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Topic: Poland-Lithuania

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Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Republic of Poland is a country located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north. Poland has a large agricultural sector of private farms, that could be a leading producer of food in the European Union now that Poland is a member. Poland enjoys a temperate climate, with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters and mild summers with frequent showers and thunder showers. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Poland

planetaislam > islam in poland The use of Lipka for Lithuania occurs in the diplomatic correspondence [jarłyki] of the Crimean Tatar khan Gerejs with the Polish kings in the 16th century and later. They arrived in Lithuania from the former territories of the Golden Horde: specifically from the Khanate of the Crimea, and the Khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan, polities which emerged upon the dissolution of the Golden Horde. As the Commonwealth did not grant any new princely titles, those who aspired to such titles had their princely titles recognised only if they were related to the reigning house of the Golden Horde. www.planetaislam.com /poland/tatarnobility.html

Hetman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Hetman (from Czech: hejtman, German: Hauptmann, Old Slavonic vatamman, Turkish: Ataman) was the title of the second highest military commander (after the monarch) used in 15th to 18th century Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, known from 1569 to 1795 as the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Hetman office was abolished after the third partition of Poland in 1795. Hetmans were main commanders of the military forces, second only to the monarch in the army's chain of command. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hetman

Travel Guide - Online Reservation - Warsaw Accommodation While the Commonwealth's first century was a golden age for both Poland and Lithuania, the second century was marked by military defeats, a return to serfdom for the peasants, and growing anarchy in political life. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (or the Republic of the Two Nations; in Polish Rzeczpospolita Obojga NarodĂłw; in Lithuanian Ĺ˝ečpospolita or AbiejĹł tautĹł respublika; in Latin Regnum Serenissima Poloniae; in Belarusian Рэч ĐŸĐ°ŃĐżĐ°ĐťŃ—ĚŃ‚Đ°Ń) was a federal monarchy-republic formed by the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1569, lasting until 1795. The Commonwealth was notable for its political system, which was a precursor to modern democracy and federation; for its remarkable religious tolerance; and for the second-oldest codified national constitution in the world. www.warsaw-hotel.info /poland-guide/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth

PGSA - Polish & Lithuanian The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland unified under the Lublin agreement of 1569 to form a single state-the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania. Poland at that time extended far into the east, including areas which after World War II were ceded to the Soviet republics of Lithuania, Belorussia, and the Ukraine. This is a gazetteer of the early republic of Poland as it existed from 1918 to 1939. www.pgsa.org /Inter/lithres.htm

The Athenian Poland's name for Ukraine in that era was "Dzikie pole" - the wild fields, and the territory was controlled by powerful and cruel Ruthenian (Ukrainian) magnates like Jarema Wisniowiecki, and the Cossack raiders of the Zaporozhian Sich (Zaoporozhia = beyond the waterfalls, Sich = habitation). When Poland won the 1920 Polish-Soviet war ('the miracle on the Vistula'), it gained large parts of the former Commonwealth in the peace settlement. After the collapse of the Commonwealth in the 1790s, modern Ukraine was divided between Austria (which took over part of the Polish territories in the west) and Russia. blogs.salon.com /0004082/2004/12/01.html

Journal of Social History: Meletij Smotryc'kyj. - book reviews In 1627 Meletij Smotryc'kyj wrote a letter from Ukraine, in the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania, addressed to Pope Urban VIII in Rome in the flattering language of an accomplished ecclesiastical courtier. In the 1620s the Commonwealth was still bedeviled (from the anti-diabolical perspective of the Catholic Counter-Reformation) by a fascinating diversity of schisms and heresies, ranging from Orthodoxy, through all the variably radical degrees of Protestantism, and including the great majority of the world's Jews. It is possible to trace Smotryc'kyj's path across the lands of the Commonwealth, to Protestant Germany during the earlier years of his religious education, to Ottoman Constantinople, still the capital of Orthodoxy, in the later years of his religious dilemma. www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2005/is_n4_v30/ai_19754256

Nemunas' loops regional park Towns and settlements Nemajunai When the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania was disloved, Nemajunai gained the right to call itself a town and received its own emblem (Saint Kasimir, holding a crucifix in the right hand and a lily in the left, on a light blue background). discovery.ot.lt /cfair99/miestai/a_nemaju.htm

Leeds Met - International Students - International Reflections A multicultural Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania existed for over 150 years, embracing several European nations long before the first concepts of the EU emerged. Poland played an important role in developments that brought the European continent to its present shape, starting with the Battle of Vienna in 1683 when the Polish Hussars halted the invasion of the Ottomans about to overrun the continent. In 1791 the first written constitution in Europe was adopted by Poland shortly after one was created in America. www.lmu.ac.uk /internat/reflects/apr04/apr30.htm

POLAND - LoveToKnow Article on POLAND His supposed preference for Lithuania was the real cause of his unpopularity in Poland, where, to the very end of his reign, he was regarded with suspicion, and where every effort was made to thwart his far-seeing and patriotic political combinations, which were beyond the comprehension of his self-seeking and narrowminded contemporaries. The first symptom of this lawlessness was the separation of Poland and Lithuania, the Lithuanians proceeding~ to elect Alexander, Casimirs fourth son, as their grand-duke, without even consulting the Polish senate, in flagrant violation of the union of Horodlo. Poland had established a sort of suzerainty over Moldavia as early as the end of the I4th century; but at best it was a loose and vague overlordship which the Hospodars repudiated whenever they were strong enough to do so. www.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PO/POLAND.htm

Pulaski Film Script The life of Kazimierz Pulaski began when the nation of Poland was known as the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania. A map of Poland at that time - highlighting the Ukraine - will be seen as the Narrator remarks that Tsarina Catherine insisted that Russia was coming to the rescue of the faithful Ukrainian Orthodox. To understand the Poland of Pulaski's time, a map of all Europe in the mid-1700's is important. www.polishcultureacpc.org /script2.html

Medieval Lithuania Medieval Lithuania included also the territory of modern Belarus and the greater part of Ukraine and had strongly influenced the historical fate of Poland and the other countries in the region. The lands of the three Jagiellonian brothers (Wladislas, the King of Bohemia and Hungary; John Albert, the King of Poland; Alexander, the Grand Duke of Lithuania) formed a Jagiellonian political system, which existed from 1492 to 1526. Lithuania was first mentioned in 1009, formed a state ca. viduramziu.lietuvos.net /en

World Flags Collection; Poland A commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania 4 July 1569. Kingdom of Poland, subordinate to Russia, 20 January 1815 to 5 November 1916. People's Republic of Poland 1 August 1952 to 30 December 1989. web.telia.com /~u84508119/pol.htm

Humbul full record view for -- Rzeczpospolita obojga narodów The Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania was one of the largest states seen in Europe, as it evolved from a personal union in the fourteenth century to a political union in the sixteenth, only to disappear off the European map altogether in the eighteenth century. The author of the site has not confined himself merely to the work of Jasienica, but has also used and credited that of eminent historians Maria Bogucka, Piotr Jaworowski, and Michał Bobrzyński. The title reflects the source of most of the content, the site having been named after Paweł Jasienica's seminal work. www.humbul.ac.uk /output/full2.php?id=11416

Humbul full record view for -- The decline of Poland The subject of heated debate, the complex and myriad reasons for the disappearance of the largest state in Europe (the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania) at the end of the eighteenth century is a fascinating enigma of history. The Web Site "The Decline of Poland" is a comprehensive set of lecture notes and bibliographical details published and authored by Professor Anna Ciencala of the University of Kansas. The notes are bolstered by interesting illustrations and form a complete resource in themselves, of use to those teaching the history of the area or to undergraduate students. www.humbul.ac.uk /output/full2.php?id=11859

The Polish Nobility Commonwealth Guild Upon identifying a 'noticible gap' in the lack of proper representation of Poland in the Renaissance-era Faire circuit, the idea for the creation of THE POLISH NOBILITY COMMONWEALTH GUILD was formed, to 'redress this imbalance'. Also, would be PANCERNI Cavalry, DRAGOONS, and INFANTRY, as well as examples of the Foreign mercenaries who fought as allies with Poland, such as the SCOTS, FRENCH, ITALIANS,GERMANS and the influence of the BALKAN STATES such as HUNGARY, SERBIA and CROATIA, to name a few. The POLISH NOBILITY COMMONWEALTH GUILD is the First 'Officially Recognized' representation of the mighty and spectacular portrayal of 16th-17th Century 'Renaissance-era' European History. www.geocities.com /rik_fox/husaria/index2.html

ArtScope.net: Land of The Winged Horsemen/ Art in Poland 1572-1764 But, with the Union of Lublin in 1569, the joint Commonwealth of Crown Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania stretched from the Baltic to the Black Sea and was the largest state in Europe. The Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania did among many other things nourish the Racovian Protestants, who influenced Spinoza and John Locke; shaped the Arianist Polish Brethren who developed the Unitarian church, and eventually founded Europe's first Ministry of Education. The exhibition catalogue notes that the execution displays strong links with the Venetian school (of which Dolabella was the foremost representative in Poland) and even affinities with artistic developments in the Netherlands. www.artscope.net /VAREVIEWS/poland0799.shtml

Poland 3, 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania ratified a constitution, being the... Poland is an ancient nation that was conceived near the middle of... Poland gained its independence in 1918 only to be overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union in World... www.lasso.dk /lande/Poland.shtml

AllRefer.com - Poland - Destruction of Poland-Lithuania Polish Information Resource Arguing that Poland had fallen prey to the radical Jacobinism (see Glossary) then at high tide in France, Russia and Prussia abrogated the Constitution of May 3, carried out a second partition of Poland in 1793, and placed the remainder of the country under occupation by Russian troops. Thus, Poland's neighbors reduced the commonwealth to a rump state and plainly signaled their designs to abolish it altogether at their convenience. Russia received a vast area of eastern Poland, extending southward from its gains in the first partition nearly to the Black Sea. reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/poland/poland32.html

Embassy Tour He carries a shield with the coat-of-arms of the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania, also known as the Republic of Two Nations. Each room reveals the vitality of the people and culture of Poland. As this building and its collection of art continues to be enjoyed by many visitors, we hope that each of you will take away new insights and understanding of our heritage. www.polandembassy.org /Embassy_Tour/9.htm

Ukraine. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 It borders on Poland in the northwest; on Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Moldova in the southwest; on the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov in the south; on Russia in the east and northeast; and on Belarus in the north. The Polish partition treaties of 1772, 1793, and 1795 (see Poland, partitions of) awarded Podolia and Volhynia to Russia, thus reuniting left-bank and right-bank Ukraine; E Galicia went to Austria. Hetman Ivan Mazepa, presiding over a diminished Cossack state, sought once again to free Ukraine from Russian domination; he thus joined Sweden against Russia in the Northern War, but their defeat at Poltava by Czar Peter I in 1709 sealed the fate of Ukraine. www.bartleby.com /65/uk/Ukraine.html

Poland : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress Poland : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/pltoc.html

Belarusian Statehood In 1939 Poland was divided between Nazi Germany and the USSR according to Molotov-Ribbentrop agreement. Our national symbol "Pahonia" or in English -"Chase"- is the same for Belarus and Lithuania since it comes from the days when Belarusians and Lithuanians were unified in one big commonwealth of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Rus'. After a three year war with Poland Bolsheviks have signed in 1921 a peace treaty in Riga, according to which Western Belarus and Western Ukraine have been given to Poland. www.belarusguide.com /statehood

Britain and Poland-Lithuania - Contact and Comparison The History Departments of the Jagiellonian University Cracow and the University of British Columbia invite proposals for papers for a conference devoted to the discussion of connections and influences as well as comparisons between the kingdoms of the British Isles and the kingdom and the commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania. A conference to be held September 16 - 18, 2005, in Cracow, Poland Contributors should consider exploring contacts between the two parts of northern Europe down to the Third Partition of Poland. www.h-net.msu.edu /announce/show.cgi?ID=141441

BOSZ Publishing House Merely the outcome of its author's peregrinations, in an attempt to perpetuate the extant walls of the once proud castles guarding the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania? Perhaps, under the spell of the surrounding countryside, he suddenly felt the urge to preserve, in an instant flash of his camera – over and above its metaphorical sense and its split-second of rapture – a testimony to the utter reality of the poet's ancient sigh that “there is no land like Podolia”? Nostalgic views of the River Dnieper and the steppes, with vestiges of their erstwhile Polish culture. www.bosz.com.pl /k-zamkius.html

Belarusian Knighthood Tradition Bibliography on Knighthood in Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania (old Belarus) - Rzeczpospolita. Knighthood in Rzeczpospolita - Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania (Old Belarus). The State symbol of Belarus and Lithuania - Pahonia (Chase) - depicts a white knight on a horse, chasing an Enemy, with a sword risen above his head. www.belarusguide.com /cities/castles/Belarusian_Knighthood.html

Lithuania - OneLook Dictionary Search Phrases that include Lithuania: capital of lithuania, republic of lithuania, air lithuania, central lithuania, commonwealth of poland lithuania, more... Lithuania : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info] Lithuania : The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy [home, info] www.onelook.com /?w=Lithuania

A timeline of Poland and Lithuania : Poland and Lithuania are formally united under king Zygmunt/Sigismund ("Union of Lublin"), last of the Jagiellonians : at the Congress of Vienna the Duchy of Warszaw is partitioned among Russia, Austria and Prussia and the Russian tsar Alexander I grants semi-autonomy to the "Congress Kingdom" of Poland : the anti-Russian movement "Confederation of Bar" is crushed by Russia that partitions one fourth of Poland with Prussia and Austria (Galicia, Krakow) www.scaruffi.com /politics/polish.html

Poland Flag under the Jagiellonian dynasty, Poland was one of the richest 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania ratified a constitution, being Soon after Poland ceased to exist for 123 years. Poland flags; Polish geographic.org Flags of Poland geographic.org. Geographical and political facts, flags and ensigns of Poland World Flag Database. www.flags-online.org /flags/poland_flag.html

ReggaeSeen.com - reggae encyclopedia - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth While the Commonwealth's first century was a golden age for both Poland and Lithuania, the second century was marked by military defeats, a return to serfdom for the peasants, and growing anarchy in political life. Estimated grain consumption in the "Crown" (Poland proper) and Prussia in 1560–70 was some 113,000 tons of wheat (or 226,000 łaszt (a łaszt, or "last," being a large bulk measure; in the case of grain, about half a ton). After the Counter-Reformation, when the Roman Catholic Church regained power in Poland, the szlachta became almost exclusively Roman Catholic, despite the fact that Roman Catholicism was not a majority religion (the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches counted approximately 40% of the population each, while the remaining 20% were Jews and members of various Protestant churches). www.reggaeseen.com /reggae/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth

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