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Topic: Polar Sun Synchronous Orbit

Related Topics

Polar orbit

Earth orbit

Orbit

Low Earth orbit

Geosynchronous orbit

Standard gravitational parameter

Orbital speed

Inclination

PSLV

Sun

Mars Climate Orbiter

Orbital elements

Heliocentric model

Longitude

Solar system model

	Polar Orbits
		Due to the rotation of the Earth, it is possible to combine the advantages of low-altitude orbits with global coverage, using near-polar orbiting satellites, which have an orbital plane crossing the poles.
		The ground track of a polar orbiting satellite is displaced to the west after each orbital period, due to the rotation of the Earth.
		The circular orbit implies a constant satellite velocity, which is important for having a regular scanning resolution along the satellite ground track.
	www.newmediastudio.org /DataDiscovery/Hurr_ED_Center/Satellites_and_Sensors/Polar_Orbits/Polar_Orbits.html (808 words)

	Heliosynchronous orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By analogy with the geosynchronous orbit, a heliosynchronous orbit is a heliocentric orbit where the satellite's period of revolution matches the Sun's period of rotation.
		Similar to the geostationary orbit, the heliostationary orbit is the heliosynchronous orbit of inclination zero and eccentricity zero, so that the satellite would appear stationary to an observer on the Sun's surface.
		An Earth satellite orbit in which the orbital plane is near polar and the altitude is such that a satellite will always pass over a specific place on the Earth at the same time and at fixed time intervals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heliosynchronous_orbit (200 words)

	sun-synchronous orbit
		A special case of a near-polar orbit in which a satellite, in going around the Earth, passes over the same points on the Earth's surface at the same local times each day and a different swathe of territory on each orbit.
		This kind of orbit involves passing close to both poles and crossing the meridians at a carefully-chosen angle.
		A dawn-dusk orbit is a special case of a sun-synchronous orbit in which a satellite perpetually trails the shadow of the Earth cast by the Sun.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/S/sun-synchronous_orbit.html (247 words)

	Polar Orbiting Satellites
		Different types of satellite orbits have different uses: while the synchronous orbit is best for communication satellites, Lagrangian point orbits help monitor the solar wind before it reaches Earth.
		The reason is that the Earth itself orbits the Sun, so that the Sun's position in the sky, relative to the distant stars, slowly rotates around the Earth, one circuit per year.
		By placing the satellite in a sun-synchronous orbit near the dawn-dusk plane (90 degrees to the noon-midnight plane described earlier), not only was the interference kept small, but because the orbit's orientation relative to the Sun did not change, the disturbance also stayed more or less the same throughout the mission.
	www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov /Education/wlopolar.html (917 words)

	NASA - Artificial Satellites
		A satellite remains in orbit because of a balance between the satellite's velocity (speed at which it would travel in a straight line) and the gravitational force between the satellite and Earth.
		A slow drift of the orbit's position is coordinated with Earth's movement around the sun in such a way that the satellite always crosses the equator at the same local time on Earth.
		The altitude of its orbit is 438 miles (705 kilometers), and the orbital period is 99 minutes.
	www.nasa.gov /worldbook/artificial_satellites_worldbook.html (2394 words)

	Alaska Satellite Facility < UAF/GI >
		The 2400 kilogram satellite was inserted into a sun-synchronous polar orbit by an Ariane 4 launcher.
		The 2700 kg satellite was inserted into a polar sun-synchronous orbit by a Boeing Delta II rocket.
		The 115 kilogram satellite’s scientific goals were to measure nitric oxide density in the terrestrial lower thermosphere (100-200 km altitude) and analyze the energy inputs from the sun and magnetosphere that create it and cause its abundance to vary dramatically.
	www.asf.alaska.edu /about_asf/previous_satellites.html (583 words)

	Operations
		The repeat cycle of the reference orbit is 35 days, and for most sensors, being wide swath, it provides a complete coverage of the globe within one to three days.
		In particular, the selection of a sun-synchronous orbit is of primary importance and has driven the physical configuration of the spacecraft.
		The orbit maintenance requirements are that the deviation of the actual ground track from the nominal one is kept below 1 km and that the mean local nodal crossing time matches the nominal one to better than five minutes.
	earth.esa.int /envisat/m-s/mission/operations.html (2271 words)

	OCM - Earth Scan Laboratory, LSU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Ocean Color Monitor (OCM) is carried aboard the Oceansat-1 polar orbiting satellite.
		This satellite operates in a near-polar sun synchronous orbit.
		The orbit period is roughly 90 minutes, but only transmits for approximately 10-minute periods, on a contracted basis.
	www.esl.lsu.edu /satellites/ocm (136 words)

	The Thor-Delta rocket system satellite 1A
		It was put in a nearly circular polar sun-synchronous orbit, with apogee 545 km, perogee 533 km, and inclination 97.6 degrees.
		After 6 months in orbit, the satellite entered a period of regular eclipses as the satellite passed behind the Earth -- cutting off sunlight to the solar panels.
		The Utrecht Orbiting Ultraviolet Stellar Spectrometer S59 used a small telescope and a three-slit scanner covering three bands between approximately 2100 and 2800 Å.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/heasarc/missions/td-1a.html (449 words)

	Indian Remote Sensing Satellite Cartosat-1: Technical features and data products
		A polar sun synchronous orbit of altitude 618 Kms.
		The sun-synchronous orbit provides the imagery collection under near-constant illumination conditions throughout the life and repetitive coverage of the same area in a specified interval.
		The orbit configuration of the CARTOSAT-1 spacecraft is given in Fig.2.2.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /technology/rs/techrs023a.htm (914 words)

	III.B. Constraints
		IRAS was successfully launched into its planned 900 km altitude, 99° inclination Sun-synchronous polar orbit with a period of 103 minutes.
		The contour (A) was determined during in orbit check-out; the less conservative contour (A) was used after May 9 to help reduce the SAA effects on the survey scans.
		Towards the end of the mission, the solar declination became such that the Sun was eclipsed by the Earth during part of the orbit.
	irsa.ipac.caltech.edu /IRASdocs/exp.sup/ch3/B.html (1193 words)

	NOAA POES Energetic Particles: Introduction
		The sensor response at each of the 2° by 5° latitude-longitude locations visited by the satellite during the day, as it completes about 14 orbits around the earth, is divided by the year-long median sensor response at the same location--taking into account whether the satellite was northbound or southbound.
		The NOAA satellites are in a 98° inclination, sun-synchronous orbit.
		By noting the longitude of northbound equator crossing of a given orbit, one can estimate the universal time of the start of that orbit, and, knowing that an orbital period is about 105 minutes, the universal time of a given observation during that orbit can be estimated.
	www.sec.noaa.gov /tiger/Intro.html (1029 words)

	Russia Launches Israeli Imaging Bird
		Sun synchronous orbiting satellites are optimal for applications that involve detecting changes at the earth's surface since they always pass within imaging range at any given location at the same time of day.
		The satellite was launched into a sun-synchronous (polar) orbit at 480 kms above the earth.
		Communication with the satellite was established immediately at the Company's polar ground station in Kiruna, Sweden after separation from the Launcher, and then again 90 minutes later at completion of its first orbit.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/microsat-00zb.html (535 words)

	[No title]
		The satellite's orbit will be roughly perpendicular to the direction of Earth's spin, so that the viewing swaths from each overpass can be compiled into whole global images.
		Since high levels of chlorine compounds will be common over the next 50-70 years, the predication of ozone levels is dependent on the detailed physics of the formation of these polar stratospheric clouds and on the prediction of future temperatures in the stratosphere.
		Polar ice core records reveal that atmospheric CO2 and methane concentrations began to rise 2000 to 3000 years before the warming began in Greenland and apparently contributed to the ultimate warming and the melting of ice sheets.
	www.science.gmu.edu /~helaskar/753home/csi753M.doc (7271 words)

	WISE Scan Pattern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The WISE orbit will be a Sun synchronous polar orbit with a 6 AM or 6 PM ascending node like IRAS or COBE.
		Moving at the orbital rate of 0.7 degrees in 11 seconds leads to a small overlap between adjacent frames within one orbit, as shown in the picture to the right.
		The next orbit will have a large overlap, and after a day of observing most points at the ecliptic are observed from 8 to 11 times.
	www.astro.ucla.edu /~wright/WISE/scan-pat.html (145 words)

	An Overview of Meteorological Satellites
		In the near future, the needs of these agencies from polar orbit will be met by a single constellation.
		The two primary spacecraft circle the globe every 102 minutes; one is in a morning orbit (crossing the equator from north to south at 7:30 a.m.
		The DMSP spacecraft are in polar sun-synchronous orbit at about the same orbital period and altitude as the POES spacecraft.
	www.aero.org /publications/crosslink/winter2005/01.html (2382 words)

	Polar sun synchronous orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A polar sun synchronous orbit is a nearly polar orbit.
		Sun synchronous polar orbits are often used for geographically specific monitoring, since they can observe specific locations at the same time of the day.
		Since shadows are supposed to be constant, any change in the image acquired reflects a real change on the ground.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polar_sun_synchronous_orbit (118 words)

	Nimbus-7 Observatory
		The satellite was placed in a 955 km sun-synchronous polar orbit on 25 October 1978.
		The Nimbus-7 was maintained in a near polar, sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 955 km.
		Equator crossings on consecutive orbits are separated by 26.1 degrees longitude.
	toms.gsfc.nasa.gov /n7toms/nimbus7tech.html (1093 words)

	New heights for the PSLV
		The previous five successive PSLV flights launched remote-sensing satellites in polar sun-synchronous orbits at a height of 800 km to 900 km.
		With the PSLV proving its capability to deploy satellites weighing from 800 kg to 1,400 kg in a polar sun-synchronous orbit, studies revealed that it could also put in orbit a 1,050 kg class satellite in the GTO.
		In the low earth orbit, a satellite took pictures of the earth periodically and it visited the same region only once in a few days.
	www.hindu.com /fline/fl1918/19180790.htm (1841 words)

	NOAA POLAR ORBITER DATA USER'S GUIDE Section 1.2
		Because the number of orbits per day is not an integer, the sub-orbital tracks do not repeat on a daily basis, although the local solar time of the satellite's passage is essentially unchanged for any latitude.
		Or, conversely, if the orbit number and ascending node longitude are known, then the spinner can be rotated to the proper longitude and the orbital coverage will be shown as that area covered by the spinner.
		The PSCEAR reports contain osculating Keplerian elements at epoch, the inertial Cartesian elements, the Brouwer mean elements at epoch, the anomalistic and nodal periods, orbit number at epoch, plus the first time derivatives of: the right ascension of the ascending node, argument of perigee and the mean anomaly.
	www2.ncdc.noaa.gov /docs/podug/html/c1/sec1-2.htm (1119 words)

	PSLV - POLAR SATELLITE LAUNCH VEHICLE - SSO/LEO BOOSTER
		The success of the POLAR Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) is an important milestone for the Indian space industry.
		It can also deploy satellites weighing up to 1,500 kg in Polar Sun Synchronous orbit at a height of 750 kms above the earth, as it has done in the case of the Indian Remote-Sensing Satellites (IRS) constellation.
		PSLV was initially designed for launching 900 kg Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS) into a 900 km polar sun synchronous orbit.
	www.geocities.com /hari_ghk/pslv.htm (787 words)

	VENUS mission
		Near polar sun synchronous orbit, altitude 720 km, inclination 98.27°
		The satellite will fly in a near polar sun-synchronous orbit at 720 km height.
		The VENµS scientific mission is planned for at least two years and a half and will be followed by the technological mission for a duration of one year.
	smsc.cnes.fr /VENUS/GP_mission.htm (298 words)

	Why polar-orbiting
		Relatively low orbit allows detection and collection of data, by instruments aboard a polar-orbiting satellite, at a higher spatial resolution than from a geostationary satellite.
		The NPOESS satellites are inserted into a sun-synchronous polar orbit.
		Sun-synchronous means that they pass over their target on the Earth at roughly the same local time.
	www.ipo.noaa.gov /Science/why_polar.html (258 words)

	Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) NOAA Polar Orbiters
		The NOAA Polar Orbiter (Advanced Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS)-N) is a three-axis-stabilized spacecraft that are launched into an 830-870 km, circular, near-polar, sun synchronous orbit.
		The circular orbit permits uniform data acquisition by the satellite and efficient command control of the satellite by CDA stations located near Fairbanks, AK, and Wallops Island, VA.
		The polar operational system consists of two satellites in Sun-synchronous orbits, one in a morning orbit at 833 km and one in an afternoon orbit at 870 km.
	www.pa.op.dlr.de /cleocd/noaa/polar.htm (303 words)

	Orbital Characteristics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		By definition, the plane of a sun-synchronous orbit precesses at the same rate the sun precesses about the earth in a given year.
		With such slow precession, MOST will be able to stare away from the sun, at the celestial sphere along a boresight parallel to the orbit normal vector for long periods of time.
		Any orbit can be described by three elements: inclination, altitude, and local time of the ascending node (LTAN, or the local time of the satellite as it crosses the equatorial plane from the southern to northern hemisphere).
	www.astro.ubc.ca /people/skaret/research/orbindex.htm (244 words)

	Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura
		+ F.A.Q. The Aura spacecraft was launched into a near polar, sun-synchronous orbit with a period of approximately 100 minutes.
		The spacecraft repeats its ground track every 16 days to provide atmospheric measurements over virtually every point on the Earth in a repeatable pattern, permitting assessment of atmospheric phenomena changes in the same geographic locations throughout the life of the mission.
		The spacecraft orbits at 705 km in a sun-synchronous orbit (98o inclination) with a 1:45 PM ±15 minute equator crossing time.
	aura.gsfc.nasa.gov /spacecraft/index.html (171 words)

	Boeing’s Delta 4 to Launch DMSP 17 in 2003
		be placed in a near-polar, sun-synchronous orbit, at an altitude of 833 km (450 nmi) and inclination of 98.8 degrees.
		Two operational DMSP satellites are in orbit, crossing any point on the earth up to two times a day, providing nearly complete global coverage of clouds every six hours.
		Dual polarization measurements are taken at 19.35, 37, and 85.5 GHz, and only vertical polarization is observed at the 22.235 GHz which is a water vapor channel.
	www.spaceandtech.com /digest/sd2001-02/sd2001-02-014.shtml (486 words)

	The NPOESS Preparatory Project
		The NPP satellite is scheduled for launch in 2007 into a circular sun-synchronous polar orbit at a nominal altitude of 824 kilometers and a 10:30 a.m.
		The NPP satellite will be launched into a circular sun-synchronous polar orbit similar to that of the current EOS satellites.The current estimate is a launch sometime in fiscal year 2007.
		For example, when new sensors are first deployed, their on-orbit calibration must be verified, and the data products derived from these instruments must be validated using spatially and temporally coincident correlative observations.
	www.aero.org /publications/crosslink/winter2005/04.html (2685 words)

	People's Daily Online -- Japan successfully launches solar observation satellite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The satellite will operate in a 96-minute polar sun-synchronous orbit around the Earth, which allows the spacecraft to be in continuous sunlight for at least eight months a year during the planned mission of three years.
		The goal of the mission is to provide precise quantitative measurements of the Sun's magnetic field, which is the major source to trigger violent solar activity.
		JAXA summarized Solar-B's observation objectives into four: creation and destruction of the Sun's magnetic field, modulation of the Sun's luminosity, generation of UV and X radiation, as well as eruption and expansion of the Sun's atmosphere.
	english.people.com.cn /200609/23/eng20060923_305600.html (411 words)

	PSLV places satellites in orbit
		India's remote sensing satellite CARTOSAT-1 was on Thursday successfully placed in orbit, 18 minutes after the PSLV-C6 carrying it lifted off from Sriharikota.
		Soon after the satellites were placed in orbit, President A P J Abdul Kalam lauded the ISRO scientists efforts.
		It placed the satellites into a 618-km Polar Sun Synchronous Orbit.
	www.rediff.com /news/2005/may/05pslv.htm (412 words)

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