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	Down syndrome - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Down syndrome encompasses a number of genetic disorders, of which trisomy 21 (a nondisjunction) is the most representative, causing highly variable degrees of learning difficulties as well as physical disabilities.
		Down syndrome is a term used to encompass a number of genetic disorders of which trisomy 21 is the most frequent (95% of cases).
		Individuals with Down syndrome share many of the characteristics of their parents, with an average life expectancy of 49 years in the USA versus 77 years for the whole population, having increased from 25 years[2].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Down_syndrome (1945 words)

	POLAND SYNDROME: Contact a Family - for families with disabled children: information on rare syndromes and disorders
		This syndrome was described in 1841 by Sir Alfred Poland.
		The cause of Poland syndrome is thought to be due to a temporary alteration in blood flow in the developing shoulder girdle and upper limb during pregnancy, at approximately seven weeks.
		Individuals affected by Poland syndrome have a normal life expectancy and intelligence is within the normal range.
	www.cafamily.org.uk /Direct/p26.html (677 words)

	Poland anomaly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Poland syndrome is characterized by hypoplasia or absence of breast or nipple, hypoplasia of subcutaneous tissue, absence of the costosternal portion of the pectoralis major muscle, absence of the pectoralis minor muscle, and absence of costal cartilages or ribs 2, 3, and 4 or 3, 4, and 5.
		Poland syndrome is estimated to have an incidence of 1 per 32,000 live births.
		Poland syndrome may be associated with a wide range of other defects such as Moebius anomaly, Goldenhar anomaly, primary microcephaly, a lower extremity counterpart of Poland syndrome, a pedunculated finger-like tag on the leg or severe deficiency of limbs.
	www.orpha.net /static/GB/poland_anomaly.html (205 words)

	University of Miami School of Medicine - Glossary - Poland syndactyly
		Poland syndactyly: A unique pattern of one-sided malformations characterized by a defect of the chest (pectoralis) muscle on one side of the body and webbing of the fingers (cutaneous syndactyly) of the ipsilateral hand (the hand on the same side).
		The risk of recurrence of Poland syndrome in the family is minute, except in the very small fraction of cases where there is a parent or other relative known with Poland syndrome.
		Poland became a celebrated surgeon and ophthalmologist but had to retire in 1867 due to a chronic cough.
	www.med.miami.edu /glossary/art.asp?articlekey=7266 (446 words)

	Hanhart Syndrome
		Moebius Syndrome is a rare developmental disorder characterized by facial paralysis at birth (congenital), due to impairment of the 6th (abducens) and/or 7th (facialis) cranial nerves.
		Poland Syndrome is a rare developmental disorder in which one or more chest muscles on one side of the body are partially or completely absent.
		In Poland-Moebius Syndrome, the developmental abnormalities associated with Poland Syndrome occur in conjunction with facial paralysis due to impairment of the 6th and/or 7th cranial nerves, as occurs in Moebius Syndrome.
	hw.healthdialog.com /kbase/nord/nord1022.htm (2439 words)

	Polands Syndrome, Medicine, Free Essays @ ChuckIII College Resources
		Alfred Poland discovered this extraordinary and unexplored abnormality while dissecting the cadaver of a convict that was hung for murder.
		The description Alfred Poland first provided was that of a congenital thoracic anomalies involving the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor with additional abnormalities on the affected side of the body (ipsilateral) consisting of webbed or fused phalanges (syndactyly).
		For an accurate diagnosis of Poland’s Syndrome to be made it must include the congenital partial or total absence of the pectoralis major muscle with or without the loss of the pectoralis minor muscle.
	www.chuckiii.com /Reports/Medicine/Polands_Syndrome.shtml (991 words)

	Poland Syndrome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		"Poland's Syndrome is a group of unilateral congenital abnormalities of the chest wall with or without involvement of the...
		Poland syndrome: A developmental disorder of the chest wall involving a unique pattern of one-sided malformations characterized...
		Moebius syndrome is characterized by congenital facial nerve palsies in association with other cranial nerve palsies.
	poland.aakx.info /poland-syndrome.html (149 words)

	eMedicine - Breast, Poland Syndrome : Article by Bradon J Wilhelmi, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Because Poland syndrome is underreported and infrequently diagnosed, the exact incidence is difficult to determine.
		If the latissimus is absent as part of the Poland syndrome complex, other options for reconstruction include free latissimus muscle from the unaffected side, the transverse rectus abdominus muscle (TRAM) flap, Rubens flap, gluteus maximus flap, thigh flap, or free perforator TRAM or gluteus flaps.
		Cochran JH Jr, Pauly TJ, Edstrom LE, Dibbell DG: Hypoplasia of the latissimus dorsi muscle complicating breast reconstruction in Poland's syndrome.
	www.emedicine.com /plastic/topic132.htm (2815 words)

	Poland's Syndrome Website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Named after Sir Alfred Poland, Poland anomaly (PA) is described as an underdevelopment or absence of the chest muscle (pectoralis) on one side of the body and webbing of the fingers (cutaneous syndactyly) of the hand on the same side (ipsilateral hand).
		Sometimes referred to as "Poland syndrome," it is an uncommon condition present at birth (congenital).
		Poland anomaly is more common in boys than girls, and the right side is affected twice as often as the left.
	www.polands-syndrome.com (418 words)

	eMedicine - Breast, Poland Syndrome : Article Excerpt by: Bradon J Wilhelmi, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Named after Sir Alfred Poland, Poland syndrome includes the features of ipsilateral breast and nipple hypoplasia and/or aplasia, deficiency of subcutaneous fat and axillary hair, absence of the sternal head of the pectoralis major, hypoplasia of the rib cage, and hypoplasia of the upper extremity.
		Poland did not outline the breast hypoplasia or hand deformities in his original description.
		Poland syndrome has been associated with other syndromes including Möbius syndrome (congenital bilateral facial paralysis with inability to abduct the eyes) and Klippel-Feil syndrome.
	www.emedicine.com /plastic/byname/breast-poland-syndrome.htm (603 words)

	Polands Syndrome support........ welcome ! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Poland's Syndrome is a congenital development disorder which is theoried by some to be genetic, but at this time there is absolutely no evidence to support this claim.
		The name of the syndrome should not suggest that that illness affects only those of Polish heritage, rather it was named for Alfred Poland, a pathologist who, in 1841, identified it in a London morgue.
		Regan was born with Poland's Syndrome on the 16th of February, 2000.
	communities.ninemsn.com.au /PolandsSyndromesupportwelcome (234 words)

	Poland Syndrome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		First described in a cadaver examined by A. Poland at Guy's Hospital in 1841, "this combined anomaly of unilateral webbed fingers and the absence of the sterno - costal portion of ipsilateral pectoralis major muscle is recently known as Poland's Anomaly, Poland's Syndactyly, or Poland's Syndrome (Sugiura, 1976, p.
		Riccardi (1978) described unilateral gluteal hypoplasia and brachysyndactyly and proposed that it is the lower limb equivalent of the Poland anomaly.
		Poland syndrome is a group of unilateral congenital abnormalities of the chest wall with or without involvement of the arm on the same side.
	ibis-birthdefects.org /start/polandsy.htm (590 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Poland syndrome consists of unilateral absence or hypoplasia of the pectoralis muscle, most frequently involving the sternocostal portion of the pectoralis major muscle, and a variable degree of ipsilateral hand and digit anomalies, including symbrachydactyly.
		Shipkov and Anastassov (2003) questioned the existence of 'bilateral Poland anomaly.' They noted that 'classic Poland syndrome' is defined as a unilateral entity and that their clinical observations supported the idea that Poland syndrome is only unilateral.
		Bouwes Bavinck and Weaver (1986) hypothesized that Poland syndrome, Klippel-Feil anomaly (148900), Moebius syndrome, isolated absence of pectoralis major with breast hypoplasia, isolated transverse limb defects, and Sprengel anomaly (184400) are each the result of interruption of the early embryonic blood supply in the subclavian arteries, the vertebral arteries and/or their branches.
	srs.embl-heidelberg.de:8000 /srs5bin/cgi-bin/wgetz?-e+[omim-id:173800] (1877 words)

	Poland's Syndrome
		First described in a cadaver examined by A. Poland at Guy's Hospital in 1841, "this combined anomaly of unilateral webbed fingers and the absence of the sterno-costal portion of ipsilateral pectoralis major muscle is recently known as Poland's Anomaly, Poland's Syndactyly, or Poland's Syndrome (Sugiura, 1976, p.17).
		It is classified in the ACR Index of Radiologic Diagnoses as "4.1621 Poland Syndrome (pectoral dysplasia-dysdactyly)".
		"Poland Syndrome is a type of uncommon sporadic congenital syndactyly leading to the absence of the Pectoralis Major muscle and often linked to limb deficiencies" (Terhaar et al,1996).
	www.acay.com.au /~cjr/polsynd.html (1880 words)

	TheFetus.net - Amniotic band syndrome -Luís Flávio Gonçalves, MD, Philippe Jeanty, MD, PhD
		Definition: Amniotic band syndrome is a set of congenital malformations ranging from minor constriction rings and lymphedema of the digits to complex, bizarre multiple congenital anomalies that are attributed to amniotic bands that stick, entangle and disrupt fetal parts.
		The diagnosis is confirmed at autopsy by the demonstration of chronic rupture of the chorion in histologic sections of the placenta.
		Extra-amniotic pregnancy is a rare condition that is explained by a mechanism similar to the exogenous theory of the amniotic band syndrome: a rupture of the amnion, with development of the fetus in the extraembryonic coelom.
	www.thefetus.net /page.php?id=405 (2536 words)

	University of Miami School of Medicine - Glossary - Poland Syndrome
		In patients with Poland syndrome, the end of the main chest muscle that normally attaches to the breastbone is missing.
		The risk of recurrence of Poland syndrome in the family is minute.
		Poland syndrome is a one-sided malformation of the chest muscle and hand.
	www.med.miami.edu /glossary/art.asp?articlekey=6770 (541 words)

	Poland Syndrome - Quest Diagnostics Patient Health Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		It is possible that the main title of the report Poland Syndrome is not the name you expected.
		Poland Syndrome is a rare condition that is evident at birth (congenital).
		Poland Syndrome affects males more commonly than females and most frequently involves the right side of the body.
	www.questdiagnostics.com /kbase/nord/nord440.htm (541 words)

	Poland's syndrome - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
		1976 Jan; 58(1): 52-8 Forty-three consecutive cases of Poland's syndrome were analyzed and the relevant literature was reviewed.
		The syndrome is not hereditary and is of unknown origin.
		Poland's syndrome may also include hypoplasia of the nipple and breast, hypoplasia of the upper ribs, herniation of the lung, contracture of the anterior axillary web, and elevated scapula.
	www.wheelessonline.com /ortho/polands_syndrome (197 words)

	Alfred Poland (www.whonamedit.com) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Alfred Poland was born in London in 1822 and educated in Paris and Frankfurt.
		In 1867 chronic cough ascribed to exposure of infection in the ward forced Poland to cease lecturing and thereafter his health gradually declined.
		Poland died in 1872 at the age of 51 of "consumption of the lungs" (pulmonary tuberculosis).
	www.whonamedit.com /doctor.cfm/2904.html (315 words)

	Syndactyly, Poland definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Syndactyly, Poland: A unique pattern of one- sided malformations characterized by a defect of the chest (pectoralis) muscle on one side of the body and webbing of the fingers (cutaneous syndactyly) of the ipsilateral hand (the hand on the same side).
		For reasons that are unfathomable, Poland syndrome is 3 times more frequent in boys than girls.
		He died in 1872 at the age of 51 of "consumption of the lungs" (pulmonary tuberculosis).
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6877 (551 words)

	Pectus Carinatum, Pectus Excavatum, and Poland's Syndrome - MC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Pectus Carinatum, Pectus Excavatum, and Poland's Syndrome - MC Pectus Carinatum, Pectus Excavatum, and Poland's Syndrome - MC Pectus Carinatum is a deformity of the chest that causes the rib cage to push itself outward.
		People with Poland’s Syndrome are missing at least part of the muscle from one side of their chest, sometimes missing a rib(s), and may have only one fully developed breast/nipple.
		Poland’s Syndrome: Repair of the chest wall deformities associated with Poland’s Syndrome are covered.
	www.healthpartners.com:747 /medicare/pectus_mc.html (288 words)

	Poland Syndrome - Health and Medical Information produced by doctors - MedicineNet.com
		Poland syndrome is a unique pattern of one-sided malformations that are present at birth.
		Poland syndrome is characterized by a defect of the chest (pectoralis) muscle on one side of the body and webbing of the fingers (cutaneous syndactyly) of the hand on the same side (ipsilateral hand).
		For reasons that are unclear, Poland syndrome is 3 times more frequent in boys than girls.
	www.medicinenet.com /poland_syndrome/article.htm (295 words)

	The use of a homologous preserved costal cartilage in an infant with Poland's syndrome -- Akal and Kara 21 (1): 146 -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The use of a homologous preserved costal cartilage in an infant with Poland's syndrome -- Akal and Kara 21 (1): 146 -- European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery
		The use of a homologous preserved costal cartilage in an infant with Poland's syndrome
		Poland's syndrome is a rarely encountered congenital deficiency
	ejcts.ctsnetjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/21/1/146 (145 words)

	Poland Syndrome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Poland syndrome is a group of unilateral congenital abnormalities
		Poland's syndrome and recessive X-linked ichthyosis in two...
		Poland's syndrome is a congenital deformity of the
	www.findcougars.com /health_topics/Poland_Syndrome.html (470 words)

	Poland Syndrome
		It is considered to be one of a group of actual or possible developmental anomalies caused by a disturbance of a blood vessel during development of the foetus.
		Poland Syndrome is due to the interruption of the embryonic blood supply of the subclavian arteries at about the 46th day, although there are reports of families in which similar anomalies are seen in successive generations (eg mother-daughter)
		Poland's Syndrome A developing account by a sufferer, includes pictures demonstrating the absent muscles
	www.homefieldsurgery.nhs.uk /poland1.htm (597 words)

	MOEBIUS SYNDROME SUPPORT NETWORK HOMEPAGE
		Moebius Syndrome is sometimes accompanied by Pierre Robin Syndrome and Poland's Anomaly.
		Children with Moebius Syndrome can also benefit from physical and speech therapy to improve their gross motor skills and coordination, and to gain better control over speaking and eating.
		One of the most frustrating aspects of coping with Moebius Syndrome is the surprising lack of awareness among physicians and nurses.
	www.ciaccess.com /moebius (926 words)

	Poland syndrome definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Poland syndrome: A developmental disorder of the chest wall involving a unique pattern of one-sided malformations characterized by a defect (absence or underdevelopment) of the main chest muscle (the pectoralis major) on one side of the body and webbing of the fingers (cutaneous syndactyly) of the ipsilateral hand (the hand on the same side).
		In truth, the cause of the syndrome is still uncertain.
		The syndrome has nothing to do with the country of Poland.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7267 (649 words)

	Retinal vascular abnormality in Poland's syndrome -- GOMEZ-ULLA and GONZALEZ 83 (9): 1088 -- British Journal of ...
		Retinal vascular abnormality in Poland's syndrome -- GOMEZ-ULLA and GONZALEZ 83 (9): 1088 -- British Journal of Ophthalmology
		Poland's syndrome is a congenital anomaly first described in 1841
		To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of coexistent juxtafoveal telangiectasis, renal agenesis, and Poland's syndrome.
	bjo.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/83/9/1088f (493 words)

	Pectus Excavatum and Poland's Syndrome: Surgical Correction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A CT scan of the chest demonstrates a pectus index, derived from dividing the transverse diameter of the chest by the anterior-posterior diameter, greater than 3.25.
		Aetna considers surgical reconstruction of the deformities associated with Poland's syndrome medically necessary (also see CPB 185 - Breast Reconstructive Surgery).
		As originally described by Sir Alfred Poland, Poland's Syndrome consists of absence or hypoplasia of the pectoralis major and minor muscles, hypoplasia or absence of nipple and breast, hypoplasia of subcutaneous fat, absence of axillary hair, and partial absence of the upper costal cartilages and portions of ribs, usually the second, third, and fourth.
	www.aetna.com /cpb/data/CPBA0272.html (1444 words)

	Government and academic resources on Poland Syndrome
		Poland's syndrome and recessive X-linked ichthyosis in two brothers.
		Poland Syndrome is a congenital disorder that is characterized by the absence
		Poland anomaly Poland sequence Poland syndactyly Poland syndrome Policosanol
	books.mongabay.com /health/conditions/Poland_Syndrome.html (290 words)

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