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	Franz Josef Land - LoveToKnow 1911
		The bear and fox are the only land mammals; insects are rare; but the avifauna is of interest, and the Jackson expedition distinguished several new species.
		In that year Mr Alfred Harmsworth (afterwards Lord Northcliffe) fitted out an expedition in the ship "Windward" under the leadership of Mr F. Jackson, with the object of establishing a permanent base from which systematic exploration should be carried on for successive years and, if practicable, a journey should be made to the Pole.
		Further light was thrown on the relations of Franz Josef Land and Spitsbergen during 1897 by the discoveries of Captain Robertson of Dundee, and Wyche's Land was circumnavigated by Mr Arnold Pike and Sir Savile Crossley.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Franz_Josef_Land (952 words)

	Polar Bear Expedition - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Polar Bear Expedition was sent to Russia by the U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in response to requests from the governments of Great Britain and France to join the Allied Intervention in North Russia (also known as the North Russia Campaign).
		After they returned home, the Polar Bear veterans lobbied their state and Federal governments to obtain funds and the necessary approvals to retrieve the bodies of more than 125 U.S. soldiers who were known to have been left behind in North Russia.
		An expedition under the auspices of the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) was successful in organizing and conducting a recovery mission in the autumn of 1929 that found, identified and brought out the remains of 86 U.S. soldiers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polar_Bear_Expedition (1235 words)

	Greenpeace expedition finds new evidence of climate change impacts in the artic \| Greenpeace UK
		The melting of the polar pack is the most obvious impact of climate change in the western Arctic, which is warming at a rate 3-5 times faster than the rest of the globe.
		Walrus, polar bears, seals, seabirds and other uniquely Arctic animals are dependent on the sea ice for their survival and so are immediately affected by any change to the ice.
		Polar bears are also under threat from the retreating sea ice and ecosystem changes which could threaten their food supply.
	www.greenpeace.org.uk /node/2870 (1093 words)

	Polar bear - Ursus maritimus: More Information - ARKive
		Polar bears are solitary mammals throughout most of the year, with the exception of breeding pairs and family groups (4).
		Polar bears show some amazing adaptations to their Arctic life and are able to detect prey that are almost a kilometer away and up to a meter under the compacted snow using their heightened sense of smell (2).
		The Polar Bear Specialist Group reported in their 2005 meeting that the greatest challenge to the conservation of polar bears may be large-scale ecological change resulting from climatic warming, if the trend documented in recent years continues (3).
	www.arkive.org /species/GES/mammals/Ursus_maritimus/more_info.html (1451 words)

	Polar Bear
		But polar bears are there, sure enough, and they are without question the reigning lords of the Arctic.
		Science calls the polar bear Ursus maritimus, which means the "sea bear." Nature designed him to prosper in a habitat far too severe for most forms of life.
		Scientifically, the brown bear is Ursus arctos, the bear of the North.
	www.polarbearsinternational.org /pbhc/intro.htm (2463 words)

	Civilization.ca - Canadian Arctic Expedition - People
		Polar Bear was sailed from Barter Island for Nome in August 1918 and then on to St. Michaels, Alaska, and prepared for winter and eventual sale.
		William Seymour was second mate on the Polar Bear in 1914 and joined the Northern Party under Stefansson along with the rest of the schooner's crew.
		Thomsen was a sailor and handyman on the Mary Sachs, and was hired in Nome by the Expedition as part of the schooner's crew.
	www.civilization.ca /hist/cae/peo613e.html (2591 words)

	POLAR BEARS THREATENED BY DRAMATIC ARCTIC WARMING
		During a recent expedition to study wildlife populations, Greenpeace's icebreaker, m/v Arctic Sunrise, carried scientists and campaigners to the 'ice edge' in the Chukchi Sea, that part of the Arctic Ocean between northern Alaska and Russia's Chukotka Peninsula.
		Polar bears feed nearly exclusively on ringed seals which they hunt from the ice edge, or through the pack ice itself.
		The retreat of the sea ice also means that more bears may become trapped on or near shore in the summer and fall, and are more likely to run afoul of humans and garbage dumps, or in the case of Alaska, with the industrial complex associated with oil development on Alaska's Nort h Slope.
	archive.greenpeace.org /pressreleases/arctic/1998nov2.html (650 words)

	Polar Dream: The First Solo Expedition by a Woman and Her Dog to the Magnetic North Pole
		Polar Dream is the story of their heroic trek and extraordinary relationship as they faced polar bears, unimaginable cold, and a storm that destroyed most of their supplies and food.
		Polar Dream is the personal memoir of Helen Thayer, the first woman (and the oldest person at age 50) to travel on foot, unresupplied, to the magnetic North Pole.
		Polar Dream, the story of her solo walk to the magnetic North Pole with her Inuit dog Charlie is invigorating, with a down to earth humble look at life.
	www.xmlwriter.net /books/viewbook/Polar_Dream:_The_First_Solo_Expedition_by_a_Woman_and_Her_Dog_to_the_Magnetic_North_Pole-0939165457.html (1214 words)

	WWF \| Polar Bears \| Updates
		WWF's strategy is to mitigate those factors which disturb and threaten the polar bear in its key habitats, while working at the international level to change policies that contribute to carbon emissions in the atmosphere.
		The WWF-led expedition team included Margaret Williams, WWF Bering Sea ecoregion leader; biologist Andrei Boltunov of the Russian Institute of Nature Conservation, and Charlie Johnson, Chairman of the Alaska Native Polar Bear Commission.
		With ideas and lessons learned from Alaska native communities, the residents of Vankarem are using their Alaskan neighbor's experience with similar polar bear "brigades." WWF is now providing technical and training support to the brigades, teams of people whose main task is to frighten bears from the village if they approach.
	www.worldwildlife.org /polarbears/updates/polarbearprotection.cfm (1113 words)

	WWF \| Polar Bears \| Threats
		Polar bears need sea ice to access their ringed seals, their main source of food, and to move from hunting grounds to their summer resting areas.
		Proposed offshore extraction poses the greatest threat to polar bears and their prey because it increases the risk of direct exposure to oil in the event of an oil spill.
		Polar bears are particularly vulnerable to high levels of pollutants because they are a top predator and eat a fat rich diet.
	www.worldwildlife.org /polarbears/threats.cfm (911 words)

	WWF - US-Russia polar bear treaty ratified
		Two populations of the bears occur in Alaska: the southern Beaufort Sea population (about 1,500 animals), shared with Canada; and the Alaska-Chukotka (Chukchi Sea) population (approximately 2,000 bears), which is shared with Russia.
		The treaty fulfills the spirit and intent of the 1973 multilateral Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears among the United States, Russia, Norway, Denmark (for Greenland) and Canada by allowing a sustainable harvest by Alaska and Chukotka natives, but prohibiting the harvest of females with cubs or of cubs less than one year old.
		It also prohibits the use of aircraft and large motorized vehicles in the taking of polar bears and enhances the conservation of specific habitats such as feeding, congregating, and denning areas.
	www.panda.org /about_wwf/where_we_work/europe/what_we_do/arctic/polar_bear/index.cfm?uNewsID=114681 (407 words)

	Earthwatch Expeditons
		We had appreciated the Churchill landscape, people and animals on our visit in October 1998, when the polar bears were preparing to go out on the pack ice.
		We had to have a bear watcher every time we worked in the field as the polar bears were moving in from the ice and could wander through our work area.
		The polar bears may have been saved from hunting and habitat destruction, but the early melting and late freezing of Hudson Bay may mean they have too little time to make a living catching seals to remain healthy and continue to survive from year to year.
	mfeay.home.att.net /Earthwatch_summary.htm (9196 words)

	Print Article: Her vision kept men at sea, on ice
		Ginny's husband, the polar explorer Sir Ranulph "Ran" Fiennes, led many expeditions, in hot deserts and cold regions, through the last 30 years of the 20th century.
		This episode was the start of Ginny's lifelong love of Oman, and she organised four expeditions with Ran to locate the lost frankincense city of Ubar, in Dhofar.
		Ten years later her dream finally succeeded, and the British Trans- globe expedition team, led by Ran and with Ginny as radio operator, became the first to reach both the North and South poles, having crossed Antarctica and the Arctic Ocean through the North-West Passage, a journey altogether of 56,000 kilometres lasting three years.
	www.smh.com.au /cgi-bin/common/popupPrintArticle.pl?path=/articles/2004/02/26/1077676902038.html (1091 words)

	Expedition Antarctica - Fathom Expeditions
		Fathom Expeditions has custom-built the Spirit of Shackleton trip programs and itinerary to make this an unforgettable classic: a long comprehensive voyage featuring all the very best stops and explorations on the Antarctic Peninsula and surrounding islands.
		She was built specifically for the polar regions and carries us in comfort through this trail of history and wonder.
		The expedition is an ideal balance of relaxation and active exploration, adventure and comfort, education and experience.
	www.fathomexpeditions.com /Antarctic_expedition_Feb06.html (510 words)

	Global Adrenaline :: Polar :: Arctic
		The land is a bewitching combination of towering mountains in the west and fossil-rich polar desert in the east.
		Almost everywhere we visit there is a chance of seeing polar bears, as Spitsbergen supports one of the world's densest populations of these magnificent animals.
		It is a haunting world where the polar bear is king and tens of millions of migrating birds find a summer home.
	www.globaladrenaline.com /polar/arctic (3150 words)

	Civilization.ca - Canadian Arctic Expedition - People
		At Herschel Island in 1910, Storkerson married Uiniq, or Elvina (1895?-1931) as she was known in English, the first born of the union between Klengenberg from Denmark and Kemnik from Alaska.
		Elvina Storkersen was paid for her work as seamstress on the Expedition, for 16 months at $20 a month, and for 12 months at $40 a month (Auditor General's Report 1917-18).
		In 1928 he made a pioneering polar flight from Alaska to Spitzbergen, for which he was knighted by King George V. During a trip under the polar ice in an obsolete submarine, he took the first under-ice motion pictures.
	www.warmuseum.ca /hist/cae/peo612e.html (1070 words)

	Northwest passage - the admiralty takes over, associated images
		It was the first of several Northwest Passage expeditions to be promoted by John Barrow of the Admiralty and resumed the work of scientific exploration suspended during the Napoleonic Wars.
		It is taken from his account of his expedition on behalf of the Admiralty to explore the north coast of America from the mouth of the Coppermine River to Hudson Bay.
		After his expedition for the Admiralty in 1818, John Ross reported that both Smith Sound and Lancaster Sound were enclosed by mountains, a mistake for which he was severely criticised.
	blpc.bl.uk /onlinegallery/features/northwpass/captions3.html (912 words)

	Alaska Polar Bear Tours (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Whaling starts in late September with the Polar Bears making the 150 mile swim from the ice pac to the mainland around that time.
		A few bears stay year round but the highest concentrations are in October and November.
		Arctic Air Expeditions departs from Anchorage and flies via Fairbanks to one of several Inupiat Eskimo Villages located on the shores of the Beaufort Sea 250 miles North of the Arctic Circle.
	alaskapolarbeartours.com /bear_viewing.htm (323 words)

	Telegraph \| Travel \| Norway: white magic
		On a cruise to see polar bears in the wild, Chris Moss is beguiled by the icy beauty of Norway's Svalbard archipelago.
		Of course, we've come north to see polar bears - Svalbard is the only place in Europe where they can be seen in the wild - but the Arctic is no mere backdrop.
		We steal around a spit so the photographers among us can get their dream shot of a polar bear in his natural habitat, against the crenellated mountains, under the sun.
	travel.telegraph.co.uk /travel/main.jhtml?xml=/travel/2005/07/23/etsvalbard23.xml (871 words)

	Wildland Tours > Tour and Booking Information > Northern Labrador Polar Bear Cruise
		Polar Bear Expedition to the Torngat Mountains and Nunatsiavut
		In the summer of 2006, a crew of five biologists managed to tag 123 polar bears over a five-day program which may be a world record for bear tagging.
		The area is clearly the province's polar bear capital, and coastal people always see them as they travel the region in summer.
	www.wildlands.com /tour_and_booking_information/tour_7.html (819 words)

	Hunting Polar Bear and Musk Ox, Dall and Snow Sheep, Moose, Caribou, Brown Bear in Canada, Alaska, and Kamchatka.
		They report that the Polar Bear Census indicates that bear populations are at the highest levels ever, and that they don't expect the Law Suit to be successful, and expect no changes for US Citizens in 2007.
		Polar Bear hunting is generally done in very late winter or early spring, February 15th through April 30th, when the arctic days lengthen.
		Polar Bear camps are located on the sea ice and can be located one or two days out by snowmobile.
	www.polarbearhunting.net (1008 words)

	Arctic Expedition Cruise Adventure Cruise
		The MS Polar Star ship is small enough to visit areas that larger ships cannot enter, and the Zodiacs will enable you to make interesting shore excursions.
		All departures on board the MS Polar Star feature experienced expedition leaders presenting lectures on the unique plant and animal life of the Spitsbergen archipelago.
		Polar bears can be seen in the east, north, and south, and polar bear spotting is also common along the western fjords and coastlines.
	www.scantours.com /realm_of_the_polar_bear.htm (1430 words)

	Polar Bears, Polar Bears Habitat, Endangered Polar Bears
		As the world's largest terrestrial carnivore, the polar bear is the king of the great white north.
		It might come as a surprise then that this majestic species faces an uncertain future: Climate change is causing the disappearance of sea ice from which polar bears hunt their prey.
		WWF is engaged on the ground and in the policy arena to address the causes of climate change and reduce its impact on wildlife and the world's wild places.
	www.worldwildlife.org /polarbears (184 words)

	ExpeditionTrips.com - Research
		Since I had only seen polar bears from behind the protective wall at the Brookfield Zoo in Chicago (and in those Coke commercials at Christmas time), I thought this trip sounded like a FAR more adventurous way to see the beasts.
		I’m sure the polar bears were pleased with the chilly temps though.
		The polar bears are truly magnificent beasts, and to experience them in their natural environment is an unbeatable treat!
	www.expeditiontrips.com /research/word_detail.asp?wordid=8 (451 words)

	World Wildlife Fund (WWF) leads conservation efforts protecting endangered species and their habitats.
		The expedition is part of an ambitious effort to protect and study polar bears and address an increasing problem caused by climate change -- conflict between polar bears and humans.
		With us is a group of polar bear biologists from the Russian Institute of Nature Conservation, the Chukotka Research Institute for Fisheries and Oceanography, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service in Alaska.
		We are here as part of an ambitious effort to protect and study polar bears in the face of numerous challenges - foremost being the tremendous change in polar bears' sea ice habitat.
	www.wwfblogs.org /polarbears/2007/05/arrival-in-north-as-i-look-out-plane.html (802 words)

	ESA Portal - Protecting the Environment - Polar explorer delivers rare snow-depth data to ESA for CryoSat validation
		The planned 1,000 km expedition was unfortunately cut short when the Pole Track logistics provider was denied permission to build their base camp near the North Pole.
		However, the frustration of the logistical issues forcing the trek to be abandoned would seem less important compared to when Marc came face to face with a huge male polar bear on the verge of attack.
		Fortunately, Petter was able to shoot his gun to scare the bear away and Marc escaped with his life, albeit shaken by his close encounter with death.
	www.esa.int /esaCP/SEMPZW7X9DE_Protecting_0.html (1320 words)

	Creating the Next Generation of Archival Finding Aids
		The "Polar Bear Expedition," formally known as "American Intervention in Northern Russia, 1918-1919," describes an incident during World War I when U.S. military troops were sent to northern Russia to fight the Bolsheviks.
		Second, the Polar Bear Expedition materials were already digitized and therefore provided a good test bed for experimenting with access and description of digital primary sources, a new area of research in the archival field.
		Finally, the Polar Bear Expedition collections have always been considered one unit since they are highly interrelated, self-contextualizing, and provide different perspectives on a variety of events.
	www.dlib.org /dlib/may07/yakel/05yakel.html (3341 words)

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