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	Polish brethren - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Polish Brethren (also called Antitrinitarians, Arians, or Socinians) was the name of a Christian Polish sect from the 16th century.
		The Polish Brethren advocated the separation of church and state and taught the equality and brotherhood of all people; they opposed social privileges based on religious affiliation, and their adherents refused military service (they were known for carrying wooden swords instead of real almost obligatory szablas) and declined political office.
		This expulsion is sometimes taken as the beginning of decline of famous Polish religious freedom, although the decline started earlier and ended later: the last non-Catholic deputy was removed from parliament in the beginning of the 18th century.
	www.kernersville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Polish_brethren (596 words)

	Talk:Polish brethren - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Polish Brethren or Antitrinitians or Arians or Socinians was the name of a Polish sect from 16th century.
		Polish brethren, who didn't think of that as the name of their sect, but talked about their brethren or their Polish brethren, meaning the rest of their brotherly sect?
		Polish Brethren, in the sense of a branch (the Polish one) of a Brethren movement that (from the article or other linked with it) seems to have had a transnational character.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Polish_brethren (1251 words)

	National Review: Poland's cross and America's. @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Polish students' first move was to stage a sit-in strike in the corridors of the school.
		Remnants of the Polish army dug in behind the fortifications at Czestochowa, and the prior of the Pauline monastery there, Augustyn Kordecki, took command of both the fighting and the praying.
		It seems to be the historical good fortune of the Polish people, who have suffered more than most, always to have handy this ugly stick on which the naked God-man hung for his last picture--and in some sense will go on hanging until the end of the world.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:3289291&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (2566 words)

	Freemasonry in Poland - formerly and today (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Although only minute part of the Polish clergy belonged to the lodges, antimasonic projects have not won the Church's approval, because most of the bishops were loath to risk a conflict with the king and his faction.
		The Polish faction consisted mainly of the nobility, whereas the lower ranks - doctors, lesser officers or higher servants of the Court - were mainly foreigners.
		Although, as the brethren emphasise, legal registrations of Polish obediences have met no obstacles, the everyday life of Polish freemasons is not all roses.
	www.republika.pl /adnikiel/freemasonry.html (2684 words)

	Masuria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The cities remained centres of German and Polish speakers, however the cities usually had as a requirement to become a Bürger (citizen) 'to be of German tongue'.
		Germanisation was slowly and mainly done by education: after the unification of the province with Germany, in 1872 Polish language was removed from schools.
		In 1910, the German language was given by 197,060, Polish by 30,121, and Masurian by 171,413.
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/ma/Masuria.htm (698 words)

	Encyklopedia Emigracji - Polish American Relations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Polish interest in the New World goes back to the sixteenth century, and as some historians (for instance Janusz Tazbir) have shown, it was quite considerable.
		The Polish Brethren whose signal contribution to the emergence of Unitarianism is generally recognized were very active in the West, and Harvard College early acquired the Bibliotheca Fratrum Polonorum.
		The first Polish representative in Washington, Franciszek Pulaski, rightly remarked that „Poland is treated rather as a romantic cause that lends itself to humanitarian actions than as a political issue.“ Poland, however, was not a charity case.
	www.videofact.com /polska/aanowi/done/polish_amer_relation.htm (3596 words)

	B.D.H.P. - Additional Resources - Nachricht 9-16
		The Bohemian-Moravian Church of Brethren stems from those Brethren who were given sanctuary by the King of Bohemia, George Podiebrad on his land near Lititz and the Schlessigian border, out of his own will and love, and also in response to the request of the Archbishop of Prague in the year 1457, AD.
		This was done in order that the Brethren could serve God in peace and stillness and to protect them from their enemies after they separated from the Taborites over the matter of defending religion with weapons and declared their prayer for the one violence by Christians against their enemies.
		The Brethren, predominately at the request of these heathens proceeded to seek and receive the treasure of Episcopal ordination, inherited from their forefathers, from the bishops of the Polish Church of the Brethren.
	bdhp.moravian.edu /addtl_resources/nachricht/nachricht2.html (1951 words)

	Sarmatian Review XIX.1
		Polish Catholics were on the death lists of the Soviets just because they were Polish Catholics.
		Polish children were starved and gassed, Polish parents were taken to Germany and worked to death as forced laborers.
		Polish Americans urge the responsible members of the Jewish community to recognize that Jews were not just victims of history, but also actors in history.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~sarmatia/199/ethompson.html (1574 words)

	The Brethren Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Brethren movement beginning in 1708 in Schwarzenau, Germany, has produced a diverse assemblage of believers.
		Stoffer identifies three major influences on the early Brethren: Radical Pietism, Anabaptism, and the Polish Brethren movement.
		These men were the dominant forerunners, respectively, of the Brethren bodies including the Church of the Brethren, the Old German Baptist Brethren (Old Orders), and The Brethren Church (Progressives).
	www.brethrenencyclopedia.org /book-details.asp?ProductID=3 (147 words)

	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (or The Commonwealth of the Two Nations, Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów in Polish; Belarusian: Рэч Паспалі́тая) was a federal monarchy-republic formed by the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, between 1569 and 1795, which was governed by an elected monarch.
		The Crown of the Polish Kingdom (Poland proper), colloquially the Crown.
		The Duchy of Ruthenia was the planned member of the Commonwealth, after it would have been reconstructed to the tripartite Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth, but it never really existed.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/p/po/polish_lithuanian_commonwealth.html (375 words)

	Catholics and Heretics: Sarmatian Review, April 1999
		The dissidents called themselves the Polish Brethren or simply Christians; their enemies called them Arians because of an alleged connections with the ancient heresy of Arianism which rejected the dogma of the Holy Trinity.
		The antitrinitarianism of the Polish Brethren was similar to the views of Miguel Servet burned at the stake in Calvinist Geneva.
		The problem with the Socinians, or the Polish Brethren, was not just the interpretation of the Bible, but the fact that they refused to obey the laws of the country while at the same time availing themselves of the protection which being citizens of that country entailed.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~sarmatia/499/wilczek.html (5573 words)

	Email correspondence with Dr. Willi Niemann
		On the other hand, the catholic counterreformation influenced Polish king, Wladyslaw IV, and a number of the members of the Parliament, and after the war with Sweden in 1658 the Polish Brethren were banished out of Poland.
		The Polish Brethren Unity has no official contacts with Jewish organizations in Poland, but we are visited by Jews from time to time.
		As I mentioned already, the Polish brethren initiated a friendly dialogue with Jewish scholars in XVI century long, long time before anyone in the other churches came to conclusion that there is no other way for the Christianity to go.
	www.math.umass.edu /~rsellis/email-willi.html (4477 words)

	Rodowód humanizmu: filozofia
		Members of this group (to be referred to interchangeably as Polish Brethren or Socinians) was particularly singled out for persecution and later expelled because its anti-Trinitarian beliefs and ideas on religious freedom were abhorrent to the church.
		At their first synod in Wêgrów in 1565, the Polish Brethren settled the matter of freedom of conscience: "Everyone has the right not to do things which he feels to be contrary to the word of Go d.
		The ideas of the Polish Brethren on religious freedom were later expanded, perfected, and popularised by John Locke (1632-1704) in England, Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) in France and Holland, and Spinoza (1632-1677) in Holland.
	free.ngo.pl /humanizm/enlight.htm (676 words)

	20th WCP: The Philosophical Legacy of the 16th and 17th Century Socinians: Their Rationality
		The most brilliant period for the Polish Brethren was between 1585 and 1638 with the center at Raków which won the name of the Sarmatian Athens.
		The Polish Brethren lasted in Poland for about 100 years from the time when Peter of Goni_dz delivered his credo at the Calvinist synod in Secemin on January 22, 1556, to the death of Samuel Przypkowski in 1670.
		At their first synod, the Polish Brethren settled the matter of freedom of conscience: "Everyone has the right not to do things which he feels to be contrary to the word of God.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Reli/ReliHill.htm (2606 words)

	Virginia Ingram: Faustus Socinus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the community of the Polish Brethren, he found a like-minded and welcoming group of believers, and he was moved to request membership in their congregation.
		Socinus is able to be influential in the Polish Brethren for a variety of reasons, which include not only his natural intellectual abilities (he was widely read and fluent in at least five languages), but also his personal traits and skills.
		The Polish Brethren believed in liturgical simplicity and “scriptural fidelity.”(14) They advocated that love and tolerance be present in all human relationships, and therefore they refused to bear arms or support the taking of human life under any circumstances.
	online.sksm.edu /ce/papers/p-ingram~socinus.htm (3821 words)

	7. "THE LITTLE ECCLESIA IN POLAND" -- Brethren In Christ, by Alan Eyre
		Scholars in communist Poland have, during the past few years, shown a remarkable interest in the faith, ecclesial order and spiritual life of the communities of the Brethren in Christ in that country during the century of relative freedom and activity from 1546 to their expulsion and almost total suppression in 1660.
		It is evident that in this communist state the doctrines and practice of the Brethren in Christ are held in far higher regard than in the west, as Stanislaw Kot's appraisal testifies (see STANISLAW KOT ON THE POLISH BRETHREN).
		Many of the Polish Brethren were highly talented individuals, some of them the cream of the 16th century intelligentsia, and among them were writers, hymn composers, and poets of the highest calibre.
	www.antipas.org /books/brethren_in_christ/binc_07.html (3063 words)

	ICUU - Poland
		Unitarianism was born in Poland within the liberal and radical wings of the Protestant Reformation in the second half of the 16th century.
		First independent General assembly (synod) of Polish Brethren - Unitarians on June 10,1565 is considered the historical beginning of Unitarianism as an organized movement.
		The ICUU Leadership Conference in 1996 led to the merger of religious communities united in one organization: The Unitarian Church of Poland which is the continuation of the Polish Brethren.
	www.icuu.net /membership/poland.html (257 words)

	The DAWN, Its Ministry
		A few interested brethren raised $1,300 to sponsor “Frank and Ernest” on radio station WOR in New York—Norman Woodworth was ‘Frank’ and John Dawson was ‘Ernest.’ This was done for thirteen weeks under the auspices of the Brooklyn, NY, Congregation of Associated Bible Students.
		Brethren throughout the country were advised of their opportunity to help expand the subscriber list by becoming regular subscribers themselves, enabling the use of a permit for second-class mailing, which would be more economical.
		One of the brethren who left the IBSA early was Brother Stahn, who traveled throughout Poland in the 1920’s and 30’s to assist brethren in establishing ecclesias.
	www.dawnbible.com /dawn.htm (7888 words)

	[No title]
		The founder of the Polish Karma Kagyu community was Wladyslaw Czapnik (born 1920, died 1989), originally the president of the Union of the Polish Brethren.
		V. Conclusion The Polish centers were the only ones in the former communist countries: they were attracting followers from Hungary, the former German Democratic Republic, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union to participate in teachings or initiations given by the Tibetan lamas or other teachers.
		A Polish monk, Rinchen (born 1958), is a teacher for the Russian Karma Kagyu communities in St. Petersburg and Moscow since 1990.
	www.georgefox.edu /academics/undergrad/departments/soc-swk/ree/BORRI.POL.doc (2017 words)

	Socinian Legacy
		The doctrines of the Polish Brethren represented a humanistic reaction to a medieval theology based on submission to the Church's totalitarian authority.
		The precursor ideas of the Polish Brethren on religious freedom were later expanded, perfected and popularized by John Locke (1632-1704) in England and Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) in France and Holland.
		The Polish Brethren lasted in Poland for about 100 years from the time when Peter of Goniadz delivered his credo at the Calvinist synod in Secemin on January 22, 1556, to the death of Samuel Przypkowski in 1670.
	www.socinian.org /socinian_legacy.html (3161 words)

	Articles - The Deluge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Deluge (Polish Potop) is a name commonly assigned in the history of Poland to a series of wars in the 17th century which left Poland in ruins.
		Some Polish nobles (szlachta), especially Janusz RadziwiÅÅ and BogusÅaw RadziwiÅÅ, began negotiations with the Swedish king Charles X Gustav of Sweden, aimed at breaking the Commonwealth and the Polish-Lithuanian union.
		The Deluge also stopped the era of Polish tolerance, since most of the invaders were non-Catholic, with expulsion of the Polish brethren as a clear sign of it.
	www.lastring.com /articles/The_Deluge (518 words)

	From the Polish Socinians to the American Constitution - SIS
		The Polish Brethren lasted in Poland for about 100 years from the time when Peter of Goniądz delivered his credo at the Calvinist synod in Secemin on January 22, 1556, to the death of Samuel Przypkowski in 1670.
		Jonasz Szlichtyng (1592-1661), another leader of the Polish Brethren, traveled abroad as a mentor to Zbigniew Sienieński, the son of the owner of Raków.
		The intellectual ferment Socinian ideas produced in all of Europe determined the future philosophical trends and led directly to the development of Enlightenment.The precursor ideas of the Polish Brethren on religious freedom were later expanded, perfected and popularized by John Locke (1632-1704) in England and Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) in France and Holland.
	www.servetus.org /en/news-events/articulos/20040419.htm (10707 words)

	Polish Identities, 966-1900: Readings in Cultural and Intellectual History (2002-2003)
		In seeking to define ‘Polishness’ and the culture it has produced, the student will study the social, cultural and intellectual history of the early Polish state to about 1700 (Term 1), and from 1700 until 1900 in Term 2.
		In the first half of the course, after a brief introduction, attention will turn to Poland’s international relations, its multi-ethnic and multi-denominational nature, the development of noble privileges and their consequences for the rest of society.
		In the second half of the course, the focus will be placed on the reformulation of Polish identity in the absence of a Polish state.
	www.arts.gla.ac.uk /Slavonic/HonsOptions/PolIdentities2002.htm (448 words)

	Kielce - Destination Guide - Hotel Near (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		More diverting are the occasional exhibitions of contemporary Polish art that visit the museum throughout the year, generally in summer.
		As often in such museums, the early works are effectively an extended portrait gallery of the Polish aristocracy, alongside the usual selection of patriotic favourites such as Kosciuszko and Prince Józef Poniatowski.
		A number of apartments display some striking ceiling paintings from the workshop of Thomas Dolabella, notably the Senatorial Hall in the west wing, featuring the ominous Judgement of the Polish Brethren, with a grand, sweeping depiction of scenes from the Polish-Swedish and Polish-Muscovite wars of the seventeenth century in the adjoining room.
	www.hotelnear.com /3394/3399/Poland-Kielce.html (1014 words)

	Socinianism: Unitarianism in 16th-17th Century Poland and Its Influence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Socinus became the leader of the Anti-Trinitarians who as a result became known as Socinians, but also occasionally as the Racovians because their greatest center was in Racow.
		The Polish Reformation was remarkable because during this period heretics were being tortured and killed all over Western Europe from Spain to Germany, Denmark and England.
		The Social and Political Ideas of the Polish Antitrinitarians.
	www.sullivan-county.com /nf0/nov_2000/unitarian1.htm (980 words)

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