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Topic: Polio vaccine

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	Polio Vaccine -- familydoctor.org
		Poliomyelitis (polio, for short) is caused by a virus.
		Before the first polio vaccine was developed in the 1950s, thousands of children got polio every year.
		Vaccines carry a small risk of serious harm, such as a severe allergic reaction.
	familydoctor.org /online/famdocen/home/healthy/vaccines/333.html (468 words)

	Polio Vaccine
		Polio vaccine is a medicine that is given to prevent polio (also called poliomyelitis).
		Inactivated polio vaccine is a shot that is given in the leg or arm, depending on the person's age.
		Polio vaccine is highly effective in producing immunity to poliovirus and protection from paralytic poliomyelitis.
	polio.emedtv.com /polio-vaccine/polio-vaccine.html (941 words)

	Polio vaccine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Human trials of Sabin's vaccine began in 1957 and it was licensed in 1962.
		Though Salk's vaccine had reduced the incidence of polio to a tiny fraction of what it was in the early 1950s, Sabin's vaccine was considered superior for these reasons and became the standard treatment.
		It was the live-virus vaccine that enabled the complete eradication of the wild polio virus in the United States.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polio_vaccine (800 words)

	Vaccine Science: Polio (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The action of oral polio vaccine (OPV) is two-pronged: OPV produces antibodies in the blood (‘humoral’ or serum immunity) to all three types of poliovirus.
		Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) needs to be injected and works by producing protective antibodies in the blood (serum immunity) — thus preventing the spread of poliovirus to the central nervous system.
		For this reason, OPV is the vaccine of choice wherever a polio outbreak needs to be contained, even in countries that rely exclusively on IPV for their routine immunization programs (polio outbreak in the Netherlands in 1992).
	www.sabin.org /vaccine_science_polio.htm (734 words)

	Vaccines
		Attenuated vaccines: These are live virus particles that grow in the vaccine recipient but do not cause disease because the vaccine virus has been altered (mutated) to a non-pathogenic form; for example, its tropism has been altered so that it no longer grows at a site that can cause disease.
		Another successful vaccine is the polio vaccine which may lead to the elimination of this disease from the human population in a the next few years.
		The vaccine is injected intramuscularly and elicits an IgG response (humoral antibody in the circulation).
	pathmicro.med.sc.edu /lecture/vaccines.htm (5405 words)

	CNN - Polio vaccine policy may change - June 16, 1999
		In 1995, 78 percent of children around the world had received at least three doses of polio vaccine in their first year, and half of the world's youngest children were immunized in mass vaccination campaigns.
		Although polio is considered eradicated in the United States, each year since 1979 a handful of children have contracted the crippling disease from the vaccine.
		Parents of children with vaccine-related polio have banded together to urge the CDC to recommend dropping the oral vaccine completely in favor of using the injectable vaccine.
	www.cnn.com /HEALTH/9906/16/polio.vaccine.01/index.html (427 words)

	Poliomyelitis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vaccination and eradication efforts led by the World Health Organization and The Rotary Foundation of Rotary International are credited with the reduction of the number of annual diagnosed cases from the hundreds of thousands to around a thousand.
		Bulbar polio and spinal polio are part of a continuum of anatomy and disease (paralytic polio).
		The first effective polio vaccine was developed by Jonas Salk at the University of Pittsburgh, although it was the oral vaccine developed by Albert Sabin eight years later that was used for modern mass inoculation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polio (2980 words)

	Vaincre la poliomyélite
		The first polio vaccine, the injectable vaccine developed by Jonas Salk, was hailed as a breakthrough in medical research.
		In addition, the methods used to produce the polio vaccine revolutionized manufacturing techniques, which were then applied to other vaccines.
		Today polio is on the verge of becoming the second such disease, eradicated thanks to the efforts of countless people.
	www.polio-vaccine.com /index_eng.html (329 words)

	Development of Polio Vaccines
		Although polio never devastated large numbers of the population like the plague or influenza, it was a frightening, highly contagious disease that attacked both the poor and rich and arose in terrifying outbreaks which seemed impossible to stop in spite of advances in medicine.
		We now know that polio is caused by three strains of quite stable viruses that are a part of the enterovirus family, which have RNA as their genetic material.
		The advantages of a live, oral vaccine are its long-lasting immunity, the prevention of reinfection of the digestive tract, and the lower cost of administering the vaccine orally because sterile syringes and needles are not necessary.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AE/AEC/CC/polio.html (1575 words)

	Polio vaccine Summary
		Vaccines are made in a variety of ways, depending in part on the nature of the organism and the disease it causes.
		Though Salk's vaccine had reduced the incidence of polio to a tiny fraction of what it was in the early 1950s, Sabin's vaccine was considered superior for these reasons and became the standard treatment.
		Vaccine critics assert that the few studies on the cancer causing effects of SV40 are scientifically flawed, and that health officials have downplayed the potential risks since finding, in 1961, that the contaminant caused tumors in rodents.
	www.bookrags.com /Polio_vaccine (3153 words)

	Polio - Vaccine
		Vaccine viruses are excreted in the stool of the vaccinated person for up to six weeks after a dose.
		Routine vaccination of adults (>18 years of age) who reside in the United States is not necessary because most adults are already immune and have a very small risk of exposure to wild poliovirus in the United States.
		Minor upper respiratory illnesses with or without fever, mild to moderate local reactions to a previous dose of vaccine, current antimicrobial therapy, and the convalescent phase of an acute illness are not contraindications for vaccination with IPV or OPV.
	sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca /tropmed/disease/polio/vaccine.htm (2165 words)

	Polio Vaccine : Vaccine Education Center - Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
		This oral polio vaccine (OPV) was recommended for use in the U.S. for almost 40 years, from 1963 until 1998.
		Also, because the vaccine virus was present in the stool, about 25 percent of people who came in contact with someone who was immunized, would also be immunized (this is called contact immunity).
		Polio virus that was grown in these cells was so "weakened" that, after it was swallowed, it induced an immune response but didn't cause disease.
	www.chop.edu /consumer/jsp/division/generic.jsp?id=75724 (925 words)

	Polio vaccine
		Following the administration of the Salk vaccine, there was an increase in the number of polio cases, followed by a continuation of the natural decline that pre-dated the vaccine.
		The oral polio vaccine developed by Albert Sabin and until recently used routinely in the United States, is a live virus vaccine.
		According to Jonas Salk, the current live virus polio vaccine developed by Dr. Albert Sabin was "the principal if not the sole cause of the 140 polio cases reported in the U.S. since 1961.
	www.worldchiropracticalliance.org /tcj/2000/mar/mar2000kent.htm (911 words)

	Polio
		Polio (also called poliomyelitis) is a contagious, historically devastating disease that was virtually eliminated from the Western hemisphere in the second half of the 20th century.
		Although polio has plagued humans since ancient times, its most extensive outbreak occurred in the first half of the 1900s before the vaccination, created by Jonas Salk, became widely available in 1955.
		Polio is transmitted primarily through the ingestion of material contaminated with the virus found in stool (poop).
	www.kidshealth.org /parent/infections/bacterial_viral/polio.html (975 words)

	Vaccination, vaccines against poliomyelitis: injectable vaccine Jonas Salk oral vaccine Albert Sabin (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Strong teams were competing to make an oral polio vaccine, including one led by Albert Sabin of the Children's Hospital Research Foundation in Cincinnati and another led by Hilary Koprowski of the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, which he joined in 1957.
		In Germany, the father of a vaccinated child became infected with the vaccine-derived virus and died of polio.
		Sabin complained when his vaccine was at times referred to in the West as the "communist vaccine," but under the circumstances the vaccine was a guaranteed success, as if one of Stalin's Five-Year Plans were to exceed all expectations.
	www.polio.info /polio-eradication/front/templates/index.jsp?siteCode=POLIO&codeRubrique=34&lang=EN (2178 words)

	Sabin Vaccine Institute :: Vaccine Science - Polio
		The action of oral polio vaccine (OPV) is two-pronged: OPV produces antibodies in the blood (‘humoral’ or serum immunity) to all three types of poliovirus.
		Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) needs to be injected and works by producing protective antibodies in the blood (serum immunity) – thus preventing the spread of poliovirus to the central nervous system.
		For this reason, OPV is the vaccine of choice wherever a polio outbreak needs to be contained, even in countries that rely exclusively on IPV for their routine immunization programs (polio outbreak in the Netherlands in 1992).
	sabin.org /vaccine_science/polio.html (871 words)

	Polio Vaccine (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Since the 1988 launch of a worldwide eradication campaign, the Sabin oral polio vaccine (OPV) has cut the number of new cases by 99%, saving some 3 million children from paralysis.
		But last year's outbreak of vaccine-induced polio on the island of Hispaniola 13 cases in the Dominican Republic and eight in Haiti fractured that plan.
		Polio experts have known for decades that OPV, which uses a live attenuated virus, can cause polio.
	www.altcorp.com /dentalinformation/polio.htm (1464 words)

	[No title]
		The small DNA-containing polio viruses (simian virus 40 [SV40], JC virus, and BK virus) are known to infect human beings, to have cancer causing potential, and to be associated with some human cancers.
		Inactivated and live, attenuated forms of the polio vaccine were prepared in primary rhesus monkey kidney cells, some of which were from animals naturally infected with SV40 -- a virus that was unknown at the time.
		In the USA, vaccine lots received by about 20 states are estimated to have contained 075-097 mL contaminated vaccine per child, lots from about 15 states were thought to have contained 001-074 ml contaminated vaccine per child, and about 15 states were believed to have received lots that were free from SV40.
	www.mercola.com /2002/mar/20/polio_vaccine.htm (1144 words)

	Polio Vaccines
		The development of effective vaccines to prevent paralytic polio was one of the major medical breakthroughs of the 20th century.
		The short-term shedding of vaccine virus in the stools of recently immunized children means that in areas where hygiene and sanitation are poor - and the incidence of polio is likely to be highest - immunization with OPV can result in the 'passive' immunization of persons within close contact.
		For this reason, OPV is the vaccine of choice wherever a polio outbreak needs to be contained, even in countries which rely exclusively on IPV for their routine immunization programme (polio outbreak in the Netherlands in 1992).
	www.polioeradication.org /vaccines.asp (791 words)

	Polio Vaccine Questions and Answers
		OPV was the vaccine of choice for the United States and most other countries of the world from 1963 until changes in U.S. policy in the 1990s.
		In the United States, routine vaccination of persons 18 years of age and older against polio is not recommended because most adults are already immune and also have little risk of being exposed to wild polio virus.
		If an adult at increased risk previously completed a primary course of polio vaccine (three or more doses of either OPV or IPV), he or she may be given another dose of IPV to ensure protection.
	www.vaccineinformation.org /polio/qandavax.asp (953 words)

	CIGNA - polio vaccine (IPV)
		This vaccine works by exposing you to a small dose of the bacteria or a protein from the bacteria, which causes the body to develop immunity to the disease.
		Polio vaccine is for use in adults and children who are at least 2 months old.
		Vaccines may be harmful to an unborn baby and generally should not be given to a pregnant woman.
	www.cigna.com /healthinfo/d01163a1.html (1450 words)

	NNii. Vaccine Information
		Polio is caused by intestinal viruses that spread from person to person in stool and saliva.
		Before the polio vaccine, 13,000 to 20,000 people were paralyzed by polio, and about 1,000 people died from it each year in the United States.
		Batches of polio vaccine used between 1955 and 1963 were later found to be contaminated with a virus that infects monkeys, called simian virus 40 (SV40).
	www.immunizationinfo.org /vaccineInfo/vaccine_detail.cfv?id=10 (1316 words)

	Polio immunization (vaccine) Information on Healthline
		Polio is a severe, contagious, life-threatening disease of childhood that can cause lasting paralysis, usually of the legs.
		Polio vaccination is one of the recommended childhood immunizations and vaccination should begin during infancy.
		Once the initial series of vaccinations is complete, adults are NOT routinely given booster vaccinations unless they are likely to be exposed to the disease (for example, if they plan to travel to an area where polio is currently occurring).
	www.healthline.com /adamcontent/polio-immunization-vaccine (629 words)

	Albert Sabin, Oral Polio Vaccine Discovery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
		Albert Sabin's Discovery of the Oral Polio Vaccine
		Sabin scoured the world looking for weak strains of polio virus, found three, and began to develop his oral, "live" vaccine, administered at first on a lump of sugar or in a teaspoonful of syrup.
		Polio is now virtually unknown in the US and rare in other parts of the world.
	www.cincinnatichildrens.org /about/history/sabin.htm (540 words)

	Chapter 4 - Poliomyelitis - Yellow Book \| CDC Travelers' Health
		The global polio eradication program subsequently led to elimination of polio in the Americas, where the last wild virus-associated polio case was detected in 1991 (3).
		In 1999, a change in vaccination policy in the United States from use of OPV to exclusive use of IPV resulted in the elimination of 8-10 vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) cases that had occurred annually since the introduction of OPV in the 1960s (4).
		Polio vaccine is not typically required by law; however, there are polio vaccine requirements for attending the annual Hajj in Saudi Arabia.
	wwwn.cdc.gov /travel/yellowBookCh4-Poliomyelitis.aspx (1361 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Polio Vaccine
		Since the risk of getting polio in the United States is now extremely low, experts believe that using oral polio vaccine is no longer worth the slight risk, except in limited circumstances which your doctor can describe.
		Polio vaccine may be given at the same time as other vaccines.
		But three groups of adults are at higher risk and should consider polio vaccination: (1) people traveling to areas of the world where polio is common, (2) laboratory workers who might handle polio virus, and (3) health care workers treating patients who could have polio.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a601177.html (1065 words)

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