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Topic: Polaris ballistic missile

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	The US Navy -- Fact File
		Trident I (C4) and Trident II (D5) missiles are deployed in Ohio- class (Trident) submarines, each carrying 24 missiles.
		The missile’s range is increased by the aerospike, a telescoping outward extension that reduces frontal drag by about 50 percent.
		The Trident II (D5) missile is also provided to the United Kingdom which equips the missile with UK warheads and deploys the missile on Vanguard Class UK submarines.
	www.navy.mil /navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2200&tid=1400&ct=2 (372 words)

	Naval Technology - SSBN Vanguard Class - Ballistic Missile Submarine
		The Trident II or D5 missile (designated UGM-133A) is a strategic submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) manufactured by Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space.
		D5 missiles for the Vanguard Class will carry a maximum of four warheads and, in 1999, it was announced that each vessel would carry a maximum of 48 warheads.
		The missile is ejected from the submarine by high-pressure gas.
	www.naval-technology.com /projects/vanguard (920 words)

	Polaris missile -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Each missile was 31 feet (9.4 m) long and 4.5 feet (1.4 m) in diameter and was powered by two solid-fueled stages.
		Accurate missiles could destroy missiles in fixed land sites; were all strategic missiles so based, the side firing first could hope to disarm its enemy.
		A ballistic missile is also aimed at its target but is guided only during the brief powered phase of its flight.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9060595?tocId=9060595 (764 words)

	Intercontinental ballistic missile - RSCI, The Science Classification Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		An intercontinental ballistic missile, or ICBM, is a long-range ballistic missile using a ballistic trajectory involving a significant ascent and descent, including sub-orbital flight.
		An ICBM differs little technically from other ballistic missiles such as intermediate-range ballistic missiles, short-range ballistic missiles, or the newly named theater ballistic missiles; these are differentiated only by maximum range.
		ICBMs are based either in missile silos, which offer some protection from military attack (including, the designers hope, some protection from a nuclear first strike), or on submarines, rail cars or heavy trucks, which are mobile and therefore hard to find.
	www.scindex.org /ICBM.html (1010 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		When the Woodrow Wilson came along in the early 1960s, the submarine-launched ballistic missile was a new weapon in the U.S. strategic arsenal, pulling duty alongside land-based bombers and silo-based missiles.
		Six generations of submarine-launched ballistic missiles began in 1956 with the Polaris A1 and continued through the Polaris A2 and A3, the Poseidon C3 and today’s Trident I (C4) and Trident II (D5).
		Missile submarines never had to carry out their doomsday mission — nuclear retaliation for a Soviet attack — but crew veterans say they were ready.
	www.airforcetimes.com /print.php?f=0-292308-2259605.php (647 words)

	Prepared Testimony on Ballistic Missile Defense to the Senate Armed Services Committee (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		We underestimated the ballistic missile threat ten years ago — and today, a decade later, we are underestimating it still.
		In 1972, we knew of a total of nine countries that had ballistic missiles; today we know of twenty-eight, and in just the last five years more than 1000 missiles of all ranges have been produced.
		Their purpose will be to protect against limited missile attacks from an increasing number of possible sources — but not against the thousand of missiles in Russia's arsenal.
	www.defenselink.mil /speeches/2001/s20010712-depsecdef.html (4159 words)

	Strategic Air Command
		In the late 1950s, with the advent of the navy's Polaris ballistic missile submarine and the air force's first intercontinental ballistic missile, national leadership recognized the need for a single agency to plan and target all U.S. nuclear forces.
		The combination of the navy's submarine launched ballistic missiles along with the air force's bombers and ICBMs came to be known as the Strategic Nuclear Triad.
		The Triad--submarine-launched ballistic missiles, land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles and strategic bombers--remains the foundation of STRATCOM's mission of deterrence.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/Dictionary/SAC/DI185.htm (351 words)

	Cape Canaveral
		The site was subsequently reassigned to the U.S. Army, and it supported 79 Pershing 1A and 49 Pershing II ballistic missile launches between 7 May 1974 and 22 March 1988.
		In all, 92 Minuteman I, II and III missiles were launched from the complexes between 1 February 1961 and 15 December 1970.
		This complex was built as part of the U.S. Navy's Trident II ballistic missile effort at the Cape.
	www.astronautix.com /sites/capveral.htm (5653 words)

	Navy Facts: Trident II D-5 Fleet Ballistic Missile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Trident II (D5) missile is also provided to the United Kingdom which equips the missile with UK warheads and deploys the missile on Vanguard Class UK submarines.
		The missile’s range is increased by the aerospike, a telescoping outward extension that reduces frontal drag by about 50 percent.
		When the missile attains sufficient distance from the submarine, the first stage motor ignites, the aerospike extends and the boost stage begins.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/factfile/missiles/wep-d5.html (381 words)

	Cruise Missiles
		Cruise missiles are jet-propelled pilotless aircraft designed to strike distant targets with great accuracy.
		Naval interest in cruise missiles during the 1940s and 1950s produced results, but the concept was shelved in favor of the much more promising Polaris ballistic missile program.
		The Tomahawk cruise missile joined the fleet in 1983 and has played a particularly important role in the Persian Gulf War and in actions since the end of the Cold War.
	americanhistory.si.edu /subs/weapons/armament/missiles/index.html (456 words)

	MissileThreat :: Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site (RTS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The missile streaks through the upper reaches of the atmosphere in a simulated attack on the center of the Kwajalein lagoon, and is targeted and destroyed by an interceptor missile launched from RTS.
		In addition to testing long-range interceptor missiles, RTS has the ability to support interceptions of Scuds and other short- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles in various tactical scenarios, thus allowing it to serve as a test site for smaller, mobile systems such as the Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3).
		A Minuteman III missile was launched early this morning from Vandenberg Air Force Base, the third test flight of an American ICBM from that base in a month.
	www.missilethreat.com /systems/reagan_test_site_usa.html (1765 words)

	TRIDENT - Ship Launched Ballistic Missile
		Many improvements in all fields were made: missile (guidance and reentry system), fire control, navigation, launcher and test instrumentation (non-tactical) subsystems, resulting in a missile with additional range, improved accuracy, and heavier payload.
		When the missile attains sufficient distance from the submarine, the first stage motor ignites, the aerospace extends and the boost stage begins.
		With the launches of the D-5 missiles the Navy has longest string of successes in the history of United States' ballistic missiles.
	navysite.de /weapons/trident.htm (428 words)

	Ship History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		ETHAN ALLEN was also the first Polaris missile firing submarine designed from the keel up for this vital mission, and the first capable of employing the longer range, second generation Polaris missile.
		The giant nuclear submarine was 90 feet below the surface on 23 October 1961 when she successfully fired the advanced A-2 version of the POLARIS ballistic missile from the ocean's depths for the first time.
		During the period 3 March - 5 May, 1962 the ETHAN ALLEN successfully conducted a complete Polaris nuclear weapons system test in the Christmas Island test area of the Pacific, thus having the distinction of firing the first nuclear ballistic missile ever detonated by the United States.
	www.ssbn608.org /history_of_ships.htm (3487 words)

	REGULUS II CRUISE MISSILE
		The first missile on the left is a Bomarc missile, which used the Regulus II crusie missile as a target drone.
		However, the Regulus II cruise missile project was cancelled on December 18, 1958, as the United States Navy decided to develop the submarine-launched Polaris ballistic missile, instead, and the Regulus I cruise missile remained in service until 1964, on the USS Halibut, with 514 of them being built.
		The 11-ton Regulus II cruise missile, which was powered by a General Electric J79 jet engine, had a wingspan of 20 feet and 1 inch (6.12 meters), a length of 57 feet and 6 inches (17.5 meters), a range of 1,380 miles (2,220 km), and 54 of them were built.
	www.angelfire.com /realm3/roynagl/regulus.htm (770 words)

	VADM William F. Raborn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In 1955, RADM Raborn was appointed Director of the Special Projects Office, which was established to develop a submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM).
		On Raborn's recommendation, the Navy abandoned the idea of using the liquid-fueled Jupiter missile, then being jointly studied with the Army, in favor of the solid-fueled Polaris.
		The Polaris A-1 missile was first test-fired from George Washington in 1960 - three years ahead of schedule.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/cno/n87/usw/issue_7/raborn.htm (176 words)

	Patrick Briley -- US Missile Defense, Nuclear Technologies Transferred to Russia, China
		While a US missile defense system may very well be a wise investment for America, it was extremely unwise for GW Bush to sign the agreement with Putin to give Russia access to US missile defense technologies and command and control systems.
		Russia also has successfully tested and is building missile defense counter measures into their ballistic missiles that can easily defeat US missile defenses because the Russians now have details of the US missile defense given them by GW Bush.
		A coordinated first strike ballistic nuclear missile attack by both Russia and China would be even more likely to succeed against the US because it would further saturate US missile defenses and the Russians would be able to knock down a significant part of our retaliatory response.
	www.newswithviews.com /Briley/Patrick1.htm (2820 words)

	REGULUS GUIDED CRUISE MISSILE
		Regulus was also critical in paving the way for the development of today's sophisticated Tomahawk cruise missile, and served as an important nuclear deterrent in the early days of the Cold War and during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
		A second generation supersonic Regulus II Cruise Missile was under development to succeed Regulus I with a range of 1,200 nautical miles and a speed of Mach 2.
		The RAM concept was deployed to the Western Pacific on six carrier deployments with missile launch conducted by a submarine or heavy cruiser and subsequent control to target to be conducted by pilots from supporting aircraft carriers.
	www.wa3key.com /regulus.html (932 words)

	Nuclear-powered Ballistic Missile Submarines
		And even more advanced Trident I missiles, from 1979 onward, could be accommodated on the last 12 of the original 41 SSBNs.
		Commissioned at the end of 1959, George Washington went to sea on her first patrol in November 1960 with a crew of 112 and 16 Polaris A-1 ballistic missiles.
		The Ohio class was designed specifically to carry Trident II missiles, which are much larger than Poseidon or Trident I missiles.
	americanhistory.si.edu /Subs/const/anatomy/boomers/index.html (552 words)

	Theater Nuclear Forces Overview - United States Nuclear Forces
		The Navy was, of course, also interested in missiles, and was deeply involved with the American adaptation of the V-1, the JB-2, or as the Navy referred to it, the Loon.
		The Air Force was given operational jurisdiction over long-range missiles; the Army was made responsible for missiles up to 200 miles and for "point defense;" and the Navy was given control of ship-based missiles.
		These new roles were announced on 28 Nov. And on 8 December 1956 The Secretary of Defense approved the Navy solid propellant ballistic missile program which authorized the Navy to cancel all participation in the liquid-propelled JUPITER IRBM program.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/systems/theater-overview.htm (863 words)

	Douglas PGM-17 Thor
		Soviet ballistic missile progress resulted in a decision in 1955 to develop an IRBM, to be named Thor, as quickly as possible.
		The intended replacements were the GAM-87/AGM-48 Skybolt ALBM (Air-Launched Ballistic Missile), which was later cancelled, and the Navy's UGM-27 Polaris SLBM (Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile).
		Unarmed tests of Thors as ASAT missiles began in February 1964, and by September 1964 the ASAT Thor was declared operational.
	www.designation-systems.net /dusrm/m-17.html (815 words)

	Proteus (AS-19) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		On the 15th she entered Charleston Naval Shipyard for conversion to a tender for the Polaris Fleet Ballistic Missile submarines, including the addition of a 44-foot section amidships.
		There for the next two years she completed 38 refits of Fleet Ballistic Missile submarines, for which she received the Navy Unit Commendation.
		Back at Charleston for overhaul in 1963, on 2 January 1964 she resumed operations at Holy Loch to provide support and refits to the Fleet Ballistic Missile submarines of Submarine Squadron 14.
	www.hazegray.org /danfs/auxil/as19.htm (459 words)

	NRDC: Nuclear Data - Table of US Ballistic Missile Submarine Forces, 1960-2012
		The Polaris A-1 was on active duty from 15 November 1960 to 14 October 1965.
		The Polaris A-3 was on active duty from 28 September 1964 to 25 February 1982.
		The figure of seven reentry vehicles for the Trident I C-4 is based on the maximum number of reentry vehicles actually released during flight-tests of the missile as of 1 May 1979.
	www.nrdc.org /nuclear/nudb/datab5.asp (1016 words)

	Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
		Cordon of Steel: The U.S. Navy and the Cuban Missile Crisis.
		In what became known as the Cuban Missile Crisis, President John F. Kennedy and an alerted and aroused American government, armed forces, and public compelled the Soviets to remove from Cuba not only their missiles but all of their offensive weapons.
		Khrushchev realized that his missile and bomber forces were no match for the Navy's powerful Polaris ballistic missile-firing submarines and the Air Force's land-based nuclear delivery systems once these American arms became fully operational.
	www.history.navy.mil /faqs/faq90-1.htm (584 words)

	SubRon 14 The Text History
		The successful development of nuclear propulsion and the rapid increase in the sophistication of missile propulsion and technology during the decade gave viability to the submarine missile concept.
		The Polaris A-2, with a range of 1500 nautical miles, became operational in 1962 and the A-3 system, with a range of 2500 nautical miles, was deployed in USS ANDREW JACKSON (SSBN 619) in October 1963.
		The final chapter in the history of the Polaris program was written in February 1982 when the last A-3 missile was offloaded from the USS ROBERT E. The first ten SSBNs had not been retrofitted for the Poseidon missile and, with the commissioning of the Trident submarines, were inactivated.
	www.thistlegroup.net /holyloch/history.htm (3702 words)

	Powell's Books - The Silent War: The Cold War Battle Beneath the Sea by John Craven
		In 1956 Nautilus, the world's first nuclear-powered submarine and the backbone of the Polaris ballistic missile system, was only days or even hours from sinking due to structural damage of unknown origin.
		Craven offers insight into the rivalry between the advocates of deterrence (with whom he sided) and those military men and scientists, such as Edward Teller, who believed that the United States had to prepare to fight and win a nuclear conflict with the Soviet Union.
		The nuclear submarines that carried Polaris missiles kept the peace during the most dangerous years of the century, but there were many harrowing episodes the public never knew.
	www.powells.com /cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1-0684872137-7 (804 words)

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