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Topic: Polish Air Forces in Great Britain

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	Achtung Panzer ! - Invasion of Poland (Fall Weiss)
		Polish forces made up of foot infantry were unable to fallback and establish defensive lines being constantly chased and outpaced by German motorized and Panzer units.
		Polish Campaign is surrounded by numerous myths such as the destruction of Polish Airforce in the opening hours of the invasion and Polish Cavalry charges against German armored units.
		Polish cavalry brigades never charged tanks with their sabres or lances as they were equipped with anti-tank weapons such as 37mm Bofors wz.36 (model 1936) anti-tank guns (that could penetrate 26mm armor at 600m at 30 degrees).
	www.achtungpanzer.com /articles/polcamp.htm (2527 words)

	THE POLISH AIR FORCE IN GREAT BRITAIN
		Marshal Herman Goering, commander of the German air force, was quite confident that he could chase the British out of the skies.
		The Polish successes were often ascribed by the British to "the almost incredible audacity" of the Poles.
		The Polish air force not only played a crucial role in the Battle of Britain in 1940, it also contributed significantly to the allied war effort in the air.
	www.apacouncil.org /ww2/6pa.html (813 words)

	Stefan Sznuk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		During the Polish Defensive War of 1939, he was staff officer and commander of the Polish Air Forces in the Army Kraków, then in the Army Lublin.
		In London he became the Chief Inspector of the Staff of the Polish Air Forces in Great Britain.
		Sznuk was the last Polish Army and Air Forces attaché in Canada.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Stefan_Sznuk (223 words)

	Aquila - Polish Air Force in Lincolnshire
		The Polish Air Force (Polskie Sily Powietrzne) was founded at the end of the Great War and in the 1920s/1930s was supported by a substantial aviation industry.
		It was the first air force in the world to equip its front-line fighter force entirely with all-metal monoplanes, and many international aviation records were established.
		During the Battle of Britain in 1940 1 in 8 of allied pilots was Polish, and the highest scoring allied fighter pilot flew with 303 Squadron of the Polish Air Force.
	www.btinternet.com /~aquila/lincs/polishaf/paf.htm (297 words)

	Myths about the Polish Air Force in WWII - Polish Aviation History Page
		Polish squadrons were deployed to reserve airfields following the mobilization on 30 and 31 August, and played an active role in the campaign till September 17th, when the Red Army invaded Poland from the east and the evacuation order was given.
		With the help of Polish embassies and consulates, which provided false papers and bribe money, most of them were able to make their escape through the Mediterranean to France and England in time to take part in the defence of France and in the Battle of Britain.
		The Polish Air Force in Great Britain, though organizationally and operationally within the RAF structure, was an independent air force, and many decisions (like sending Polish pilots away from the European theatre) had to be agreed on with the Polish command.
	ww2-aviation.net /polavhist/myths.html (807 words)

	POLISH NEWS - Polish History Page - THE POLISH CAMPAIGN OF SEPTEMBER 1939 IN PERSPECTIVE. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		On September 5, the Polish military attaché' in London went to the Air Ministry with an urgent request for the Royal Air Force to launch raids against Germany.
		Great Britain had no army capable of intervention, but her navy air force could have bombed and shelled German military installations and communication centers.
		Yet, the French Army and Air Force stood passively facing these meager German contingents in the West; on the Allied side of the Western front were approximately 2,500 tanks, 10,000 guns, and nearly 3,000 French and British aircraft.
	www.polishnews.com /fulltext/history/2001/history5.shtml (2268 words)

	Britain Prepares for War
		In Britain it was a mild day where most people went about their usual Sunday morning business, some went to church, others mowed lawns, some got themselves ready for their midday drink down at the 'local'.
		It was only when the Nazi Regimental Forces started their move through Norway on April 8th 1940 did Great Britain become involved and we shall see later how the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force suffered the first defeat of the war at the hands of the Germans.
		Britain became aware of the fact that Germany was producing large numbers of civil aircraft and that a secret air force was being formed.
	www.battleofbritain.net /0001.html (2377 words)

	Project on Defense Alternatives - Europe's Armed Forces at the Millennium: A Case Study of Change in France, the United ...
		In this context it is interesting to note that in Britain the relative share of the Army in the overall military organization has been going up (actually to the percentage envisaged by the French planners for their own forces).
		Britain's role in the new NATO is a prestigious one.
		The force of mine countermeasure vessels is to increase from 18 to 22.
	www.comw.org /pda/9911eur.html (15312 words)

	British and German Air Doctrine Between the Wars
		In considering air attack we are faced with the difficulty that we lack the guidance of past experience in almost all the factors which affect it, and consequently the detailed methods of application and their effects are almost a matter for conjecture.
		Air Ministry reports, he added, indicated that the Italians were so impressed with the results of low flying support missions that they had diverted 50 percent of their aircraft to that mission.
		Air power is bombing capacity and nothing else; all the other various employments of aircraft, as auxiliary to an army or a navy, or as units in the scheme of home defense, being unrelated to this one main fact.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1980/mar-apr/murray.html (6826 words)

	Army Air Forces in World War II
		(Eighth Air Force): Mission 359: 638 bombers and 657 fighters are dispatched to hit targets in France and Belgium; 2 bombers and 4 fighters are lost; AAF claims 2-0-1 Luftwaffe aircraft in the air and 1-0-1 on the ground: 1.
		(Eighth Air Force): Mission 367: 1,106 bombers and 602 fighters are dispatched on visual attacks on airfields in the Paris area and PFF and visual bombing of Berlin; 33 bombers and 10 fighters are lost; the fighters claim 33-7-6 Luftwaffe aircraft: 1.
		(Eighth Air Force): Mission 373: 1,126 bombers and 710 fighters are dispatched against rail targets in France and Germany and gun batteries in France; 24 bombers and 7 fighters are lost; the fighters claim 35.5-1-5 aircraft in the air and 9-0-2 on the ground: 1.
	www.usaaf.net /chron/44/may44.htm (11462 words)

	Skalski's Circus - Polish Aviation History Page
		Meanwhile, Polish military leaders were eager to prepare a cadre of commanders, who would be able to lead the future air force in liberated Poland.
		Consequently, in the end of 1942, word was circulated among Polish fighter squadrons, that volunteers for the Team are being sought.
		Polish Fighting Team was formed on February 5, 1943 in the Polish fighter base at Northolt, and after crossing the Mediterranean by ship and some further travel, arrived at Bu Gara airfield, 150 miles west of Tripoli, on March 13.
	ww2-aviation.net /polavhist/circus.html (905 words)

	Karen Rychlewski : Polish Air Force
		The Kosciuszko squadron served with distinction in 1939; and when reformed in Britain in 1941, it became the highest scoring unit in the RAF during the Battle of Britain.
		By October, 1918, signs of the imminent downfall of the Austrian and German empires became very clear and the Polish population, conscious of approaching political upheavals, was waiting for a suitable moment to free their land from the oppressors.
		By the end of the month Polish forces had 'liberated' Austrian airfields at Krakow and Przemysl, and in the first week of November they added the airfields and equipment at Lvov and Lublin.
	www.wwi-models.org /Images/Rychlewski/Polish (1628 words)

	The Husaria - Polish Cavalry
		Polish armies had to operate in all types of terrain and climates (baking plains in the south to freezing bogs and forests in the north, wilderness or city).
		One of the great aspects of the armor were the facts that it was overall light, resilient, and pretty comfortable.
		There are many "myths" that surround the September Campaign; the fictional Polish cavalry charges against German tanks (actually reported by the Italian press and used as propaganda by the Germans), the alleged destruction of the Polish Air Force on the ground, or claims that Polish armor failed to achieve any success against the invaders.
	www.cavhooah.com /polish.htm (2322 words)

	Polish History - Part 12
		Polish fighter pilots made a great contribution to the victory in the Battle of Britain.
		Polish society remained consistent in supporting the institutions of its underground state, the Warsaw Uprising being the final attempt to win full independence for Poland.
		Polish soldiers had been fighting the Germans from the first to the last day of the war.
	www.poloniatoday.com /history12.htm (1239 words)

	Poland in Exile - The Polish Army in Great Britain
		The Polish Headquarters had moved to Libourne just outside Bordeaux when General Sikorski arrived on 17th June 1940 to take stock of their position since the French were seeking an armistice with the Germans.
		By July 1940 remnants of the Polish Army were being assembled and reorganized in the Glasgow area as the 1st Polish Army Corps under the command of General Marian Kukiel.
		The Polish 1st Division’s role was to be in later stages of the invasion to support the build up sufficient strength in the bridgehead behind the beaches to allow the breakout and push for the strategic city of Caen.
	www.polandinexile.com /polisharmy.html (3104 words)

	Amazon.fr : The Polish Air Force at War: The Official History, 1939-1943: Livres en anglais: Jerzy B. Cynk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		After being overrun during the early Blitzkrieg in September 1939, and later in France in 1940, the Polish Air Force Ð flying British and American made fighters and bombers out of England in their own units Ð made a tremendous contribution to the Allied air victory.
		Their part in the Battle of Britain became legend, and its contribution to the early RAF bomber offensive on Germany was equally great.
		After a brief introduction to the PAF's formative years and to the political background to the war itself, the factors shaping PAF operations in Great Britain and to the abandonment by Britain of her most faithful ally are discussed.
	www.amazon.fr /Polish-Air-Force-War-1939-1943/dp/076430559X (397 words)

	SAW Polish Air Force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Polish Air Force was recreated in France from air crews who had managed to make their way via Rumania and other routes to French soil and by June 1940 it numbered 7,000 personnel and about 90 operational aircraft.
		Air Force studies ran from April 1943 to the beginning of 1944 at the Polish Military Staff College near Peebles.
		The principal memorials to the airmen of the Polish Air Force in Britain are to be found in England.
	www.ostrycharz.free-online.co.uk /PolishAirForce.html (2084 words)

	Situation No
		After fresh forces arrived, the Maritime and Central Army Groups early on 21/4 went into offensive, as a result of which a breakthrough of 40 km into the depth of the FRG was achieved in the direction of Schwerin and Hamburg.
		The main naval bases and ports, air and missile bases, as well as the most important industrial regions of the Europan NATO countries, particularly the FRG, France, and Great Britain, had been destroyed, as a result of which the industrial production capacity fell to a minimum and the transportation and telecommunication systems had been disrupted.
		The nuclear strikes by the "Eastern" side tilted the correlation of forces in its favor, thus creating conditions for the total defeat of the enemy in the western theater of operations and the elimination of the main European NATO countries from the war.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB14/doc18a.htm (2229 words)

	History - WWII - Battle of Britain
		As a prelude to the cross-Channel invasion, the German Air Force (the Luftwaffe) was to overpower Britain's air defenses.
		Information regarding the Polish Air Force's participation in the Battle of Britain is the focus of a number of websites which also devote pages to other matters related to the Polish Air Force, its battles, fliers, planes, etc. For fuller access, these links are exploded to reveal their structure and content.
		A letter from a fighter pilot - Year 1941 was probably the most difficult year in the entire for the Royal Air Force and PAF alike, and Aleksander Herbst explains why.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /web/history/WWII/britain/link.shtml (747 words)

	DEFENSE OF FRANCE
		The Polish air force in France consisted of eighty-six aircraft in four squadrons.
		In 1940 the First Polish Grenadier Division was deployed southwest of Nancy, France, where in a two-day battle at Lagarde on June 17 and 18 it defended successfully its sector but had to withdraw because retreating French divisions exposed both of its flanks to the enemy.
		The Polish air force in France, with its eighty-six fighter planes, shot down fifty German aircraft during the campaign, losing eleven of its own pilots in the air and fifteen on the ground.
	www.apacouncil.org /ww2/5df.html (713 words)

	Great Air Battles: The Battle of Britain
		Otherwise known as the Stuka, the Ju 87 was successful in the Polish campaign, where its precise bombing ability and the scream from its landing gear-mounted sirens, called the "trumpets of Jericho", made it a favorite of the Nazi propaganda machine.
		But since most of the Polish air force had been destroyed on the ground, the Stuka had faced little opposition from fighters that could exploit its slow airspeed.
		It read, in part, "I intend to intensify air and sea warfare against the English homeland...The Luftwaffe is to overpower the Royal Air Force...in the shortest possible time...The intensification of the air war may begin on or after 5 August.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /britain/airbattle.html (2048 words)

	Uniforms: Polish forces, post the surrender of Poland.
		In 1989 the Polish Armed Forces in the West Military Action Cross was instituted and he was awarded one.
		The mermaid patch on his left arm identifies the Polish II Corps, which was admitted as part of the British 8th Army after the Poles' gallant victory at Monte Cassino in July 1944.
		Over his left breast pocket he wears the unique metal wings of a Polish Air Force pilot, displayed in the prescribed way as hanging by their silver chain from his collar.
	www.diggerhistory.info /pages-uniforms/poland.htm (760 words)

	SPK Post No. 33 - Polish Armed Forces WWII
		The Polish military participated in active combat on land, in the air and on all the seas of the world.
		The Polish flotilla, which managed to reach the friendly shores of Great Britain on the day the war broke out in 1939, fought side by side with the Royal Navy until the end of the war in Europe.
		The Polish Underground, known as the Home Army, 380,000 strong including men and women, harassed the enemy in the occupied territories, fought in inexorable battles and supplied a wide range of intelligence to the Allies.
	www.classicbuffalo.com /spk.htm (1610 words)

	Polish WWII Aces
		The Polish defenition of an ace was a pilot who achieved at least five (5) confirmed victories (as opposed to probable victories) in air-to-air combat (as opposed to destroying planes on the ground).
		All in all, the Polish fighter pilots downed 8.5% of the 2 375 enemy planes that were claimed to have been destroyed (by all means, including anti-aircraft artillery and etc.) during Battle of Britain, according to the data released by the British Air Ministry.
		After years of Cold War era silence in England on the subject of Polish fighter pilots, who participated in the as decisive for the British as the Battle of Britain was (...), this silence was ended with the showing of the Polish fighter pilots in that movie.
	members.tripod.com /~marcin_w/index-paces.html (2664 words)

	TGOL - Empress of Britain
		It was indeed a great day for the company, with the new vessel being their largest ever.
		A great number of people had gathered, among them Edward, Prince of Wales, who was to do the actual christening of the new ship.
		She was the greatest loss for the Allied forces during the entire war.
	www.greatoceanliners.net /empressofbritain2.html (1475 words)

	YouTube - Battle of Britain
		Polish pilots fought in the Battle of Britain, where the Polish 303 Fighter Squadron achieved the highest number of kills of any Allied squadron.
		On 11 June 1940, the Polish Government in Exile signed an agreement with the British Government to form a Polish Army and Polish Air Force in the United Kingdom.
		Polish pilots were among the most experienced in the battle, most of them having already fought in the 1939 September Campaign in Poland and the 1940 Battle of France.
	www.youtube.com /watch?v=z9EmAM9A5-A (840 words)

	The Polish Underground Army: SR, April 2006
		Peszke’s interest in the Polish military was sparked by his father, who together with many other Poles served as an officer with Britain’s RAF during the Second World War.
		His book is particularly good in describing the history of restructuring the Polish military in Britain, its contributions to the victory of the Allied Forces, and failed diplomatic efforts by the Polish government in exile to restore Poland’s independence.
		VI of the Polish Air Force Special Duties Squadron 1568.” Its eight chapters are characterized by symmetry and clarity.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~sarmatia/406/262best.html (1338 words)

	Poland: Behind the Crisis (1982) : YALTA AND THE POLISH ANTI-FASCIST MOVEMENT
		Toward the close of the war, while the Nazi forces were still strong in Poland, the Soviet Red Army launched the final offensive to liberate Poland.
		The reactionary Polish exiles' forces under Mikolajczyk were negligible and were composed mostly of right-wing and ultra-rightist forces who before the war had supported the fascist dictatorship of Pilsudski.
		The antagonistic internal class forces were left to work out their own destiny without interference from either East or West.
	www.workers.org /marcy/cd/sampol/polish/polish13.htm (2043 words)

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