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	Polar ice cap - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A polar ice cap or polar ice sheet is a high-latitude region of a planet or moon that is covered in ice.
		Earth's polar ice caps are mainly water ice, while Mars's polar ice caps are a mixture of carbon dioxide ice and water ice.
		Polar ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy in the form of solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polar_ice_cap (478 words)

	ipedia.com: Ice age Article
		An ice age is a period of long-term downturn in the temperature of Earth 's climate, resulting in an expansion of the polar ice cap...
		An ice age is a period of long-term downturn in the temperature of Earth's climate, resulting in an expansion of the polar ice caps and mountain glaciers ("glaciation").
		The present ice ages are the most studied and best understood, particularly the last 400,000 years, since this is the period covered by ice cores that record atmospheric composition and proxies for temperature and ice volume.
	www.ipedia.com /ice_age.html (1411 words)

	Polar Ice Cap Studies Refute Catastrophic Global Warming Theories by James M. Taylor -- Capitalism Magazine
		A series of recent studies shows that the polar ice caps, which should be shrinking if dire global warming theories are correct, are maintaining their mass and in fact growing slightly.
		The study concluded, "mean ice thickness has remained on a near-constant level around the North Pole from 1986-1997." Moreover, the study noted data from six different submarine cruises under the Arctic sea ice showed little variability and a "slight increasing trend" in the 1990s.
		The recent polar ice studies, which measured surface rather than atmospheric temperature trends (and which were far removed from the effects of urban heat islands and questionable third-world temperature readings), lend weight to the argument that satellite readings, not surface monitoring stations, are correct.
	www.capmag.com /article.asp?ID=1281 (1175 words)

	Cap ice polar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The perennial cover of the ice is the ice that survives the melting of the summer, consisting mainly of floes to multiyear heavy of the ice that is the main support of the Arctic cover of the ice of the sea.
		Whereas the ice of the sea melts, more exposed water of the ocean reduces to the amount of energy reflected far from the earth "regenerations in the system are beginning to root," it says to national scientist Ted Scambos of the lead of the datacenter of the snow and the ice.
		Dramatic polar Withdrawl of the ice of the sea and definitively to melt the culminating change of affectation in ice the polar sockets of the climate of the melting artic, the global Arctic and of the change inveractively on twenty five periods of year.
	polar.webclipat.com /cap-ice-polar.htm (1469 words)

	Volume of Earth's Polar Ice Caps
		Ice caps were formed millions of years ago from layers of snow that were compressed together for millions of years.
		Ice caps are either in a circular or an oval shape.
		Ice caps are found in several places in the Arctic region (Greenland, Iceland, Baffin Island, and the island of Spitsbergen) and over most of the Antarctic region.
	www.hypertextbook.com /facts/2000/HannaBerenblit.shtml (671 words)

	polar ice cap in TutorGig Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		A 'polar ice cap' is a high- latitude region of a planet or moon that is covered in ice.
		This term is somewhat of a misnomer since an ice cap is less than 50,000 km² and is always over land.
		Polar ice caps form because high- latitude regions receive less energy in the form of solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures.
	www.tutorgig.com /ed/polar_ice_cap (426 words)

	Melting the Polar Ice Sheets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The polar ice cap is made of colored water frozen into a block; you may use a bowl, a clean half-gallon milk container or whatever is available.
		The polar ice cap needs to be prepared the day before the activity.
		As the polar ice sheet melts, allow students to take their measurements and make their observations.
	www.thursdaysclassroom.com /30oct01/activity2.html (429 words)

	Interactive Polar Ice Cap Melter ::: Everybody's Weather ::: NASA images show dramatic polar sea ice cap melt over 25 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Perennial ice cover is ice that survives the summer melt, consisting mainly of thick multiyear ice floes that are the mainstay of the Arctic sea ice cover.
		For the perennial ice to recover, sustained cooling is needed, especially during the summer period.
		If ice were to grow back in these areas, the new ice would likely be thinner and more susceptible to future melt than the thick perennial ice that it replaces.
	www.everybodysweather.com /Static_Media/Polar_Ice_Cap_Melter (1187 words)

	NRDC: Environmental stories from news sources around the country and the world
		But in September 2004, when the polar ice cap had retreated a record 160 miles north of the northern coast of Alaska, researchers counted 10 polar bears swimming as far as 60 miles offshore.
		Polar bears that stay onshore aren't adapted to hunting land animals like caribou, which are preyed upon by more-aggressive grizzly bears.
		Scientists measured the distances from where the bears were gathered to the nearest ice sheets at sea and found this correlation: The farther the ice was from shore, the larger the number of bears were found on land.
	www.nrdc.org /news/newsDetails.asp?nID=1956 (1266 words)

	Readers Respond to Ice Cap Melting Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		A recent report in the New York Times that the Polar ice cap has been melting and that the sea is visible for the first time in 50 million years has met with some skepticism from our readers.
		To reach the melting point, ice at -50degrees C. would have to be warmed 50 degrees C. Then it would have to absorb an amount of energy sufficient to heat 10 gal of water by one degree C. in order to melt.
		The North Polar ice is FLOATING on sea water.
	www.newsmax.com /articles/?a=2000/8/20/182850 (1013 words)

	Ice Cap Encyclopedia @ NaturalResearch.org (Natural Research) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		An ice cap is a dome-shaped water ice mass that covers less than 50,000 km² of land area (usually covering a highland area).
		Masses of ice covering more than 50,000 km² are termed an ice sheet.
		Ice flows away from this high point (the ice divide) towards the ice cap's periphery.
	www.naturalresearch.org /encyclopedia/Ice_cap (208 words)

	NRDC: Global Warming Puts the Arctic on Thin Ice
		The polar ice cap as a whole is shrinking.
		Polar bears, whales, walrus and seals are changing their feeding and migration patterns, making it harder for native people to hunt them.
		Yes -- the contraction of the Arctic ice cap is accelerating global warming.
	www.nrdc.org /globalWarming/qthinice.asp (907 words)

	Mars Global Surveyor: Multimedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The initial discovery was made in 2001, when the camera team repeated images of portions of the south polar cap that had already been imaged in 1999.
		The goal of these images was to obtain stereo views, which would allow investigators to see the topography of the cap in three dimensions and to measure the thickness of the polar ice layers.
		The south polar residual cap -- that is, the portion of the ice cap that remains bright and retains ice throughout the southern summer season -- was seen in 1997 and 1999 images to have a complex terrain of broad, relatively flat mesas, small buttes, and many pits and troughs.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /mgs/gallery/PIA04295.html (878 words)

	Mars is Melting
		The south polar ice cap of Mars is receding, revealing frosty mountains, rifts and curious dark spots.
		While the south polar cap is vaporizing the north polar cap is growing.
		A physicist would say more accurately "the polar caps are subliming." In other words, the frozen CO --better known as "dry ice"--transforms directly from a solid to a gas without going through an intermediate liquid phase.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2003/07aug_southpole.htm (1358 words)

	LASER PROVIDES FIRST 3-D VIEW OF MARS' NORTH POLE
		The cap is cut by canyons and troughs that plunge to as deep as 0.6 miles (1 kilometer) beneath the surface.
		Impact craters surrounding the cap appear to be filled with ice and dust that was either deposited by wind or condensation, or perhaps remains from an earlier period when the ice cap was larger.
		The shape of the polar cap indicates that it is composed primarily of water ice, with a volume of 300,000 cubic miles (1.2 million cubic kilometers).
	ltpwww.gsfc.nasa.gov /tharsis/agu_f98.html (837 words)

	Arctic Ice Cap Melting at Worrying Rate: NASA
		WASHINGTON - The polar ice cap is melting at an alarming rate due to global warming, according to NASA scientists, with satellite images showing the ice cap has been shrinking by 10 percent per decade over the past quarter century.
		By means of a special satellite launched last year to measure the thickness of the polar ice cap, NASA has confirmed that part of the Arctic Ocean that remains frozen all year round shrank at a rate of 10 percent per decade since 1980, NASA researcher Josefino Comiso said.
		The polar ice cap expands in winter and contracts in spring and summer.
	www.commondreams.org /cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/headlines03/1024-05.htm (554 words)

	Martian Polar Ice Caps Student Activity
		In this activity, you will be investigating the changing polar ice cap on the planet Mars and comparing the change to Earth's changing polar ice cap.
		In the space provided, carefully sketch: (i) the maximum extent of ice coverage; (ii) the minimum extent of ice coverage; and (iii) the average or middle extent of ice coverage.
		Determine the area of the polar ice cap using the freehand tool to trace the outside.
	btc.montana.edu /ceres/html/Polar/polarstudentact.htm (993 words)

	14/8/2003 - Water Conserve: Arctic ice cap will melt completely in 100 years (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Observations of the Arctic by satellite show that the polar ice cap has shrunk by one million square kilometers (386,000 square miles) over the last 20 years and is only six million square kilometers in the summer.
		According to Johannessen, the total melting of the ice cap would set free a massive flow of cold water, which would strongly reduce warm surface ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream.
		But Johannessen also said that contrary to received wisdom a melting of the ice cap would not entail a rise in the level of the oceans.
	www.waterconserve.info /articles/reader.asp?linkid=24930 (458 words)

	22/12/2002 -- Arctic ice cap to vanish in 80 years, study says
		The ice cap covering the North Pole will vanish in less than 80 years as climate change melts it away, say British meteorological researchers.
		The area covered by ice has shrunk by 20 per cent since the 1950s and its average winter thickness has reduced by 40 per cent since 1970.
		Polar bears and seals would be hit hard because they rely on floating ice to hunt and breed.
	www.climateark.org /articles/reader.asp?linkid=18818 (559 words)

	Navy Report Shows Polar Ice Cap Shrinking Fast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The polar ice cap has been shrinking so fast that regular ships may be steaming through the Northwest Passage each summer by 2015, and along northern Russia even sooner, according to a new U.S. Navy report.
		Ice melting in the Arctic should not affect sea levels (it is already displacing its weight in water)...it is ice on land (the Antarctic) melting that would affect sea levels.
		Ice is expanded water (so to speak), it displaces exactly the same amount of water after it melts in the glass.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/644627/posts (2497 words)

	NASA - The Arctic Perennial Sea Ice Could Be Gone by End of the Century
		Perennial sea ice floats in the polar oceans and remains at the end of the summer, when the ice cover is at its minimum and seasonal sea ice has melted.
		Since sea ice does not change uniformly in terms of time or space, Comiso sectioned off portions of the Arctic data and carefully analyzed these sections to determine when ice had reached the minimum for that area each year.
		Comparing the differences between Arctic sea ice data from 1979 to 1989 and data from 1990 to 2000, Comiso found the biggest melting occurred in the western area (Beaufort and Chukchi Seas) while considerable losses were also apparent in the eastern region (Siberian, Laptev and Kara Seas).
	www.nasa.gov /vision/earth/environment/Perrenial_Sea_Ice.html (768 words)

	The polar ice cap is shrinking : Maps Canadian Geographic Magazine
		As ice cover diminishes, less of the sun's radiation is reflected back into space by the white surface and more is absorbed by the now exposed dark ocean, which traps radiation at the Earth's surface.
		Just one extra day of melting can cause sea ice to thin by as much as ve centimetres, which is bad news for sh, bird and mammal species that rely on ice cover for shelter and foraging.
		Less ice means Arctic coastlines are increasingly exposed to erosion, putting coastal communities in danger of flooding, while traditional marine-mammal hunting and ice fishing become more perilous as the ice is more likely to shift and break under a hunter's feet.
	www.canadiangeographic.ca /Magazine/so04/alacarte.asp (529 words)

	Mars Exploration: Multimedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Polar ice spreads and retreats with the changing of the seasons, carving out layered terrain that helps scientists understand changes in climate and geology over time.
		As the ice moves back and forth across the surface, old layers lying beneath surface layers are exposed, giving a glimpse into the past geologic history of the planet.
		Erosion of North Polar Layers and Genesis of nearby Sand Dunes
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /gallery/polaricecaps (140 words)

	Unexplained Mysteries Discussion Forums > polar ice cap
		There was no polar ice, along with a significant amount of greenhouse heating resulting in greater water vapor evaporation, with a resultant sea level 650 feet higher than it is today.
		Thats not to mention that the majority of the ice is on or near the ocean.
		If the ice is on the land (and not displacing seawater in the ocean, like the Arctic Cap does), then when it melts, it flows down into the ocean, raising sea levels.
	www.unexplained-mysteries.com /forum/lofiversion/index.php/t54322.html (2179 words)

	Polar Ice Cap Melting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		The consequences of this melting include the release of methane (a warming gas) trapped in the tundra, and a slowing of the Atlantic Conveyor, which would cool Europe and warm tropical waters.
		are disputing the ownership of a 1.3 square kilometer island revealed by the melting Arctic ice.
		Some researchers fear that the polar region already may have passed a "tipping point" from which it can't recover in the foreseeable future.
	zfacts.com /p/222.html (609 words)

	The Oil Drum \| Discussions about Energy and Our Future (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		Sea ice in the Arctic has failed to re-form for the second consecutive winter, raising fears that global warming may have tipped the polar regions in to irreversible climate change far sooner than predicted.
		It is the second consecutive winter that the sea ice has not managed to re-form enough to compensate for the unprecedented melting seen during the past few summers.
		Scientists are now convinced that Arctic sea ice is showing signs of both a winter and a summer decline that could indicate a major acceleration in its long-term rate of disappearance.
	www.theoildrum.com /story/2006/3/14/04851/2627 (7815 words)

	Universe Today - Mystery of Martian Icecaps Explained (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-19)
		NASA scientists have solved an age-old mystery by finding that Mars' southern polar cap is offset from its geographical south pole because of two different polar climates.
		Weather generated by the two martian regional climates creates conditions that cause the red planet's southern polar ice to freeze out into a cap whose center lies about 93 miles (150 kilometers) from the actual south pole, according to a scientific paper included in the May 12 issue of the journal, Nature.
		Black ice forms when the planet's surface is cooling, but the atmosphere is relatively warm, according to scientists.
	www.universetoday.com /am/publish/mars_icecaps_explained.html?1652005 (586 words)

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