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Topic: Policy of deliberate ambiguity

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	Policy of deliberate ambiguity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It may be useful if they have contrary foreign and domestic policy goals, or if they want to take advantage of risk aversion to abet a deterrence strategy.
		Such a policy can be very risky as it may cause misinterpretation of a nation's intentions, leading to actions that run counter to that nation's wishes.
		This policy was intended to discourage both an unilateral declaration of independence by ROC leaders and an invasion of Taiwan by the PRC.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Policy_of_deliberate_ambiguity (296 words)

	Encyclopedia: Policy of deliberate ambiguity
		The position of the Republic of China has always been that it is a de jure government, but is now deliberately ambiguous in regard to what territory to which it lays legitimate claim.
		Most major countries have policies toward this issue that use very careful language which is deliberately ambiguous.
		The ideology and policies of the sitting President of the United States commonly play a large role in determining the direction of his political party, as well as the platform of the opposition.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Policy-of-deliberate-ambiguity (692 words)

	Status quo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sometimes there is a policy of deliberate ambiguity, referring to the status quo rather than formalizing the status.
		An example of political ambiguity is the political status of Taiwan.
		Clark Kerr is reported to have said, "The status quo is the only solution that cannot be vetoed," meaning that the status quo cannot simply be decided against; action must be taken if it is to change.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Status_quo (399 words)

	Policy - Perspective
		President Clinton describes his policy about defending Taiwan in the event of a Communist Chinese attack as "deliberately ambiguous": his goal is to leave the PRC's leadership in doubt as to whether the United States would assist Taiwan in repelling an invasion or more limited attack.
		U.S. postwar policy in Europe is an outstanding example of how the clearly expressed, credible security policy of both Democratic and Republican Administrations made successive Soviet leaders understand that an assault on Western Europe would lead to war with the United States.
		The Clinton Administration's policy of "deliberate ambiguity" suffers from the weaknesses of being both unclear and of limited credibility.
	www.fas.org /news/taiwan/1996/hrpc_ambi.htm (1344 words)

	Pakistan Link - Hussaini
		This was a clear departure from the policy of deliberate ambiguity that US leaders had maintained as to whether the US would go to Taiwan’s defense if it was attacked by China.
		This conceptual shift appears to be at the root of the conflict between policy and the dictates of pragmatism and the pulls of the vested financial and trade interests of corporate America.
		The US policy makers would be well-advised to start taking a long-term view of things, particularly in respect of relations with China instead of pursuing short-term agendas as shown by them in their questionable withdrawal from the field in the conflicts with Iraq or the war in Afghanistan.
	www.pakistanlink.com /hussaini/05-04-2001.html (1641 words)

	Bush-Taiwan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		INTRO: President Bush says he is not changing long standing policy approach to China with his assertion in an interview broadcast Wednesday that the United States would do "whatever it took" to help Taiwan defend itself.
		Bush says he remains committed to a one-China policy - and to a peaceful resolution of the dispute between China and Taiwan - despite his suggestion that the United States would be willing to apply all its military might to the defense of the island.
		The Bush comments touched off a stir among foreign policy analysts and others, who said they appeared to mark the end of a two-decade-long U-S policy of deliberate ambiguity about the extent of the U-S commitment.
	www.fas.org /news/china/2001/china-010425-taiwan.htm (552 words)

	ACPR - Policy Paper 155: Israel's Strategic Future: Project Daniel
		Early on in our deliberations, however, we (“The Group”) agreed that while the overall impact of this threat was extraordinarily high, its probability was considerably less than that of WMD assaults from rational enemy quarters.
		Preferably, we urged this objective be pursued while Israel continues with its present policy of deliberate ambiguity regarding its own nuclear status.
		Irrespective of its policy on nuclear ambiguity vs. disclosure, Israel will not be able to endure unless it continues to maintain a credible, secure and decisive nuclear deterrent alongside a multi-layered anti-missile defense.
	www.acpr.org.il /publications/policy-papers/pp155-xs.html (2109 words)

	Fund for Reconciliation and Development
		A classified document signed by President Bush specifically allows for the use of nuclear weapons in response to biological or chemical attacks, apparently changing a decades-old U.S. policy of deliberate ambiguity, it was learned by The Washington Times.
		A senior administration official said, however, that using the words "nuclear weapons" in the classified text gives the military and other officials, who are the document's intended audience, "a little more of an instruction to prepare all sorts of options for the president," if need be.
		Because it is now "official policy, it means that the United States will actively consider the nuclear option" in a military conflict, said Daryl Kimball, executive director of the Arms Control Association.
	www.ffrd.org /terrorism-war/2.3.03.1.htm (1267 words)

	U.S. Pressed on Nuclear Response
		This would change a long-standing U.S. policy of refusing to rule in or rule out use of nuclear weapons in the event of such an attack.
		So far, at least, senior Bush administration officials have maintained this policy of deliberate ambiguity, though some administration figures appear to be sympathetic to a change that would entail a more specific threat.
		A report issued in January by the National Institute for Public Policy (NIPP) declared that "U.S. nuclear weapons may be necessary" to deter regional powers from using weapons of mass destruction or for "providing unique targeting capabilities" including buried or biological weapons targets.
	www.nukewatch.org /media2/postData.php?id=384 (880 words)

	The UK Trident System
		As the UK Government prepares to re-examine British defence policy requirements in the wake of 11 September, including ways to redouble efforts to prevent proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, this report highlights some of the key nuclear policy questions that will need to be addressed during Labour’s second term.
		While in opposition, Labour Party policy was that a Labour government would work for "a negotiated, multilateral no first use agreement amongst the nuclear weapons states and strengthened security assurances to non-nuclear weapon states in the form of an international legally-binding treaty".
		We regret that there has been no restatement of nuclear policy since the speech of the then Secretary of State in 1993; the SDR does not provide a new statement of the government’s nuclear deterrent posture in the present strategic situation within which the sub-strategic role of Trident could be clarified.
	www.basicint.org /pubs/Research/2001UKtrident1.htm (9717 words)

	Taiwan - Congressional Record
		The administration claims to be advancing a policy of deliberate ambiguity.
		The administration's ambiguity policy has fueled the belief within the PRC that the United States will look the other way if PRC missiles are launched.
		The advent of that policy, coupled with the passage of the TRA, was designed to foster a strong diplomatic and economic relationship with the People's Republic of China, while sending a clear signal that our Nation would defend against any forced reunification of Taiwan by the People's Republic of China.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/news/taiwan/1996/s960124-taiwan.htm (2757 words)

	BASIC -- Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
		In addition, such a shift in U.S. policy would deepen the danger of nuclear proliferation by effectively telling non-nuclear states that nuclear weapons are necessary to deter a potential U.S. attack, and by sending a green light to the world’s nuclear states that it is permissible to use them.
		As the United States and its allies confront a belligerent regime in Iraq, we urge you to clarify for the American people and the international community that your administration stands by the negative security assurances and is not doing anything to undermine our commitments under the NPT.
		Every administration has upheld this policy since it was first announced in1978; we are certain that such good judgment will stand the test of time as we approach the challenges ahead.
	www.basicint.org /nuclear/NPT/2003prepcom/10SenatorsLetter.htm (615 words)

	Bunker Busters: Washington's Drive for New Nuclear Weapons
		Previously, Washington pursued a policy of deliberate ambiguity over the question of whether it is prepared to counter a chemical or biological weapons attack with nuclear weapons.
		The shift in US policy also raises a number of questions for the UK government, whose nuclear doctrine is closely aligned with that of the United States through NATO.
		For example, the policies of the United States towards Iran contrast strongly with the "constructive engagement" pursued by the EU and Britain, which have re-established diplomatic relations with Iran and encouraged democratisation.
	www.basicint.org /pubs/Research/2002BBexecsum.htm (2264 words)

	WAND - Women's Action for New Directions
		In the context of our efforts to strengthen the NPT, Washington issues a negative security assurance in 1978 which was reiterated in 1995 that the United States would not use its nuclear force against countries without nuclear weapons unless the non-nuclear weapon state was allied with a nuclear weapons possessor.
		In addition, such a shift in U.S. policy would deepen the dander of nuclear proliferation by effectively telling non-nuclear states that nuclear weapons are necessary to deter a potential U.S. attack, and by sending a green light to the world s nuclear states that it is permissible to use them.
		Every administration has upheld this policy since it was first announced in 1978; we are certain that such good judgment will stand the test of time as we approach the challenges ahead.
	www.wand.org /issuesact/holt-letter.html (697 words)

	Prof. Gerald Steinberg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		However, the maintenance of deliberate ambiguity also prevents the government from responding to sensationalist publications, even when the claims are totally absurd.
		The pace of publications regarding Israeli nuclear policies can be expected to increase in the buildup to the conference to extend the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), scheduled to begin in March 1995.
		After the 1967 war, these deliberate and organized acts of vandalism were documented by the Israeli government's Commission for the Examination of the Desecration of the Burial Grounds on the Mount of Olives.
	faculty.biu.ac.il /~steing/conflict/oped/o94.htm (3564 words)

	The Truth Newspaper - Liberate Iraq - Servitude for Taiwan?
		But today's statements, which build on a series of signals the administration has been sending for the past week, will be broadly interpreted as a warning to Taiwan that Washington not only opposes independence, but even political discussion or a referendum about the subject.
		"What you're seeing here is the dropping of the ambiguity for both sides because we cannot sort of imply to the Taiwan side that we're sort of agnostic towards moves toward Taiwan independence," a senior administration told reporters today.
		A senior member of Bush's foreign policy team, James Moriarty, who runs Asian affairs for the national security council, secretly traveled to Taiwan last week to underscore American opposition to the referendum that Taiwan's president has proposed.
	www.thetruthnewspaperinc.com /issues/eleven/taiwan.phtml (370 words)

	U.S. Strategists Begin to Favor Threat to Use Nuclear Arms, Dana Milbank,
		So far, at least, senior administration officials have maintained this policy of deliberate ambiguity, though some administration figures appear to be sympathetic to a change that would entail a more specific threat.
		A report issued in January by the National Institute for Public Policy declared that ''U.S. nuclear weapons may be necessary" to deter regional powers from using weapons of mass destruction or for ''providing unique targeting capabilities" against such things as buried targets or biological weapons targets.
		Proponents of the shift in policy said the attacks on New York and Washington had affirmed their views.
	www.converge.org.nz /pma/cra004.htm (683 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Chemical strike may prompt nuclear response, says US (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Analysts said yesterday that the new strategy was also meant to signal the administration's readiness to use a new generation of small "bunker-busting" nuclear weapons against underground targets sheltering enemy leaders and their weapons.
		Critics of the policy, however, pointed out that in 1991 Mr Baker was implicitly offering President Saddam the chance to survive in power if he did not use poison gas or germ warfare against US troops.
		The clarification that the US would use nuclear weapons in response to a biological or chemical attack, marks a break with the policy of deliberate ambiguity adopted by earlier administrations.
	www.guardian.co.uk /Iraq/Story/0,2763,858349,00.html (759 words)

	[No title]
		Brent Scowcroft, former national security adviser to the president's father, warned at a foreign policy forum in Washington on Thursday that Iraq was going through “an incipient civil war”, and that the elections could deepen the conflict by leading to greater alienation of the Sunni minority from the Shia and Kurds.
		Reiterating what he has referred to before as his “revolutionary” foreign policy, Mr Bush said the “job” of the US and those who wanted peace was to “be aggressive in the spread of freedom”.
		Danielle Pletka, foreign policy specialist with the neo-conservative American Enterprise Institute, said that despite the switches in personnel in the second Bush administration, it should not be forgotten that the president set policy.
	nucnews.net /nucnews/2005nn/0501nn/050107nn.txt (19490 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The most important immediate task is to coordinate policies in advance, and then to create a mechanism to coordinate contingency planning.
		The U.S. policy of deliberate ambiguity is designed to deter Beijing while discouraging Taipei from pushing for independence.
		Ambiguity carries an inherent risk, however, that people on both sides may misinterpret the U.S. position.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/strforum/SF_68/forum68.html (2454 words)

	Australian Financial Review - US drops ambiguity over Taiwan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		On the eve of a visit to the White House from Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao, US officials were far more explicit on Taiwan than they have been in the past, dropping a longtime policy of deliberate ambiguity in its "one China" policy.
		A senior administration official who briefed a group of reporters at the White House on condition of anonymity said Taiwan in recent days "seems to be pushing the envelope pretty vigorously" in issues related to Taiwan's future status.
		US policy for years has been deliberately ambiguous on Taiwan, but it is now less ambiguous than ever, the official said.
	afr.com /articles/2003/12/09/1070732177724.html (458 words)

	ASIANGUY \| ARTICLES
		The North Carolina Republican is chairman of the Senate's Foreign Relations Committee and has not been shy about using his power to influence the foreign policy of both Republican and Democratic administrations.
		Even though the 24-member crew was permitted to leave China after 11 days, the fate of the plane and its high-tech surveillance equipment remains a sticky issue, as the Chinese government considers US surveillance flights near China's coastline an infringement of its sovereignty.
		However, the president has also said he would do whatever it takes to defend Taiwan against an invasion from the mainland, although the administration insists this is not a change from the policy of deliberate ambiguity over US intentions.
	www.asianguy.com /articles/helms.html (377 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| South Asia \| Have nuclear weapons made South Asia safer?
		Pakistan, by contrast, maintained a policy of deliberate nuclear ambiguity.
		Nevertheless it had first built a workable nuclear device in 1982 and by the end of the 1980s it was widely accepted by the international community that Islamabad had become a de facto nuclear power.
		While it is impossible to prove that the risk of a nuclear conflict has been the overriding factor preventing another all-out conflict, there is good reason to believe that it has been a significant constraint on policy makers in both countries.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/south_asia/3015085.stm (885 words)

	Prof. Gerald Steinberg
		For over thirty years, Israel's deterrent has been based on a policy of deliberate ambiguity, in order to allow for the maximum effect, at a minimum political and military cost.
		Indeed, in the past decade, many American policy makers and analysts have come to realize that the Israeli deterrent policy serves as a source of regional stability and has contributed to the peace process.
		The Israeli policy of deliberate nuclear ambiguity stands as one of the most successful examples of Israeli diplomacy.
	faculty.biu.ac.il /~steing/oped/opeds.htm (9638 words)

	[AKI-News] Kosova: Independence, on the Table, but Off the Agenda
		The international community's policy of deliberate ambiguity and the need to settle Kosovo's final status creates political tensions between the two and sets up practical contradictions that inhibit good governance.
		This ambiguity has already caused problems for privatization and will make it difficult for Kosovo to establish the relationships it needs for trade and investment as well as border controls with its neighbors.
		In the past, the Balkans, in general, and Kosovo, in particular, have been managed by "crisis diplomacy." Future efforts in the region should focus on establishing stability and eliminating uncertainty.
	www.alb-net.com /pipermail/aki-news/2002-January/000005.html (1633 words)

	The International Atomic Energy Agency and Israel: A Realistic Agenda - Gerald M. Steinberg
		There is no foundation for a change in Israel's policy of nuclear ambiguity under present circumstances, and the topic is not on the agenda.
		Israeli analysts will repeat that there is no foundation for a change in the country's policy of nuclear ambiguity under present circumstances, and the topic is not on the agenda.
		As public opinion polls demonstrate, the vast majority of Israelis are convinced that the Dimona reactor and the other elements of this virtual capability remain necessary to convince neighboring states that any attempt to destroy Israel will result in a parallel destruction on the other side.
	www.jcpa.org /brief/brief3-27.htm (2710 words)

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