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Topic: Polar vortex

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	Saturn joins Venus in the vortex club
		Polar vortices represent a key element in the planet's atmospheric dynamics but they are not hurricanes.
		Instead, a polar vortex is created by an area of low air pressure that sits at the rotation pole of a planet.
		Polar vortices are common structures and can be found at the poles of any planet with an atmosphere, even Earth.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-11/esa-sjv112406.php (573 words)

	Polar vortex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The polar vortex is a persistent, large-scale cyclone centred near the Earth 's poles, in the middle and upper troposphere and the stratosphere.
		The vortex is most pronounced in the hemisphere 's winter, when the temperature gradient is steepest, and diminishes or can disappear in the summer.
		The Arctic polar vortex is elongated in shape, with two centres, one roughly over Baffin Island in Canada and the other over northeast Siberia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polar_vortex (196 words)

	Breakdown of the Polar Stratospheric Vortex
		The breakdown of the Stratospheric Polar Night Vortex is an atmospheric event that occurs once or twice each year in the polar wintertime stratosphere.
		As the polar vortex is formed, sharp gradients of potential vorticity at the vortex edge isolate polar air from the air at lower latitudes, producing conditions favorable for wintertime polar ozone depletion.
		Rossby waves propagating upward from the troposphere along the edge of the Polar Vortex grows exponentially in amplitude, eventually tearing the vortex apart.
	www.vets.ucar.edu /vg/PV/index.shtml (306 words)

	[14.17] The Mars Polar Vortex: interannual variability and comparisons to earth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		For example, just as the terrestrial polar vortex chemically isolates the polar stratosphere, the Martian polar vortex may act as a barrier to the transport of dust and ice aerosols towards the winter pole, thus influencing the water cycle and affecting the composition of the seasonal polar cap.
		We find that the zone of high potential vorticity (PV), which characterizes the northern hemisphere polar vortex, is, in the global-dust-storm year, displaced northwards and intensified in the early winter as compared to the same season of the preceding year.
		This is in contrast to the terrestrial polar vortex, where PV normally increases monotonically towards the pole and the high-PV zone is never annular.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v35n4/dps2003/375.htm (376 words)

	WHAT IS THE POLAR VORTEX? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The polar vortex is analyzed at 500 millibars.
		At the surface of the polar air mass will be high pressure, but low heights will occur aloft at 500 mb since the air is compacted due to high density air near the surface.
		The polar vortex can often be located over Canada since the coldest surface air is often found over high latitude icy/land locations.
	www.theweatherprediction.com /habyhints/327 (118 words)

	SPACE.com -- Mars Odyssey Encounters Polar Vortex
		An intense polar vortex has been detected, causing Mars' atmosphere to be less dense than predicted for that area.
		Likened to a jet stream on Earth, the baffling high-latitude, planet-circling vortex is being carefully eyed by scientists.
		"The polar vortex is kind of a different animal," contrasted to conditions at Mars' southern regions, said Gerald Keating, a Langley-based senior research staff scientist from George Washington University in Washington, D.C. "It's an intense jet stream for the north polar region," he said.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/solarsystem/odyssey_vortex_011126.html (1190 words)

	Chapter 11 Section 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The polar night jet is important because it acts as a barrier to transport between the southern polar region and the southern midlatitudes.
		O observations provide clear evidence for: (1) strong downward motion into the polar vortex; (2) isolation of the polar vortex from midlatitude influence; (3) vertical uplift in the tropics, and (4) confirmation that potential vorticity is an extremely important diagnostic of the ozone hole.
		The characteristic "collar" region of high ozone surrounding the ozone-poor Antarctic polar vortex shown in Figure 11.02 arises because the downward transport by the Brewer-Dobson cell occurs in the polar region at the edge of the vortex, as opposed to inside the vortex.
	www.ccpo.odu.edu /SEES/ozone/class/Chap_11/11_3.htm (3507 words)

	S. Yoden and R. Mizuta - Chaotic mixing and transport barrier in an idealised stratospheric polar vortex
		Dynamical processes of transport and mixing around the wintertime stratospheric polar vortex have been examined in connection with the Antarctic ozone hole A transport barrier exists at the edge of the polar vortex and air within the vortex is isolated from outside.
		In this study, the stratospheric polar vortex is idealized as a solution with quasi-periodic time dependence of a nondivergent barotropic model, and horizontal mixing around the vortex is investigated.
		Another chaotic mixing region is found inside the polar vortex (b) with more complicated structure of invariant tori; (1) central region of the polar vortex (green, solid loop), (2) three ``islands'' surrounding the central region, which are identified with three red loops, and (3) four thin islands just outside the three islands.
	www.aero.jussieu.fr /~sparc/SPARC2000_new/PosterSess1/SessionP1_2/Yoden (2586 words)

	Quadrennial Ozone Symposium: Preparing Final Camera-Ready
		Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) lidar measurements performed with the ALOMAR R/M/R lidar (69°N, 16°E) show the presence of PSCs outside the polar vortex in the coldest period of the 1994/1995 and 1996/1997 winters.
		Polar air transport simulations during 1991 to 1993 winters indicates that inter-annual variability of transport is not correlated with the interannual variability of the middle latitude ozone total column ( Norton and Chipperfield, 1995).
		In the stratosphere it corresponds to the elongation of the polar vortex.
	www.aero.jussieu.fr /~sparc/SPARC2000_new/PosterSess1/SessionP1_2/Fierli/SPARC_ea.html (1619 words)

	The Ozone Hole Tour : Part III. The Science of the Ozone Hole
		Polar winter leading to the formation of the polar vortex which isolates the air within it.
		During the polar winter, the cold temperatures that form in the 'vortex' lead to the formation of polar stratospheric clouds.
		As the vortex air is isolated, the cold temperatures and the PSCs persist.
	www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk /tour/part3.html (1527 words)

	Quantification of the transport of chemical constituents from the polar vortex to midlatitudes in the lower ...
		The transport of ozone-depleted air from the polar vortex is one of the proposed mechanisms to explain the discrepancy.
		The effective diffusivity diagnostic is used to evaluate the intensity of the vortex edge barrier and to quantify the transport of air from the polar vortex to midlatitude.
		The cumulative transport from early January to end of April across the polar edge varies from almost 5% of the polar vortex air at 675 K in 1997 to 50% at 435 K in 1999.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2002/2001JD000491.shtml (396 words)

	Polar Votex
		Polar regions experience the greatest changes in ozone concentrations, with severe ozone depletion occurring each springtime, particularly over Antarctica.
		The topography and circular shape of Antarctica is such that a stagnant whirlpool of extremely cold stratospheric air forms over the region during the long polar night.
		The air circulates within this polar vortex all winter, becoming cold enough to allow the formation of polar stratospheric clouds which accelerate and enhance stratospheric ozone destruction when sunlight returns during early spring.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /eae/Ozone_Depletion/Older/Polar_Vortex.html (135 words)

	Long and short term variability in the dynamical attributes of the Arctic polar vortex Newsletter 15
		Positive correlations were found between all four characteristics of the vortex (especially strong correlation in the case of vortex strength) and the QBO during solar inactive phases; during solar active phases, the correlations were weak or weakly negative.
		The dynamical conditions of the vortex in 1972 were similar to those of 1996 except that the vortex was a little weaker in 1972 (Figure 1) and the temperature inside the vortex was higher in 1972.
		The same descent rate was assumed for the 1972 case because the behaviour of the polar vortex in 1972 was similar to that in 1996 (see Figure 1); the uncertainty in the descent rate seems to be larger than its variability.
	www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca /SPARC/News15/15_Nakane.html (1626 words)

	NASA - Saturn's Bull's-Eye Marks Its Hot Spot
		A polar vortex is a persistent, large-scale weather pattern, likened to a jet stream on Earth in the upper atmosphere.
		On Earth, the Arctic Polar Vortex is typically located over eastern Canada and plunges arctic air to the northern plains in the United States.
		But both the distinct boundary of a warm polar vortex some 30 degrees latitude from the southern pole and a very hot "tip" right at the pole were completely unexpected.
	www.nasa.gov /vision/universe/solarsystem/saturn-020305.html (836 words)

	Breakup Of Polar Vortices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		While there is undisputed evidence of clear chemical ozone depletion inside the Antarctic polar vortex in the springtime (the so-called Antarctic ozone hole), the situation in the northern hemisphere is less obvious.
		The importance of this for ozone depletion is that in years when the polar vortex persists into the spring, the low temperatures associated with the vortex core allow (through a complex sequence of microphysical and photochemical processes) the release of chlorine from so-called 'reservoirs' and the catalytic destruction of ozone.
		In this study a variety of definitions of the polar vortex are compared and all give qualitatively similar descriptions of the polar vortex (it is not possible to designate one of these definitions as being superior to the rest).
	www.jhu.edu /~eps/faculty/waugh/breakup.html (337 words)

	SSES Web-Projects
		Within the vortex, the cold polar air becomes cooler and cooler with neither warmer air from lower latitudes nor energy from the sun during the polar night.
		During September and October (the Antarctic polar "morning"), the edge of the polar vortex gradually becomes unstable because the energy from the sun changes the atmospheric-temperature distribution and the associated wind pattern.
		The planetary waves from the troposphere heated the edge of the polar vortex, and one of the waves was so strong that the zonal wind was diverted and broke through the polar vortex.
	www.stat.ohio-state.edu /~sses/collab_ozone_split_background.php (1285 words)

	ABC News: Astronomers Find 'Hot' Vortex on Saturn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This warm polar cap is believed to contain the highest temperatures on Saturn; the scientists did not give a temperature estimate.
		On Earth, the Arctic Polar Vortex is typically located over eastern North America in Canada and plunges cold arctic air to the northern Plains in the United States.
		Polar vortices are found on Earth, Jupiter, Mars and Venus, and are colder than their surroundings.
	abcnews.go.com /US/wireStory?id=473731 (485 words)

	Arctic - Why the Ozone Hole?
		During the winter, temperatures inside the Antarctic polar vortex fall so low that water vapor and several other types of molecules in the stratosphere condense into extremely small icy particles.
		Drifting around inside the polar vortex are reservoir molecules that have bonded with chlorine atoms and in so doing prevented them—so far—from attacking ozone.
		As it does, ozone-rich air from outside the vortex flows in, and much of the ozone that was destroyed is replaced.
	www.nsf.gov /about/history/nsf0050/arctic/ozone.htm (660 words)

	Visualization of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and the Polar Vortex
		Once spring begins and the polar region emerges from the long night, it is theorized that these substances react photochemically with ozone to break the molecule apart and thus, aid in the creation of the so-called Antarctic ozone hole.
		Since the aim of this study is to examine a phenomenon that is focused on a polar region and is nearly hemispheric in geographic extent, the orthographic cartographic projection discussed in equation (1) is utilized.
		By early November, the warming of the upper atmosphere over Antarctica is obvious with direct correspondence to the dissipation of the polar vortex in the wind data and the breakup of the ozone depletion region.
	www.research.ibm.com /dx/proceedings/cart/ozone.htm (5568 words)

	Polar Vortex
		This gives rise to a 'polar dipole', a vast vortex with an unusual double-eye feature that rotates around the pole and features reduced cloud cover associated with rapidly descending air.
		This polar vortex is bounded by a a 'polar collar', a wide (~1000km), shallow (~10km) river of cold air which circulates around the pole at about 70º.
		A (top left): ultraviolet image by Mariner 10, showing vortex behaviour centred on the pole; B (top right): a thermal image of the vortex (11.5 microns wavelength) by Pioneer Venus, showing the complex structure of the 'eye' and its double nature or 'dipole'.
	www.atm.ox.ac.uk /project/virtis/venus-polar.html (324 words)

	Ozone studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In contrast to the high polar values observed in the early years, the ozone values observed during the 1990-1997 period are quite low, and tend to show a strong localized minimum in the Arctic region.
		In general, the total ozone values observed in the polar region are strongly related to the strength of the polar vortex, with low values associated with a strong and persistent vortex, while high values are related to a weak or broken-up lower stratospheric vortex.
		This ozone low was highly correlated with the lower stratospheric polar vortex, and exhibited rapid reductions in column amounts during the spring period as the sun rises over the Arctic.
	www.yesican.yorku.ca /home/ozone.html (2995 words)

	USATODAY.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The polar vortex is a strong area of low pressure at the surface and a cutoff low above the surface in the cold air of Canada.
		The vortex is strongest during the winter, and usually weakens or even disappears during summer.
		The vortex often moves very slowly or is stationary, and its position determines what part of the USA the Arctic air will invade.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/tg/wpolvort/wpolvort.htm (173 words)

	News and Views From The Electric Universe
		A "polar vortex" is a persistent, large-scale weather pattern, likened to a jet stream on Earth that occurs in the upper atmosphere.
		Earth's Antarctic Polar Vortex, centered over Antarctica, is responsible for trapping air and creating unusual chemistry, such as the effects that create the "ozone hole." Polar vortices are found on Earth, Jupiter, Mars and Venus, and are colder than their surroundings.
		Spiral galaxies are the grandest cosmic plasma discharge phenomena in the universe.
	www.holoscience.com /news.php?article=1xz2g6tn (1730 words)

	Three-Dimensional Visualization of the Stratospheric Polar Vortex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		They noted that the pole-to-equator gradient in PV tended to be concentrated in a narrow region around the edge of the polar vortex, which separated the high PV values inside the vortex from lower values in the subtropical "surf zone".
		Acknowledging the limited spatial resolution of the satellite data, McIntyre and Palmer speculated that in the real world (or in a high resolution numerical model simulation) the gradients at the boundary of the vortex and along the edge of material entrained into the surf zone may be very sharp.
		This is an important aspect since much of the recent modelling work on the polar vortex dynamics has been conducted within the context of purely barotropic models.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /~kph/abs17.html (372 words)

	15.17 A study of Arctic Oscillation induced by a positive feedback between the polar vortex and baroclinic instability ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In this study, baroclinic instability of the northern winter atmosphere is investigated in the context of the dynamical interpretation of the Arctic Oscillation.
		But, physically, the former is excited by the baroclinicity of the polar jet and the later by that of the subtropical jet.
		Since M_1 mode appears during the strong polar jet and feeds the westerly momentum to the polar jet, there is a positive feedback between the M_1 mode and the polar vortex.
	ams.confex.com /ams/annual2001/techprogram/paper_18148.htm (328 words)

	The Ozone Hole-Ozone Hole History
		Polar regions get a much larger variation in sunlight than anywhere else, and during the 3 months of winter spend most of time in the dark without solar radiation.
		The stability of the stratospheric polar vortex structure, which kept it generally centered over the South Pole, and the very persistent, anomalously cold temperatures in the presence of halogen levels that remain at high levels (though no longer at their highest levels) were the prime contributors to the record setting depletion.
		Arctic temperatures were not sufficiently low for the formation of polar stratospheric clouds and consequent chemical ozone depletion within the polar vortex.
	www.theozonehole.com /ozoneholehistory.htm (4647 words)

	Saturn Too Has a Polar Vortex Like Venus - Votexes are not hurricanes - Softpedia
		A polar vortex is created by an area of low air pressure at the rotation pole of a planet, provoking air to spiral down from higher in the atmosphere.
		Polar vortexes are found at the poles of any planet with an atmosphere, Earth included.
		Data on the Saturn polar vortex will continue to be collected by Cassini's Visual Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS), which, by using infrared wavelengths, will peer through the clouds.
	news.softpedia.com /news/Saturn-too-has-a-Polar-Vortex-Like-Venus-41808.shtml (397 words)

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