words)

	Plant Field Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Poisonous hemlock was brought to the United States in the 1800s as a garden plant, sold as a "winter fern".
		The plant is often referred to as "the blood of Socrates," as Socrates used poisonous hemlock to commit suicide.
		Once established, poison hemlock is highly competitive and prevents establishment of indigenous California plants by overshading and outcompeting them for water and soil nutrients.
	www.nps.gov /goga/parklabs/library/plantguide/white/poisonhemlock.htm (188 words)

	Invasive Exotic Plant Tutorial
		Poison hemlock remains toxic for several years after being pulled, and it is wise not to leave the dead plants where they might be eaten by wildlife or children.
		Poison hemlock, which is abundant in southeastern Washington, is considered a natural reservoir for CeMV in England (Pemberton and Frost 1974) and California (Sutabutra and Campbell 1971)" (Howell and Mink 1981).
		Foreign exploration for natural enemies of poison hemlock in Europe, especially in areas of Mediterranean climate for use in California, is indicated as the next step in ascertaining whether the relative trophic vacuum that this weed represents might be usefully filled by a complex of intentionally introduced, specialized natural enemies" (Goeden and Ricker 1982).
	www.dcnr.state.pa.us /forestry/invasivetutorial/poison_hemlock_M_C.htm (1233 words)

	POISON HEMLOCK
		Poison hemlock is a biennial in the parsnip or wild carrot family.
		Poison hemlock is a range plant that kills many animals in the western United States.
		Poison hemlock is sometimes confused with water hemlock-a more deadly species-because the names are similar.
	members.tripod.com /~aden4lyons/poison/hemlock.html (415 words)

	Hemlock - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Hemlock, Poison, common name for a poisonous herb belonging to the parsley family.
		Hemlock, or poison hemlock, is a large, coarse,...
		- poisonous plant: a plant of the carrot family, with small white flowers and finely cut leaves, that is the source of a poison.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Hemlock.html (124 words)

	Hemlock
		Hemlock was used in Anglo-Saxon medicine, and is mentioned as early as the tenth century.
		The poisonous property occurs in all parts of the plant, though it is stated to be less strong in the root.
		Hemlock fruits were introduced into British medicine in 1864 as a substitute for the dried leaf in making the tincture, but it has been shown that a tincture, whether of leaf or fruit, is far inferior to the preserved juice of the herb.
	www.angelfire.com /magic2/bluetail/documents/1016.html (1724 words)

	Journal of the International Plato Society
		Poison hemlock is in fact a unique plant, with chemical properties different from any other of the thousands of members of the Umbelliferae family.
		Hemlock could not have been a 'cold' poison as reported in all the ancient works, he contended, for the experiences of the eight poisoned children proved how very 'hot,' that is, conducive to violent seizures, it actually was.
		Especially in the first half of the century, doctors not only were feeding extracts of hemlock to their patients, toxicologists were deliberately poisoning themselves and dispatching huge numbers of laboratory animals as they studied the plant's physiological effects, and chemists were breathing its vapors as they sought to isolate its alkaloids.
	www.nd.edu /~plato/bloch.htm (5854 words)

	"Poison Hemlock" from the Montana State University Extension Service (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Poison hemlock leaves are pinnately compound, meaning that each leaf is made up of several pairs of leaflets that sprout from opposite sides of a main leaf stalk (figure 2).
		One distinguishing characteristic between poison hemlock and wild carrot is the lack of hairs on the leaves and stems of poison hemlock.
		Of the eight known alkaloids in poison hemlock, the principle toxins are the piperidine alkaloids coniine and coniceine.
	www.montana.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /wwwpb/pubs/mt200013.html (2412 words)

	Poison Hemlock
		Poison hemlock is a member of the Parsnip family, introduced from Europe.
		Most poisonings occur because the leaves are mistaken for parsley, the roots for parsnips, or the seeds for anise.
		Symptoms of poisoning are a burning sensation in the mouth and throat, nervousness, trembling, incoordination of body movements, dilation of pupils, muscular weakness, coldness of extremities, weakened and slowed heartbeat, convulsions, and coma.
	www.aspenpitkin.com /misc/weeds/poison_hemlock.htm (360 words)

	Poison Hemlock - Exotic Aquatics on The Move
		Poison Hemlock is also commonly confused with wild carrot, cow parsnip, etc. Human deaths have occurred from harvesting and consuming the roots as wild carrots or parsnips.
		Poison hemlock is not highly palatable to cattle, horses, and sheep and rarely will they eat a toxic amount of it if more palatable vegetation is available on the range.
		Although, herbicides and routine cultivation severely reduce the amount of poison hemlock in grain fields, seed contamination is still a potential danger in unsprayed or newly established grain fields.
	www.iisgcp.org /exoticsp/Poison_Hemlock.htm (1186 words)

	eMedicine - Plant Poisoning, Hemlock : Article Excerpt by: Daniel E Brooks, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Historically, poison hemlock was reportedly used to execute Socrates and the Old Testament describes rhabdomyolysis in Israelites who consumed quail fed on hemlock.
		Poison hemlock, an exotic species introduced to the US, is a ubiquitous plant with fernlike properties that may reach a height of 2 meters.
		Poison hemlock grows in diverse settings, including wooded areas, ditches, and waysides throughout the US, and may be mistaken for other plants such as fool's parsley (Aethusa cynapium).
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/plant-poisoning-hemlock.htm (577 words)

	Invasive Exotic Plant Tutorial
		"Poison hemlock is common and spreading in parts of the United States and Canada, particularly on the West Coast; it is common and of some importance in New Zealand, and it also occurs in South America and the British Isles.
		The spread of hemlock is by seeds which can adhere to farm machinery, vehicles, agricultural produce, mud and clothing as well as being carried by water and to a limited extent wind" (Parsons 1973).
		Strains of celery mosaic virus from parsley and poison hemlock in california.
	www.dcnr.state.pa.us /forestry/invasivetutorial/poison_hemlock.htm (784 words)

	Hemlock, Poison
		Hemlock, Poison, common name for poisonous herbs belonging to two different genera of the parsley family.
		Hemlock, or poison hemlock, is a large, coarse, unpleasant-smelling plant, all parts of which are poisonous and may be fatal if eaten.
		The second type of poison hemlock are the water hemlocks, such as musquash root, related botanically to poison hemlock but toxicologically entirely different.
	www.angelfire.com /realm/shades/plants/hemlockpoison.htm (316 words)

	Conium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Poison hemlock is often found on poorly drained soils, particularly near streams, ditches, and other surface water.
		A useful trick to determine whether a plant is poison hemlock rather than fennel, which it resembles, is to crush some leaves and smell the result.
		Poison hemlock is sometimes confused with the water hemlocks in the related genus Cicuta, but are readily distinguished by the less finely divided leaves of the latter; the leaf veins of poison hemlock also run through the tips of the teeth, but those of the water hemlock run through the notches in between the teeth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Poison_hemlock (825 words)

	"POISONOUS PLANTS SLIDES - POISON HEMLOCK" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Poison hemlock is a coarse biennial herb 3-6 feet tall: the stem is smooth, purple-spotted, and hollow; the leaves are alternate, with bases sheathing the stems, appearing much like parsley; the flowers are in compound umbels, small and white.
		Poison hemlock is a perennial member of the Umbelliferae (parsley) family.
		Poison hemlock grows on fertile, moist soils across the United States in locations such as woodlots, fencerows and waste areas.
	cal.vet.upenn.edu /poison/plants/pppoiso.htm (371 words)

	Poison Hemlock
		Poison Hemlock (Conium maculatum), also known as poison parsley or spotted parsley, is an erect biennial weed that can grow 6 to 10 feet tall.
		Poison Hemlock is an erect plant with smooth, hollow stems that are covered with purple spots.
		The larvae of this moth feed on the leaves, young stem tissue, flowers and seeds of Hemlock plants causing severe defoliation and death of the plant.
	www.colostate.edu /Depts/CoopExt/4DMG/Weed/hemlock.htm (345 words)

	Poison Hemlock in San Juan County
		Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), a weed uncommonly found in the valley forty years ago, has now become, along with milk thistle, the dominant plant.
		Poison hemlock is a potently toxic member of the parsley family.
		While timed mowing of hemlock before seed ripening is a good control method, the cut plants should not be left on the ground as chemicals leaching from the decomposing plants (and, especially, the flower heads) suppress the regrowth of other vegetation.
	www.sanjuanislander.com /county/noxious_weed_board/hemlock.shtml (1028 words)

	Hemlock - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Hemlock, common name for any of a genus of coniferous trees (Pine).
		- poisonous plant: a very poisonous herb of the carrot family that has finely cut leaves, especially poison hemlock.
		- poison: a poison obtained from the fruit of the poison hemlock plant.
	encarta.msn.com /Hemlock.html (106 words)

	Description, Poison Hemlock -- Vet Med Library, UIUC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Poison hemlock is a coarse biennial herb with a smooth, purple-spotted, hollow stem and leaves like parsley.
		The leaf veins of the poison hemlock run to the tips of the teeth; those of the water hemlock run to the notches between the teeth.
		The poison hemlock root is long, white, and fleshy.
	www.library.uiuc.edu /vex/toxic/phemlock/phemlck0.htm (118 words)

	Poisonous Plant Research Products and Services
		Poison-hemlock is commonly called deadly hemlock, poison parsley, spotted hemlock, European hemlock, and California or Nebraska fern.
		Sheep may be poisoned by eating as little as 100 to 500 gm of green leaves.
		Convulsions, which are common in western water hemlock poisoning, seldom occur with poison-hemlock.
	www.ars.usda.gov /Services/docs.htm?docid=9975 (506 words)

	031094-Poison_hemlock_remo
		For decades, the invasive poison hemlock, legendary killer of Socrates, has squeezed out native plants and reduced the habitat of native species on the central California coast.
		Poison hemlock was originally imported as a decorative garden plant from the British Isles in the late 1800s.
		Each hemlock plant produces a thousand seeds, which are dispersed by the wind or drop to the ground.
	www.ucsc.edu /news_events/press_releases/archive/93-94/03-94/031094-Poison_hemlock_remo.html (938 words)

	Texas Toxic Plants
		Poison hemlock is a biennial of the parsley family.
		Cattle seldom graze the plant, but may be poisoned by it in hay or green chop.
		Signs of acute poisoning occur within a few hours of consumption; these include initial stimulation followed by progressive central nervous system depression.
	texnat.tamu.edu /cmplants/toxic/plants/poisonhemlock.html (277 words)

	Pretty plant might be poison hemlock
		Poison hemlock is a health risk to anyone who comes in contact with it, officials warn.
		Poison hemlock is a European weed brought to North America more than a century ago as an ornamental plant.
		"Poison hemlock has become one of the most prevalent weeds in Ohio, especially along highways in Columbus, Dayton and Cincinnati," said Joe Boggs, a horticulture specialist with the Ohio State University Extension South District.
	www.enquirer.com /editions/2003/07/03/loc_OH-Poison.html (391 words)

	Poisonous Plants of the Southern United States - Page 17
		A very poisonous alkaloid and resinoid are found in all parts of the spotted water hemlock, primarily in the roots.
		The poison hemlock contains coniine, an alkaloid, and other compounds that are capable of poisoning livestock, poultry and humans.
		Animals are most often poisoned when feed grains have become contaminated with the castor bean seeds.
	www.caf.wvu.edu /~forage/library/poisonous/page17.htm (580 words)

	Control Poison Hemlock
		Poison Hemlock is one of the most common noxious weeds in Ada County.
		Fortunately, Poison Hemlock is easily controlled with herbicides like 2, 4-D. This herbicide controls broadleaved plants, and works very well on Poison Hemlock.
		If Poison Hemlock is growing near water, herbicide options may change, or special steps might need to be taken to protect our waterways.
	www.adaweb.net /departments/weedpestmosquito/ControlPoisonHemlock.asp (360 words)

	Herbal Descriptions - Hemlock - Conium maculatum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Hemlock is a tall, much branched and gracefully growing plant, with elegantly-cut foliage and white flowers.
		By far the most important constituent of hemlock leaves is the alkaloid Coniine, of which they may contain, when collected at the proper time, as much as 2.77% the average being 1.65%.
		On account of its peculiar sedative action on the motor centers, Hemlock juice (Succus conii) is prescribed as a remedy in cases of undue nervous motor excitability, such as teething in children, epilepsy from dentition.
	www.viable-herbal.com /herbdesc2/1hemlock.htm (1125 words)

	poison hemlock - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		poison hemlock lethally poisonous herbaceous plant (Conium maculatum) of the family Umbelliferae (parsley family).
		Poison Hemlock Plants Common in Orange County, Calif., Lowlands.
		HEMLOCK - POISON OR WATER (2 Of 2)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-poisonhe.html (293 words)

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