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	Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		PSLV or Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle is an expendable launch system operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
		In September 2002, the 1060 kg KALPANA-1 was launched by PSLV-C4 to a GTO orbit (Geo Transfer Orbit).
		PSLV will continue be the work horse of the ISRO for its launches, especially for LEO satellites and the Chandrayan Projects.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/PSLV (306 words)

	Encyclopedia: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
		An expendable launch system is a single-use launch vehicle usually used to launch a payload into space.
		The Space Shuttle Columbia is initially launched using solid-fuel boosters Solid rockets are rockets with a motor that uses solid propellants (fuel/oxidizer).
		Earth observation satellites are satellites specifically designed to observe Earth from orbit, similar to reconnaissance satellites but intended for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, map making etc....
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Polar-Satellite-Launch-Vehicle (1824 words)

	ipedia.com: Expendable launch system Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Since the entire vehicle is discarded after launch, this may seem like an expensive launch method, but in practice they are cheaper than the one currently-existing partly reusable launch vehicle (the space shuttle -- see the shuttle article for a discussion of its economics).
		Most satellites are launched using expendable launchers; they are perceived as having a low risk of mission failure, a short time to launch and a relatively low cost.
		Expendable launch systems typically consist of stages which are discarded one by one, in order not to have to carry and accelerate parts that are no longer needed, see Staging and Multistage rocket, as opposed to the as-yet theoretical single stage to orbit system.
	www.ipedia.com /expendable_launch_system.html (350 words)

	Indiainfo.com -> News -> India -> PSLV to be launched on German satellite by year end (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Bangalore: India's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), which is expected to piggyback German and Belgian technology experiment satellites, could be launched in the fourth quarter of the year, official sources said.
		The PSLV's next launch from Sriharikota in Tamil Nadu is likely to be delayed because the geo-stationary launch vehicle (GSLV) is scheduled for launch in March.
		The satellite is not expected to be heavier than 100 kg and its cooled infrared detectors to identify "hot spots" or major fires from outer space.
	newsarchives.indiainfo.com /2001/02/28/28pslv.html (388 words)

	PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle)
		The PSLV uses a four-stage core vehicle surrounded by six strap-on boosters of the type developed for the ASLV.
		The PSLV was first launched on Sep. 20, 1993, became operational in March 1996, and has since successfully launched several payloads, including IRS-P4 (Oceansat) and two piggyback satellites, the Korean KITSAT and the German TUBSAT, on May 26,1999.
		A second successful triple launch for PSLV took place on Oct. 22, 2001, when the German BIRD, the Belgian PROBA, and the Indian TES satellites were placed into their correct orbits by the PSLV-3C mission (see accompanying photo of launch).
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/P/PSLV.html (260 words)

	Space Launch Vehicles - PSLV
		The satellite was built by Verheart in Belgium using the MiniSIL bus developed by SI of England, and was controlled from Belgium.
		The Indian satellite, TES and the German satellite BIRD were placed in a 568 km Sun-synchronous orbit where as the third satellite, the Belgian PROBA was raised to an elliptical orbit of 568 x 638 km by firing the RCS thrusters of PS4.
		Unlike the earlier launches, the vehicle was not visible to the naked eye during its ascent, thanks to the overcast sky.
	www.bharat-rakshak.com /SPACE/space-launchers-pslv.html (2105 words)

	India Launches Three Microsats
		The three satellites were placed in a near circular polar sunsynchronous orbit at an altitude of 727 km.
		As per the post launch sequence of events for KITSAT-3, the telemetry system on board is switched ON three and a half hours after separation and the first contact with the command ground station in Korea is expected at 7:30 pm IST this evening.
		The successful launch of PSLV-C2 today, the fourth successive successful flight in the PSLV series, has demonstrated the maturity of Indian scientists to build operational launch vehicles to place Indian satellites in orbit from within the country.
	www.spacewar.com /news/india-99a.html (736 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| India successfully launches remote sensing satellite
		A new Earth-observing satellite rocketed into space today for India, giving the nation a new eye in the sky to monitor civilian activities and their impact on the environment.
		Liftoff of the eighth PSLV rocket with the IRS-P6 satellite occurred at 0452 GMT (12:52 a.m.
		Flights of the PSLV with another remote sensing satellite and of the larger Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle with a communications bird are expected within the next 12 months.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/n0310/16pslv (1191 words)

	PSLV- C2
		PSLV-C3 is the sixth flight of ISRO’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle.
		This is the second time that PSLV is launching three satellites simultaneously; in the previous launch in May 1999, PSLV had launched Indian IRS-P4, German DLR-TUBSAT and Korean KITSAT-3.
		The metallic bulbous heat-shield of PSLV, 3.2 m in diameter, is of isogrid construction and protects the spacecraft during the atmospheric regime of the flight.
	www.isro.org /pslvc3/pslvc3_1.htm (533 words)

	GN Online: Polar rocket carries satellites into orbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The mission, placing the small experimental satellites in polar sun-synchronous orbits –; where they circle the earth over the poles while being aligned with the sun's position – marks another milestone in India's drive to develop its own rockets.
		Kasturirangan said the Indian remote sensing satellite weighing more than 1,100 kg carried a camera with a high resolution of one metrethat could be used to monitor objects on earth, such as vehicles or buildings.
		PSLV, first launched in 1994, is now eyeing a market for small weather and communication satellites needing to be put in low geostationary orbits, that keep satellites above one place.
	www.gulf-news.com /Articles/print.asp?ArticleID=30138 (396 words)

	A landmark launch
		Vajpayee said that the launch of three satellites in a single flight was a technological achievement and that it marked India's arrival in the commercial launch market.
		He said: "We were able to cut down the total vehicle assembly time from 100 days during the first launch to 55 days now." The countdown time for the two developmental launches, which stood at 72 hours, was reduced to 52 hours.
		We plan to fly it in one of the next PSLV missions around 2000." He explained that the idea of launching small satellites which rode piggyback on the primary satellite was not to recover the cost but to enable the conduct of experiments.
	www.thehindu.com /fline/fl1612/16120320.htm (1862 words)

	INDIA MAKES BIG STRIDES IN SPACE
		Simultaneously, with the development of satellites and their operation, India took up launch vehicle development so as to be self-reliant to place these satellites in the required orbits.
		The second launch vehicle of India was the Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV), a 39-tonne, five-stage vehicle, employing solid propellant, capable of putting a 150 kgs class payload in near-circular orbit.
		Two successful launches of this vehicle were conducted in May 1992 and May 1994, when SROSS satellites carrying payloads for astronomy were placed in the intended orbits.
	www.webspawner.com /users/INDIASPACE (1865 words)

	Comcom Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		From sounding rockets, launching of one-tonne class satellites in middle and low earth orbits in less than 25 years is no mean achievement, as only a few countries possess launch vehicle technology.
		The launch vehicle programme, which took off in 1979,received a setback as the first experimental flight of SLV-3 in July that year was only partially successful due to a jammed valve in the second stage control system.The next flight on July 18, 1980, saw the tiny payload of Rohini satellite placed in orbit.
		was a 22-metre-long four-stage vehicle weighing 17 tonne.
	www.vigyanprasar.com /comcom/devlop13.htm (1148 words)

	BBC News \| SOUTH ASIA \| India launches polar satellites
		The launch date was kept under wraps because of security concerns in the wake of the 11 September terror attacks on the United States.
		The PSLV was first launched in 1994 and was developed to place satellites weighing one tonne or more into polar sun synchronous orbits - which makes the satellite move along the earth's poles while being aligned with the position of the sun.
		The maiden launch of a geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle potentially capable of launching considerably heavier satellites failed in March this year.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/world/south_asia/newsid_1613000/1613155.stm (275 words)

	New heights for the PSLV
		This is the first time that the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is using a PSLV to launch a satellite at a height of 36,000 km, into a geo-synchronous transfer orbit (GTO).
		The previous five successive PSLV flights launched remote-sensing satellites in polar sun-synchronous orbits at a height of 800 km to 900 km.
		With the PSLV proving its capability to deploy satellites weighing from 800 kg to 1,400 kg in a polar sun-synchronous orbit, studies revealed that it could also put in orbit a 1,050 kg class satellite in the GTO.
	www.thehindu.com /thehindu/fline/fl1918/19180790.htm (1841 words)

	Space Launch Vehicles - GSLV
		The GSLV (Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle) Mk-I is a heavy communication satellite launcher developed to enable India to launch its own INSAT-class 2,000 to 2,500Kg satellites into Geo-Transfer-Orbit (GTO) for Indian and foreign communication satellite market.
		Through a series of six orbital maneuvers conducted between April 19 and 23, the satellite's orbit was raised to near-geosynchronous height with an apogee of 35,665 km, a perigee of 33,806 km and an inclination of 0.997°.
		GSLV Mk-III will be a three-stage launch vehicle with first stage consisting of two S200 Large Solid Booster (LSB) with 200 tonne solid propellant stage, that are strapped to the second stage L110 restartable stage (with 110 tonne liquid propellant and 4-meter diameter).
	www.bharat-rakshak.com /SPACE/space-launchers-gslv.html (3235 words)

	The Hindu : The GSLV project
		WHETHER IT was the SLV-3 in 1979, the Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) in 1987 or the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) six years later, the first launch of each new rocket by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has marked a major technological advance.
		The present Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), which is scheduled to be launched on March 28, is the exception.
		The escalation in the PSLV project cost was 33 per cent and the shortfall in performance at the first launch was only 15 per cent.
	www.hinduonnet.com /2001/03/27/stories/05272524.htm (1439 words)

	SPACE.com -- India Launches METSAT into Orbit with Improved PSLV Rocket
		The meteorology satellite known as METSAT was to have separated from the fourth stage of the PSLV rocket 21 minutes after launch.
		The shot was the seventh for the PSLV rocket and the first time that a booster designed -- and named -- for sending satellites into orbits over the planet's poles was used to send a spacecraft on its way into a geosynchronous transfer orbit.
		By launching this dedicated weather satellite on its own Indian launcher, ISRO officials hope to lower their cost of launching spacecraft by not having to rely on foreign commercial firms such as Europe's Arianespace.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/pslv_launch_020912.html (531 words)

	Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle(PSLV-C2)
		PSLV - C2 The second operational launch of India's Polar Satellite Launc Vehicle (PSLV) will place three satellites - Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-P4) as the main payload and Korean KITSAT-3 and German DLR-TUBSAT as auxilary payloads - into a 727 km polar sunsynchronous orbit.
		With a lift of weight of 294 tone, the 44.4m tall PSLV is a four stage vehicle employing solid propellant stages in the first and third stages and liquid propellant stages in the second and fourth stages.
		PSLV is launched from ISRO's Satish Dhawan Space Centre, SHAR, Sriharikota, about 100 km north of Chennai.
	www.isro.org /pslvc2.htm (284 words)

	Asia Times Online :: South Asia news, business and economy from India and Pakistan
		This was also the first time that the ISRO had launched two satellites in a single flight from Sriharikota (near the city of Chennai, in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu), the other on this occasion being the much smaller Hamsat for amateur radio broadcasts.
		India's Agni project, which was launched in the late 1980s, has been under the US microscope, with the country using every persuasive power, including sanctions, to delay it.
		Indian launch vehicles are not yet powerful enough for India's heaviest satellites, which have been launched on Europe's Ariane.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/South_Asia/GE20Df04.html (1087 words)

	News Headings
		As the 45-metre four-stage vehicle took off, spewing an orange flames and soaring into the clear azure sky, there was jubilation everywhere and top scientists hugged and shook hands.
		Immediately after the satellites separated, ISRO Chairman Kasturirangan, amidst jubilation, congratulated the scientists for the ‘copybook precision’ of the launch.
		Today’s launch of Oceansat marks the Indian Space Department’s counter to sanctions imposed on it by the USA after the Pokhran nuclear tests.
	www.tribuneindia.com /1999/99may27/head3.htm (578 words)

	India and Space Transportation Systems
		The PSLV (Polar Space Launch Vehicle) was developed to permit India to launch its own IRS-class satellites into sun-synchronous orbits, a service until recently procured commercially via the USSR/CIS.
		The core vehicle possesses an unusual design consisting of two solid-propellant stages (1 and 3) and two liquid, hypergolic stages (2 and 4).
		During 1992 all four stages were certified for flight in 1993, and full vehicle integration tests were performed (References 70 and 72).
	www.fas.org /spp/guide/india/launch/pslv.htm (609 words)

	CARTOSAT-1 And HAMSAT To Be Launched By PSLV-6 On Thursday
		PSLV was used to launch ISRO's exclusive meteorological satellite, KALPANA-1, into a Geo-synchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) in September 2002.
		SLP is configured as a universal launch pad capable of accommodating all the vehicles of ISRO including the advanced launch vehicle to be built in the next decade and beyond (unlike dedicated pads elsewhere in the world mainly catering to a particular launch vehicle).
		Mobile Launch Pedestal (MLP): The 19.5 x 19.5 m MLP with bogie system is used to transfer the integrated vehicle from VAB to the launch pad located at a distance of 1 km.
	www.terradaily.com /news/eo-05zq.html (1551 words)

	SPACE.com -- India Plans to Send Spacecraft to Moon
		While the scientific value of another mission to the moon might be limited considering that probes have been exploring Earth's satellite since the 1950s, the mission would undoubtedly be a mark of prestige for India.
		A modified Indian rocket, called the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), would deliver into lunar orbit a small spacecraft that would spend several years studying the moon with reflectometers, spectrometers and cameras, according to India Today.
		However, that motor was successfully tested in a launch of the PSLV in 1999.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/missions/india_moon_000629.html (543 words)

	PSLV
		METSAT 1 was an Indian (ISRO) meteorological, geostationary satellite that was launched by an upgraded, four-stage PSLV-C4 rocket.
		The satellite was manoeuvred from the transfer orbit to a geostationary postion at 37° E longitude on September 16, and then was parked at 74° E longitude on September 24.
		The satellite was to replace IRS-1C and IRS-1D, and carried three cameras for remote sensing, the highest resolution one being the 6-meter LISS-4 imager.
	www.astronautix.com /lvs/pslv.htm (701 words)

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