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Topic: Polar climate

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	Polar Climate
		The polar regions are perpetually covered by snow and ice throughout the year.
		Polar climates tend to be dry because the descending air is cold and lacks significant moisture, precluding the formation of clouds and snowfall.
		Some polar regions receive less than 10 inches or 250 millimetres of precipitation each year, and can be as dry as the hot deserts of the subtropical climate zone.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /eae/Climate/Older/Polar_Climate.html (183 words)

	Polar climate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Polar climates result in the absence of trees in such places, which may also be covered with glaciers or a permanent or semi-permanent layer of ice.
		In other parts of the world, many mountains have a climate where no month having an average temperature of 10 °C or higher, but as this is due to elevation, this climate is referred to as Alpine climate.
		Polar climates have also been observed on other planets, such as Mars, which has noticeable ice caps on both poles.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polar_climate (289 words)

	Pole - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Polar climate, climates characterised by cold, snowy weather
		The Polar coordinate system, points are given by an angle and a distance from the pole
		Polar graph, a graph drawn using polar coordinates
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polar (206 words)

	Climate Activity November 2001
		Climate refers to the average weather that occurs across the surface of the earth.
		Climates vary dramatically from one region of the earth to the next, ranging from the warm, humid conditions found along the equator, to the hot deserts and cold polar regions.
		The boundary between the Humid Equatorial climate of Subsaharan Africa with its abundant rainfall and the dry climate of North Africa with its low rainfall is a rather abrupt geographic boundary.
	geography.fullerton.edu /webmaps/climatejava_1/climatedoc.html (2088 words)

	Polar climate information - Search.com
		Regions with a polar climate are characterized by a lack of warm summers (specifically, no month having an average temperature of 10 °C or higher), similar climates exist on certain mountain peaks.
		Polar climates result in the absence of trees in such places, which may also be covered with glaciers or a permanent or semi-permanent layer of ice.
		Polar climates have also been observed on other planets, such as Mars, which has noticeable ice caps on both poles.
	www.search.com /reference/Polar_climate (309 words)

	World Climate Report » Polar
		On top of this, global climate models are predicting that this region will continue to be a “hotspot” of greatest warming during the 21st century.
		The contention of climate alarmists that the late-20th century warming is unprecedented over the past two millennia has been contested with contrary scientific evidence over and over, especially in the high latitudes.
		Climate variables that have been historically studied the most include air temperature, snow cover, and glacier characteristics, but in recent decades, sea ice data have been mined for use in climate change research.
	www.worldclimatereport.com /index.php/category/climate-changes/polar (1336 words)

	Climate Change Module
		Only when climate research has succeeded in explaining natural climate variability will it be possible to assess the impact of future climate change caused by humans.
		An understanding of natural climate variability is also a prerequisite for the early detection of anthropogenic climate change: anthropogenic climate modifications can clearly be distinguished from natural climate fluctuations only if the structure of the natural fluctuations are known.
		Climate models have evolved today to a level where realistic simulations of of the evolution of the future global climate can be carried out for given scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~leeman/Climate_Change_Module.html (3730 words)

	Polar climate: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The climate (ancient greek:) is the weather averaged over a long period of time....
		A continental climate is the climate typical of the interiors of the large continents of the northern hemisphere; similar climates exist along the east coasts (but...
		Climate of Hong Kong[Follow this hyperlink for a summary of this subject]
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/po/polar_climate.htm (825 words)

	Polar bears in recent decades
		Polar bears have long captured the attention of the general public but probably at no time in the past have they been more in the forefront of the public's imagination than today.
		Today's heightened interest in polar bears may be due in part to an enhanced understanding of the ecology of polar bears, their environment, and an increased interest in Arctic issues brought on by concerns for climate change.
		Polar bears, as an apical predator that tends to amplify the accumulation organochlorines compounds, are a perfect candidate for studies in evaluating trends.
	www.arctic.noaa.gov /essay_schliebe.html (1621 words)

	Polar_climate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Regions with a '''polar climate''' are characterized by a lack of warm summers (specifically, no month having an average temperature of 10°C or higher), resulting in the absence of trees in such places, which may also be covered with glaciers or a permanent or semi-permanent layer of ice.
		Likewise, there are large areas in northern Canada and northern Alaska with tundra climate, or even ice cap climate in the most northern parts of Canada.
		In other parts of the world, many mountains have a climate where no month having an average temperature of 10 deg C or higher, but as this is due to elevation, this climate is referred to as Alpine climate.
	q-basic.xodox.de /Polar_climate (283 words)

	Space Today Online - Exploring the Red Planet - Mars Climate Orbiter - Mars Polar Lander - Deep Space 2 - Mars Surveyor ...
		Polar Lander was lofted to space on a Boeing Delta-2 rocket from Kennedy Space Center in Florida on January 3, 1999.
		Polar Lander was to extend the robot arm to dig up soil and rock samples, which then would have been heated in a small onboard oven and the resulting gases analyzed to determine their content of ice and frozen carbon dioxide.
		The orbiter was to have studied the planet's atmosphere, climate, meteorology and volatile surface materials such as water ice and frozen carbon dioxide.
	www.spacetoday.org /SolSys/Mars/MarsExploration/MarsSurveyor98.html (1831 words)

	Polar Regions \| Climate Change - Health and Environmental Effects \| U.S. EPA
		Polar regions include the Arctic in the Northern Hemisphere and Antarctica in the Southern Hemisphere.
		Polar regions are expected to experience the greatest rates of warming compared to other world regions (IPCC, 2001).
		Climate change is taking place within the context of many other ongoing changes in the Arctic, including observed increases in chemical contaminants entering the Arctic from other regions, overfishing, land use changes that result in habitat destruction and fragmentation, rapid growth in the human population, and cultural, governance and economic changes.
	www.epa.gov /climatechange/effects/polarregions.html (1047 words)

	IPY: International Polar Year (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		However, a detailed characterisation of polar cirrus clouds and ice residues is missing and an improved understanding of ice formation in the polar UTLS region is required.
		These questions related to particle characterisation in the changing polar atmosphere and solid particle formation, with special emphasis on cloud condensation nuclei, the possible role of meteoritic or mineral dust or organic components, and measurement of large nitric acid particles will be addressed experimentally in a major Arctic field campaign in cooperation with modelling activities.
		The project takes advantage of established polar research infrastructures to address the global environmental problems of ozone depletion, UV radiation, and climate change (#5) which is of particular concern for Arctic societies (#6).
	www.ipy.org /development/eoi/details.php?id=566 (1498 words)

	Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
		The two polar regions are dominated by cold conditions and the presence of ice, snow, and water.
		Antarctica tends to be thermally isolated from the rest of the planet by the surrounding Southern Ocean and the atmospheric polar vortex, whereas the Arctic is influenced strongly by seasonal atmospheric transport and river flows from surrounding continents.
		RICC also pointed out that changes in polar climate are likely to affect other parts of the world through changes in sea level, decreased oceanic heat transport, and increased emissions of GHGs from thawing permafrost.
	www.grida.no /climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/595.htm (951 words)

	Polar climate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Regions with polar climate are characterized by being the coldest places on earth, situated on the outer side of the (ant) arctic circle s.
		Places with polar climates are often covered in glacier s or a permanent or semi-permanent layer of ice.
		Weekly updated climate change and greenhouse gas news and science, cataloguing scientific papers from over 100 peer-reviewed journals.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Polar_climate.html (263 words)

	Climate. Geography of Mexico. Mexico for Kids.
		Climate is the most frequent state of the atmosphere anywhere in Mexico and the world.
		This climate occurs mostly in the Lacandon Jungle in Chiapas.
		The polar climate of perpetual ice is the coldest on the planet and only occurs at the poles.
	explora.presidencia.gob.mx /pages_kids/geography/climate_kids.html (422 words)

	Last stand of our wild polar bears
		Climate change is threatening to drive polar bears into extinction within 25 years, according to Flannery.
		That is a startling conclusion and certainly is a surprising revelation to the polar bear researchers who work here and to the people who live here.
		It is entirely appropriate to be concerned about climate change, but it is just silly to predict the demise of polar bears in 25 years based on media-assisted hysteria.
	meteo.lcd.lu /globalwarming/Taylor/last_stand_of_our_wild_polar_bears.html (364 words)

	Mars Main Index/Science/Climate History/Polar Caps
		Astronomers have noted Mars' polar ice caps and fluctuations in the northern polar cap since the earliest telescopic observations, and at least the northern polar cap was also known to change in size with the seasons.
		The martian north and south polar regions are covered by large areas of layered deposits which consist of a mixture of ice and dust.
		Based on previous research, layers in the polar regions of Mars are thought to consist of a mixture of dust (~5%) and ice (~95%) which has accumulated over hundreds of millions of years as the polar caps grow and shrink each year.
	calspace.ucsd.edu /Mars99/docs/library/science/climate_history/polar_caps1.html (1052 words)

	IPY: International Polar Year (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The Polar Regions are remote areas of the Earth that have profound significance for the Earth's climate and ultimately environments, ecosystems and human society.
		To have any hope of understanding the current global climate and what might happen in future the science community needs a better picture of conditions at the poles and how they interact with and influence the oceans, atmosphere and land masses.
		Existing climate models do not work well in the polar regions and have for example failed to predict the dramatic break-up of Antarctic ice shelves observed in recent years.
	www.ipy.org /about/what-is-ipy.htm (375 words)

	The American Democracy Project at Indiana University South Bend
		We need to make people aware of climate and environment issues not just for their own benefit, but to maintain support for the policies and funding allocated to deal with these issues.
		Polar research also needs to be international because it is so expensive.
		This was the case with the Commission’s Communication on climate change released in January, which aims to see temperature rises limited to less than 2 degrees beyond pre-industrial levels.
	ee.iusb.edu /index.php?/adp/blog/research_on_polar_climate_change (1468 words)

	State of Environment in Norway: Polar climate
		Climate changes could affect the deep-water formation process and the ocean circulation patterns, and thereby lead to additional changes in the extent of the sea ice and the climate of the polar regions of Europe.
		Greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere are increasing as a result of emissions from human activities, which contribute to a rise in mean temperatures and global climate change.
		Long-term monitoring of the situation is important, and we must continue to collect data on the changes in the extent of the sea ice, ocean circulation patterns, the radiation balance and the mass balance of glaciers.
	www.environment.no /templates/themepage____2809.aspx (877 words)

	OZ fossils - The Age of Reptiles - The Climate - The Polar Climate
		The climate was warmer in polar areas than it is today.
		The way that the Earth goes around the sun, tilted on its axis, means that in mid-winter the sun would not appear over the horizon for a month or more and that for much of summer the sun didn’t fully set.
		Polar Antarctica, with southern Australia attached, was a world of dark, icy winters and mild summers of days that wouldn’t turn into night.
	www.abc.net.au /science/ozfossil/ageofreptiles/climate/polar.htm (630 words)

	Greenpeace - Polar Meltdown
		De-spite their remoteness from large population centres, the polar regions are already deeply affected by global environmental problems, including the long range transport of pollutants such as organochlorines and heavy metals, ozone depletion and global cli-mate change.
		Climate scientists have long predicted that greenhouse gases will cause the most rapid and dramatic climate change in polar regions.
		This backgrounder examines the observed and projected climate changes in the Arctic and Subarctic polar regions and the profound affects these changes have begun to create in the North.
	archive.greenpeace.org /climate/polar/polrep/2polrep.html (332 words)

	Polar Regions — FactMonster.com
		Central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that averages about 3 meters in thickness; the icepack is surrounded by open seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and extends to the encircling landmasses.
		Polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow.
		The Arctic is divided by the summer isotherm, a climatic boundary between regions with summer temperatures averaging 50°F (or 10°C)—the subarctic—and colder regions (the true Arctic).
	www.factmonster.com /ipka/A0873721.html (454 words)

	CRREL Employee Biography -- Dr. John W. Weatherly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		He is working with global climate models in collaboration with the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado, to improve the representation of sea ice and polar climate in such models, which is also the goal of the National Science Foundation's SHEBA program.
		He is currently involved in simulations of 21st-century climate warming scenarios due to projected increases in greenhouse gases.
		Weatherly, J.W. and Y. Zhang (2001) The response of the polar regions to increased CO in a global climate model with elastic-viscous-plastic sea ice.
	www.crrel.usace.army.mil /personnel/weatherly.john.html (393 words)

	Polar Climate Stability Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The work of the Polar Climate Stability Network (PCSN) will focus on the problem of climate change at high northern latitudes, the region of Earth that we expect will be most strongly affected by greenhouse gas induced global warming.
		Since the Canadian landmass and adjacent shelves of the Arctic Ocean constitute a major portion of this region, the issue of the stability of northern ecosystems to the expected, indeed already clearly evident, climate change is an important national concern.
		The Polar Climate Stability Network is funded by the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences (CFCAS).
	www.eos.ubc.ca /research/glaciology/research/PCSN.html (156 words)

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