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Topic: Polish Autonomous District

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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		By the leading nobles Boleslaw was thoroughly hated as a despot; the masses of the people murmured under the burden of incessant wars; the clergy opposed the energetic reformation of the Church, which the king was carrying on, their opposition being particularly directed against Gregory's decree enforcing the celibacy of the clergy.
		Polish ecclesiastics brought it about that the adherents of the Eastern Schism in the Province of Halicz (Galicia) made their submission to the Holy See at Florence in 1439.
		As early as 970 a Polish bishopric was established at Posen, under the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Magdeburg.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12181a.htm (17027 words)

	Julian Marchlewski - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1889 he was a co-founder of the Polish Workers' Union.
		In 1893 he, together with Rosa Luxemburg, founded the Social Democratic Party of Polish Kingdom, which was dissolved in 1895 due to massive arrests.
		In 1926, he was the namesake for the Polish Autonomous District in Ukraine (Marchlewszczyzna), with the capital at Marchlewsk (known before and after as Dołbysz or Dowbysz).
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Julian_Marchlewski (294 words)

	Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky (Феликс Эдмундович Дзержинский; September 11, 1877 - July 20, 1926) was a Polish Communist revolutionary, famous as the founder of the Bolshevik security police, the Cheka, later known as the KGB.
		Dzerzhinsky was born into a bourgeois Polish family in a town of Koidanow (now Dzyarzhynsk), then part of the Russian Empire, now part of Belarus.
		The town itself was renamed Dzyarzhynsk after him to be the capital of the short-lived Polish Autonomous District, or Dzierzynszczyzna, in Belarus.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/felix_edmundovich_dzerzhinsky (656 words)

	Polish Autonomous District - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Marchlewszczyzna was the Polish Autonomous District in Ukraine created in 1926, with its capital at Marchlewsk (known before and after as Dołbysz or Dowbysz).
		Polish districts were among those who resisted Soviet collectivization.
		Polskie rejony autonomiczne w Związku Sowieckim (in Polish)
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Marchlewszczyzna (218 words)

	Nenets District's Natural Resources Leave Geologists Speechless \| RosbaltNews.COM
		In the bowels of the earth in the Nenets Autonomous District of Russia, besides oil and gas, researchers have found everything there is in the periodic table.
		In the south, the district borders on the Republic of Komi, in the south-west - on the Archangelsk Region, and in the north-east - on the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District.
		The climate of the Nenets District is inclement.
	www.rosbaltnews.com /2003/03/12/61039.html (1710 words)

	City State Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Baltic port city of Danzig (the German name for the city called "Gdańsk" in Polish) was made into the "Free City of Danzig", a so-called free city, in 1920.
		With the re-emergence of a Polish nation in the aftermath of World War I, West Prussia became the "Polish Corridor", giving that country access to the Baltic Sea, but dividing East Prussia from the rest of Germany.
		The formerly Polish city of Kraków was briefly a nominally independent republic between 1815 and 1846, when it was annexed to the Austrian Empire.
	popularityguide.com /encyclopedia/City_state (2202 words)

	Julian Marchlewski (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In 1893 he, together with Rosa Luxemburg, founded the SocialDemocratic Party of Polish Kingdom, which was dissolved in 1895 due to massive arrests.Since 1900 he was the member of the Social Democratic Party of Polish Kingdom and Lithuania.
		During the invasion of Poland by the Red Army under Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky, heheaded the Polish Provisional Revolutionary Committee in Bialystok in 1920, which planned to declare the Polish Soviet Socialist Republic.
		In 1926, he was the namesake for the Polish Autonomous District in Ukraine (Marchlewszczyzna), with the capital at Marchlewsk (known before and after asDołbysz or Dowbysz).
	www.therfcc.org /julian-marchlewski-70978.html (280 words)

	Republics of the Soviet Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An attempt to declare the Polish Soviet Socialist Republic was made during the Soviet assault in the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–1922, by the Polish Provisional Revolutionary Committee headed by Julian Marchlewski in Bialystok.
		Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics that had existed at a time, but whose status was different at the dissolution of the Soviet Union were:
		A number of smaller nations had autonomy within the main Soviet republics and called Autonomous Oblasts, or AO.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soviet_Socialist_Republics (1074 words)

	Miscellaneous Axis Military Formations of WWII.
		Members of OUN launched numerous attacks on Polish soldiers and civilians in September of 1939, commiting their first gruesome atrocities in their bloody campaign to eradicate the Slavs from Ukraine.
		By early 1944, both Operational Group "North" and Operational Group "South" contained two military districts, whereas, Operational Group "West" was made up of six military districts (I have no data on the number of such military districts in the Operational Group "East").
		During the German occupation of Poland and western Soviet Union, UPA actively collaborated with the Germans, it fought against Polish and Soviet partisans, it launched a programme of extermination of Poles (killing an estimated 70 000 - 110 000 of them in the regions of Galicia, Volhynia, Polesie, and parts of south-eastern Poland).
	members.tripod.com /%7Emarcin_w/index-3.html (2936 words)

	Encyclopedia: Dzyarzhynsk
		Vilnius Old Town Vilnius (sometimes Vilna; Polish Wilno, Belarusian Вільня, Russian Вильнюс, see also Cities alternative names) is the capital city of Lithuania.
		Felix Dzerzhinsky was born in Dziarzhynava estate not far from the city, and that was one of the reasons the Communist authorities renamed the city, calling it Dzyarzhynsk.
		Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky (Феликс Эдмундович Дзержинский; September 11, 1877 - July 20, 1926) was a Polish Communist revolutionary, famous as the founder of the Bolshevik secret police, the Cheka, later known by many names.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Dzyarzhynsk (476 words)

	History of Lithuania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Under the influence of Lithuanian upper classes and the church, both usingmainly Polish language, lower levels of the nobility and gentry andinhabitants of two biggest towns, Vilnius and Grodna, became bilingual or even adopted the Polish language.
		Lithuania refusedto accept Poland's annexation of the Vilnius district (March 1922), despite the fact that alarge contingent of the population considered themselves Poles, and maintained a formal state of war until December 1927 and suspending relations with Poland until a Polish ultimatum (March 1938) forced their resumption.
		The Memelland district, including the city of Klaipeda, was madea separate territory under French occupation in 1920 as part of the Treaty of Versailles.
	www.therfcc.org /history-of-lithuania-16015.html (2401 words)

	Links to Poland
		Wawel Castle in Krakow was the residence of Polish rulers from the mid-11th to the early 17th century.
		This website is written in Polish and it presents a recipe for pierogis with mushrooms and sauerkraut (pierogi z kapustą i grzybami) and it provides some photos with the recipe.
		Important note: It would be inaccurate to discuss the establishment of the Polish state after World War I and not discuss the roles of Marshal Józef Pilsudski, and countless other people and critical events that led to the re-emergence of Poland as an independent country on the map.
	www.geocities.com /polsku/Polishlinks.htm (9041 words)

	Poland Baltic States - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		In 1988 and 1989, relations of the Polish minority in Lithuania with the Lithuanian government deteriorated with the enactment of language laws that discriminated against nonLithuanian speakers.
		The laws provoked leaders of the Polish minority to declare an autonomous Polish national territorial district.
		Polish relations with the other two Baltic states were less complicated.
	www.photius.com /countries/poland/government/poland_government_baltic_states.html (573 words)

	The Jews of Siberia
		While the burgeoning Moscow principality achieved its first victories against the Polish Lithuanian kingdom in the early 17th century, Mikhail Romanov (1613-1645), the first Romanov Tsar, established a separate Ministry for Siberian Affairs.
		Subsequently, several dozen Jews and Germans from the German Sloboda district (till the beginning of the 18th century, all foreigners in Russia were called "Germans") were expelled to Siberia in 1659 as numerous opponents of the tsar sought shelter in the houses of “foreigners”.
		In 1928, with strong support from the Evsektsia, the Soviet government decided to establish a Jewish Autonomous region with its center in Birobidzhan, in the eastern region of Siberia.
	www.bh.org.il /Communities/Archive/Siberia.asp (2851 words)

	Ingushetia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In 1921 the Autonomous Soviet Mountain Republic, of which the Ingush formed a part together with Kabardans, Chechens, Circassians, Ossetians, Balkars and the Karachai, was created.
		In 1924 Ingushetia became an autonomous district of the Russian Federation.
		In 1936 the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region was raised to the status of an Autonomous Republic.
	www.unpo.org /member.php?arg=25 (533 words)

	Footnotes to Volume 9 of Marx Engels Collected Works (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In February 1849, the Hungarians not only succeeded in stabilising the situation in the central area of hostilities (on the Theiss) and even in forcing the enemy to retreat along some other sectors of the front, but also in starting to concentrate forces for a counter-blow that was delivered early in April 1849.
		However, the Polish emigrant Bem, who was appointed Commander of the Hungarian army in Transylvania in December 1848, succeeded in preventing Puchner from invading Hungary from Transylvania and dealt crushing blows to the counterrevolutionary forces in Transylvania proper during January-March 1849.
		They were named after their regimental or company districts or communities from which the soldiers came.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/cw/volume09/footnote.htm (18235 words)

	Yining LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER
		Ghulja was seized by the Russians in 1871 during Yakub Beg's independent rule of Kashgaria.
		Ghulja became the capital of an autonomous district in 1954.
		It is an old commercial center trading in tea and cattle, and it is still an agricultural area with extensive livestock raising.
	www.school-explorer.com /info/Yining (162 words)

	Polish Autonomous District - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Polish Autonomous District - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This page was last modified 04:42, 4 Mar 2005.
		Polish Autonomous District, Dzierzynszczyzna, Marchlewszczyzna, Disbanding and External link.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Dzierzynszczyzna (249 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Buryat in Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Buryatia (the Soviet Autonomous Republic of Buryatia) issues a draft declaration on sovereignty stating that the republic enjoys the right of self-determination.
		Buryatia passed a law which does not allow foreign citizens to buy and sell farm land, but it does permit foreign citizens to lease land for 10 years, and if the land was put to good use, to extend the lease.
		Russian President Vladimir Putin created a system of seven federal districts to “ensure the exercise by the president of the Russian Federation of his constitutional powers, to make the work of federal bodies of state power more effective and to improve control over compliance with their decisions.” Buryatia was included in the Siberian Federal District.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=36533 (3779 words)

	Kresy -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The territory of Kresy constituted over 40% of Polish territory during the Second Republic.
		Polish inhabitants of this region, known in Polish as Kresowiacy, constituted approximately 40% of the population and had their distinct culture with accent and customs influenced by the presence of ethnic minorities.
		After the German invasion, a significant part of the Kresy population was transferred to Germany as workforce ((Click link for more info and facts about Ostarbeiter) Ostarbeiter, "Eastern workers").
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/K/Kr/Kresy.htm (424 words)

	The Balkans in WWII
		The Wilno district remains with Lithuania, which is now an SSR; Bialystok is returned to Poland; the rest (much the greater part) is incorporated into the Ukrainian and Belorussian SSRs.
		Created in summer 1940 by adding a small Moldavian autonomous district to most of Bessarabia (minus its coastal region), newly seized from Romania under the terms of the Nazi-Soviet Pact.
		Two autonomous regions are formed within Serbia: the Voivodina, including the Bačka, the Bánát, and Syrmia; and Kosovo.
	dmorgan.web.wesleyan.edu /jrtut/wwtwo.htm (3026 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Moravia
		On the death of the childless Jobst, Moravia, as a vacant fief, reverted to the Bohemian Crown, and its administration was entrusted to certain district governors by Wenceslaus IV.
		As in Bohemia, where similiar political and ecclesiastical conditions prevailed, Hussitism made rapid and great progress in Moravia under the feeble rule of Wenceslaus, especially among the nobility and peasantry; the Bishop of Olmütz and almost all the imperial cities inhabited by Germans, however, remained true to the Catholic cause.
		The question of language in the case of the autonomous national and district authorities has been settled on a bilingual basis, and the division of the school board according to nationality accomplished.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/10561a.htm (2700 words)

	"The Portfolio" No 6. March 14-20 2005 \| EPL-ED
		The Kaliningrad Department of Border Service FSB said it were Polish custom officers who should have been blamed for that since while fighting smuggling of cigarettes and alcohol they had subordinated the cars to a very strict control.
		Polish weekly has never published such a paper still the text was then multiplied in Russian and Ukrainian internet.
		According to Polish Deputy Foreign Minister - Jan Truszczyński one cannot say that France, Germany and Spain represent the EU in that case.
	www.epl-ed.pl /?q=node/85 (3931 words)

	History of Lajes Field (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It is believed that the first interest in the Azores as a mid-Atlantic landing strip came about because of an accident involving a Polish airplane trying to cross the Atlantic in 1928.
		The Polish aircraft crashed on Graciosa Island killing one of the two pilots.
		Lieutenant Colonel Cifka Duarte, a Portuguese aeronautics officer, was in charge of the study and decided upon Achada, a tableland zone between the town of Angra and Lajes, for the airstrip.
	www.lajes.af.mil /history.html (628 words)

	Berehovo (Transcarpathia, Ukraine) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Berehove (in Hungarian Beregszász, in Russian Beregovo) is a town in the Berehove district of Transcarpathia Oblast in Ukraine near to the Hungarian border (5 km east) on the Great Hungarian Plain.
		The town is the center of the Hungarians in Transcarpathia and the proposed Hungarian Autonomous District (referendum 01.12.1991).
		On 17th of June 1657 was burnt up by the Polish.
	flagspot.net /flags/ua-zk-bh.html (416 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The tropical climate proved unsuitable to cavalry, and while Vietnam was made a vassal state, Java remained autonomous much to the fury of Kublai.
		Inner Mongolia forms an autonomous state within China.
		Han Chinese have been massively re-settled there, and are the dominant ethnic group, and China places many of the same cultural restrictions on Mongols as did Soviet Mongolia.
	www.alanaditescili.net /index.php?title=Mongol (2232 words)

	Central Europe Review - Poland News Review
		Three Polish senators who observed the trial, Anna Bogucka-Skowronska, Stanislaw Marczyk and Zygmunt Ropelewski, told journalists that the verdict was a political decision.
		Father Adam Schulz, spokesman for the Polish Catholic Church Episcopate, sharply criticised the video game Operation Glemp as "deeply inappropriate and offensive to the religious feelings of believers." The goal of the video game is to kill Primate of Poland Jozef Glemp and to shoot at priests.
		She says this as both of the national trade unions which represent teachers, the Union of Polish Teachers (ZNP), which has close ties to the left-wing opposition, and Solidarity, which often supports the ruling Solidarity Election Action (AWS), are preparing protest actions against the Ministry of Education's policies.
	www.ce-review.org /99/10/polandnews10.html (1180 words)

	Terror Tuesday: Impact on South Asia -- Linkages of Islamist Terrorist Outfits
		As a part of a larger design to construct an network in India for spreading terror and violence in the country, the Inter Services Intelligence (ISI), Pakistan’s external intelligence agency, has begun to utilize various Muslim dominated regions (Hyderabad in southern India is a significant place in the ISI schema) as their operational base.
		In addition, camps were also organised in the Galamari area of Khulna district and Bagchara and Salim Bila areas of Jessore district with support from Bangladesh’s secret agency, the DGFI, and the Jamat-e-Islami Hind.
		In the last 20 years, approximately 275 mosques and madrassas have emerged in the districts of Rupandehi, Banke, Kapilvastu and Bardiya (bordering the Uttar Pradesh State of Northern India) of which 50 mosques and madrassas were constructed during 1991-95, primarily with financial help from Saudi Arabia.
	www.satp.org /satporgtp/usa/international_links.htm (12497 words)

	Pravda.RU Session of Baltic States' Council to be Held in Kaliningrad Region (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Sultan Bashirov, member of the district department of education, was killed last night in Vedeno, a district centre in Chechnya.
		Mi-8 and Mi-24 choppers are one of the most efficient means for the counter-terrorist operation in Chechnya, but they are worn out, they should be repaired very often, and there are no effective measures to control the quality of the defense technology in the republic More details...
		In a special sitting carried recently by federal inspector from staff of RF President’s Plenipotentiary in the Southern Federal District, Viktor Novikov, it was noticed that about 80 percent of illegal migrants from Asia penetrate to Volgograd region through Russian border with Kazakhstan.
	english.pravda.ru /region/2002/03/02/26741.html (1684 words)

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