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	Mars is Melting
		The south polar ice cap of Mars is receding, revealing frosty mountains, rifts and curious dark spots.
		While the south polar cap is vaporizing the north polar cap is growing.
		A physicist would say more accurately "the polar caps are subliming." In other words, the frozen CO --better known as "dry ice"--transforms directly from a solid to a gas without going through an intermediate liquid phase.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2003/07aug_southpole.htm (1357 words)

	Polar ice cap - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A polar ice cap or polar ice sheet is a high-latitude region of a planet or moon that is covered in ice.
		Polar ice caps do not have size, composition or geologic requirements of being over land, but they must be centered in the polar region.
		Earth's polar ice caps are mainly water ice, while Mars's polar ice caps are a mixture of carbon dioxide ice and water ice.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polar_ice_cap (493 words)

	Mars' Polar Caps (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Polar temperatures on Mars are far too cold to melt water ice even in summer— yet the ice caps shrink dramatically in this season.
		For all of their instabilities, the polar caps are still water reservoirs, and if we ever establish a base on Mars, it might have to be in these regions.
		There is enough water in the northern polar cap of Mars to cover the entire United States in ice to a depth of 450 feet.
	www.ozgate.com /infobytes/mars_polar.htm (579 words)

	Polar Cap -- History
		The aurora is mainly seen in polar or near-polar regions.
		Polar explorers had reported that the aurora was extremely rare near the magnetic poles themselves.
		On the other hand, the electrons of the polar rain, which apparently did come from the Sun, were indeed found in patches surrounding the magnetic poles, exactly like the patches of light Birkeland observed on his terrella.
	www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov /Education/whpcap.html (309 words)

	Upper Atmosphere Physics Science
		Polar cap effects are associated with magnetic field lines that connect almost directly with the solar magnetic field on the dayside (cusp/cleft), and with the deep tail of the magnetosphere on the nightside.
		The boundary between the polar cap and those regions of the magnetosphere associated with closed magnetic field lines is coincident with the auroral oval, so-named because of the frequent occurrence of auroral arcs inside a narrow band around the magnetic pole.
		The 'polar cap' designation is normally applied to phenomena that occur poleward of the oval, so that the dayside cusp/cleft is regarded as a separate region with properties distinct from either the polar cap or auroral/sub-auroral regions.
	www.polar.umd.edu /UAPscience.html (2254 words)

	NASA - Mars' Southern Polar Cap
		Weather generated by the two martian regional climates creates conditions that cause the red planet's southern polar ice to freeze out into a cap whose center lies about 93 miles (150 kilometers) from the actual south pole, according to a scientific paper included in the May 12, 2005 issue of the journal, Nature.
		This is the south polar cap of Mars as it appeared to the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) on April 17, 2000.
		Even though it is summer, observations made by the Viking orbiters in the 1970s showed that the south polar cap remains cold enough that the polar frost (seen here as white) consists of carbon dioxide.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/ames/multimedia/images/2005/marscap.html (510 words)

	Initial Polar magnetic field experiment observations of the low-altitude polar magnetosphere:
		Polar orbit segments projected on noon-midnight meridian in the solar magnetic (SM) coordinates for the three perigee passes in Figure 2: (a) March 25, 1996, (b) May 1, 1996, and (c) April 8, 1996.
		In Figure 3 the residuals of the field strength averaged over the polar cap are calculated by subtracting the IGRF magnetic field model from the data.
		Figure 5 shows the residual of magnetic field strength over the polar cap as a function of Dst due to the ring current and demonstrates that the magnetic field associated with the ring current accounts completely for the residual of magnetic field strength seen in the low-altitude polar region.
	www-ssc.igpp.ucla.edu /personnel/russell/papers/Initial_Polar (3181 words)

	Polar Regions (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Both poles have a cap of frozen carbon dioxide that advances and recedes with the seasons.
		In the north a small permanent residual cap left in midsummer is composed of water ice.
		The residual northern cap is substantially larger than the residual southern cap, so much so that the unique polar terrains of the north are rarely seen without some frost cover.
	cmex.ihmc.us /VOViews/POLAR.HTM (454 words)

	LASER PROVIDES FIRST 3-D VIEW OF MARS' NORTH POLE
		The cap is cut by canyons and troughs that plunge to as deep as 0.6 miles (1 kilometer) beneath the surface.
		Impact craters surrounding the cap appear to be filled with ice and dust that was either deposited by wind or condensation, or perhaps remains from an earlier period when the ice cap was larger.
		The shape of the polar cap indicates that it is composed primarily of water ice, with a volume of 300,000 cubic miles (1.2 million cubic kilometers).
	ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov /tharsis/agu_f98.html (837 words)

	THE SOUTH POLAR REGION
		During Perihelic apparitions the prominent south polar cap may be studied and measured to watch the edge of the cap retreat southward during late spring and summer, and in some cases see it reform during the late autumn or early winter.
		Retreat of the South Polar Cap (SPC) averaged from the 1986, 1988, 1990, 2001 and 2003 Perihelic apparitions of Mars.
		The Projected of the South Polar Cap averaged from the 1986, 1988, 1990, 2001 and 2003 Perihelic apparitions of Mars.
	www.tnni.net /~dustymars/SPR.htm (1683 words)

	Catalog Page for PIA04295
		The initial discovery was made in 2001, when the camera team repeated images of portions of the south polar cap that had already been imaged in 1999.
		The south polar residual cap -- that is, the portion of the ice cap that remains bright and retains ice throughout the southern summer season -- was seen in 1997 and 1999 images to have a complex terrain of broad, relatively flat mesas, small buttes, and many pits and troughs.
		The location is near 86.3 degrees south latitude, 49.4 degrees west longitude, and the images show the same portion of the south polar residual cap as it appeared in 1999, 2001, 2003, and 2005.
	photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov /catalog/PIA04295 (886 words)

	JPL.NASA.GOV: News Releases
		A polar vortex is a persistent, large-scale weather pattern, likened to a jet stream on Earth in the upper atmosphere.
		Polar vortices on Earth, Jupiter, Mars and Venus are colder than their surroundings.
		But both the distinct boundary of a warm polar vortex some 30 degrees latitude from the southern pole and a very hot "tip" right at the pole were completely unexpected.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /news/news.cfm?release=2005-020 (795 words)

	NRDC: Global Warming Puts the Arctic on Thin Ice
		The polar ice cap as a whole is shrinking.
		Polar bears, whales, walrus and seals are changing their feeding and migration patterns, making it harder for native people to hunt them.
		Yes -- the contraction of the Arctic ice cap is accelerating global warming.
	www.nrdc.org /globalWarming/qthinice.asp (907 words)

	Mars Polar Cap
		So much change from one year to the next suggests that the polar cap is out of equilibrium with the atmosphere, at least for now.
		In fact, if the loss of the south polar cap were to continue at the same annual rate, the whole cap would he gone in a few thousand years and the Martian atmosphere would become twice as dense and more able to trap solar heat.
		In the polar regions they found the height of the Martian surface to he fluctuating by 1.5 to 2 meters from winter to summer, the result of carbon dioxide freezing onto the ground and then sublimating away.
	www.lawrencehallofscience.org /pass/passv06/marspolarcap.html (621 words)

	Systematic Errors in Micrometer Measurements using Different Methods for Finding Polar Cap Latitudes of Mars
		The alternate method often uses uses drawings to determine the polar cap latitudes of Mars and may be subject to additional systematic errors due to personal errors or hand-eye coordination problems.
		Second, the polar cap breadth, or East to West span across the sphere of the planet is measured.
		We might have measured the north polar cap of Mars when the planet was 10 seconds of arc apparent diameter and a declination of the Earth (De) of 10 degrees.
	www.lpl.arizona.edu /~rhill/alpo/marstuff/articles/MICRO1.HTM (1579 words)

	The Martian North Polar Region
		Because the Martian polar caps are affected by the planet's 25.2° axial tilt, they are observed to thaw and re-accumulate in an annual seasonal cycle.
		We know that the polar cap we see in summer is a layer of water-ice and we refer to this cap region as the "summer remnant." The latitude of the southern edge of the summer remnant or water ice cap is usually around 79 degrees by mid-summer.
		The Projected of the South Polar Cap averaged from the 1986, 1988, 1990, 2001, 2003 and 2005 Perihelic apparitions of Mars.
	www.tnni.net /~dustymars/Observing_Mars_3 (5670 words)

	NORDLYS - Northern Lights
		Auroras also occur within the central polar regions, on the polar side of the ovals.
		During roughly 50% of the time, auroral arcs stretching right across the polar cap have been detected.
		The appearance of sun-aligned arcs seems to increase with diminished solar activity, in contrast to auroras in the oval.
	www.northern-lights.no /english/what/polarcap.shtml (206 words)

	North polar cap of Mars: Polar layered deposit characterization and identification of a fundamental climate signal
		Application to “cores” (vertical sections) of the north polar layered terrain on Mars reveals several fundamental properties of north polar cap stratigraphy: 1) Fourier analysis of the layer vertical sequences reveals a characteristic and repetitive wavelength of ∼30 m thickness throughout the upper part (Zone 1) of all sequences analyzed.
		Finally, initial examination of layers located deeper in the stratigraphic sequence within the north polar cap than the ∼300 m thick Zone 1 provides evidence for a unit less than 100 m thick (Zone 2) in which the fundamental ∼30 m sequence is not detected.
		The interpreted crater retention ages of the layered terrain are consistent with the correlations and vertical sequences described here, suggesting that the polar caps wax and wane throughout geological history, depending on the evolution of orbital parameters.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2005/2004JE002349.shtml (731 words)

	CNN.com - Space - Mars images reveal elegant polarity of ice caps - March 9, 2000
		The northern residual ice cap, or region that remains frosted in the summer, has a mostly flat and pitted surface that varies in appearance from a cottage cheese to a sponge texture.
		The ice on the north polar residual cap is believed to consist primarily of water, based on data from the Mariner 9 and Viking orbiters in the 1970s.
		The portion of each martian polar cap that remains frosted through the summer is known as the Residual Polar Cap.
	archives.cnn.com /2000/TECH/space/03/09/mars.polar.caps (714 words)

	Polar Bears International - Polar Bear Conservation Through Research and Education
		Learn more about polar bears and climate change, donate to support projects that benefit the welfare of both wild and captive bears, download educational and scientific information, and view our gallery of photos.
		A new government study reports a decline in the survival rate of polar bear cubs in the Southern Beaufort Sea, along with a drop in the size of adult males.
		Key polar bear scientists discuss the bears and Arctic climate change in a new DVD project by PBI.
	www.polarbearsinternational.org /arctic-map (317 words)

	cooltech.iafrica.com \| coolscience Polar ice cap melting at alarming rate
		The polar ice cap is melting at an alarming rate due to global warming, according to NASA scientists, with satellite images showing the ice cap has been shrinking by 10 percent per decade over the past quarter century.
		By means of a special satellite launched last year to measure the thickness of the polar ice cap, NASA has confirmed that part of the Arctic Ocean that remains frozen all year round shrank at a rate of 10 percent per decade since 1980, NASA researcher Josefino Comiso said.
		The polar ice cap expands in winter and contracts in spring and summer.
	cooltech.iafrica.com /science/280851.htm (576 words)

	Mars Global Surveyor MOC2-1223 Release
		The initial discovery was made in 2001, when the MOC team repeated images of portions of the south polar cap that had already been imaged in 1999.
		The goal of these images was to obtain stereo views, which would allow investigators to see the topography of the cap in three dimensions (3-D) and to measure the thickness of the polar ice layers.
		The south polar residual cap -- that is, the portion of the ice cap that remains bright and retains ice throughout the southern summer season -- was seen in 1997 and 1999 MOC images to have a complex terrain of broad, relatively flat mesas, small buttes, and many pits and troughs.
	www.msss.com /mars_images/moc/2005/09/20/spolar4years/index.html (987 words)

	.: www.Mars-Ice.org : The South Pole :. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The seasonal polar cap edge has grown to its maximum extent, and will start to shrink over the next few months.
		The edge of the cap is symetric, with the cap edge currently near 58°S. The seasonal cap is dry ice.
		The Cryptic region is a dark polar cap albedo feature that forms in the spring.
	www.mars-ice.org /southpole.php (559 words)

	Interactive Polar Ice Cap Melter ::: Everybody's Weather ::: NASA satellite images show dramatic polar sea ice cap melt ...
		Dramatic polar sea ice withdrawl and melting definitely impacting climactic change in the artic, arctic and global climate change.
		Arctic polar cap melting and polar sea ice shrinkage.
		See the drastic effect of gloabal warming and the effect it is having on the reduction and shrinkage of polar sea ice in the arctic.
	www.everybodysweather.com /Static_Media/Polar_Ice_Cap_Melter/index.htm (1188 words)

	Polar cap size during 14–16 July 2000 (Bastille Day) solar coronal mass ejection event: MHD modeling and ...
		This study investigates the development of the polar cap area as simulated by global magnetohydrodynamic models of the Earth's magnetosphere during the 14–16 July 2000 (Bastille Day) event.
		The two models in general reproduce the changes of the polar cap size that are seen by the satellite imagers.
		The range of modeled polar cap sizes, however, is limited to about 50–80% of the size range seen by the imagers and the shapes of the polar caps sometimes differ considerably among the models and compared to the observations.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2005/2004JA010672.shtml (516 words)

	Mars Odyssey Mission THEMIS: Image of the Day
		On Earth, gravity-driven south polar cap winds are termed "catabatic" winds.
		Catabatic winds begin over the smooth expanse of the cap interior due to temperature differences between the atmosphere and the surface.
		Once begun, the winds sweep outward along the surface of the polar cap toward the sea.
	themis.la.asu.edu /zoom-20041029A.html (195 words)

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