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	Golden age - from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
		Golden age of Latin literature, the period in Latin literature between Cicero and Ovid.
		Golden age of Swordplay, period of Sword skills between 16th and 18th century.
		Golden Age Passport, a National Park Service pass for citizens who are 62 or older.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Golden_age (509 words)

	Poland - Wikipedia
		The Polish state was formed over 1,000 years ago under the Piast dynasty, and reached its Golden Age near the end of the 16th century under the Jagiellonian dynasty, when Poland was one of the richest and most powerful countries in Europe.
		A golden age occurred in the 16th century during its union (Lublin Union) with Lithuania in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		The Polish landscape consists almost entirely of the lowlands of the North European Plain, at an average height of 173 metres, though the Sudetes (including the Karkonosze) and the Carpathian Mountains (including the Tatra mountains, where one also finds Poland's highest point, Rysy, at 2,499 m.) form the southern border.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Poland (2379 words)

	Polish Golden Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Polish Library in Washington, D.C. Lending library serving metropolitan Washington as well as Polish-Americans and all others interested in Polish literature, culture, history, and present day Poland.
		Polish Fest This three day Polish heritage festival, held each June Milwaukee, is the largest celebration of Polish culture in the US.
		The Polish Club Celebrating 75 years in 2001, the Polish Club in San Francisco is the meeting place for many of the area's Polish organizations.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Polish_Golden_Age.html (374 words)

	Polish Golden Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In a further safeguard of minority rights, Polish usage sanctioned the right of a group of gentry to form a confederation, which in effect constituted an uprising aimed at redress ofgrievances.
		In particular, after the mid- sixteenth century the Polish landssupported the world's largest concentration of Jews, whose number was estimated at 150,000in 1582.
		The talented dilettante Mikolaj Rej was the first major Polish writer to employ the vernacular, but the elegant classicist Jan Kochanowski (1530 - 1584) is acknowledged as the genius of the age.
	www.therfcc.org /polish-golden-age-30527.html (1553 words)

	Polish Golden Age - The Jiggies Reference Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In a further safeguard of minority rights, Polish usage sanctioned the right of a group of gentry to form a confederation, which in effect constituted an uprising aimed at redress of grievances.
		In particular, after the mid-sixteenth century the Polish lands supported the world's largest concentration of Jews, whose number was estimated at 150,000 in 1582.
		The talented dilettante Mikolaj Rej was the first major Polish writer to employ the vernacular, but the elegant classicist Jan Kochanowski (1530-1584) is acknowledged as the genius of the age.
	www.jiggies.com /reference/Polish_Golden_Age (1208 words)

	Polish history from the X century through the Golden Age of Poland, Dependency, World Wars, to the Communism State and ...
		Polish history begins with the semi-legendary ruler Mieszko I, who in AD 965 united the Polanie tribe of the Warta valley with neighbouring groups who were culturally related.
		This meant that from this time on Polish kings were elected for life by an assembly of the whole nobility, from landlords owning villages and great amounts of land to the owners of a few acres of arable land.
		This was caused by the young age of Polish democracy and what is more the fact that Poland had to transform its political and economic system in a very short period of time to join "Europe" in the future.
	www.escape2poland.co.uk /history.html (1577 words)

	Program Files\Common Files\Creative\briehist
		The text is a document in the history of the Polish language as well as the country's earliest "national anthem:" Bogurodzica was sung by the Polish army in defensive wars with the Knights of the Cross, most notably at Grunwald (1410).
		It was during this period that Polish art music took form and flourished, with its forms of vocal polyphony (choral music), dances for the court, and various types of songs for one and many voices.
		Polish composers of the 19th century included those who created music for the home and homeland and those who chose a life of traveling virtuosi, and wrote music of great technical difficulty and brilliance.
	www.usc.edu /dept/polish_music/essays/briehist.html (1667 words)

	UCLA Language Materials Project Language Profiles Page
		Polish is spoken by about 43 million people of whom some 36.5 million speakers live in Poland, where it is the official language.
		Polish is a Slavic language and belongs to the West Slavic subgroup, which also includes Czech, Slovak, Cassubian (spoken in the Baltic coast region in northern Poland), Sorbian (Saxony and Brandenburg, Germany), and Polabian, now extinct.
		Polish also marks an animate/inanimate distinction where nominals referring to humans and animals are distinguished inflectionally within the case system from nouns and adjectives that are not.
	www.lmp.ucla.edu /Profile.aspx?LangID=43 (1126 words)

	16th century article - 16th century 15th century 17th century more centuries time century 1501 1600 - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Beginning of the "little ice age" a cooling period that resulted in lower crop yields across the world, and harsher climates especially in northern latitudes.
		Poland is the largest state in Europe and has its Polish Golden Age.
		They print their works in the Polish language for the first time.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/16th_century (570 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Polish Literature
		At this period, too, the Jesuit Skarga, the purest embodiment of Polish patriotism in literature, preached and wrote, calling upon all Poles to save their country, though that country was then so powerful that his cry of alarm was like the voice of a prophet.
		-- This was the Golden Age of Polish literature.
		While Austria granted autonomy to her Polish subjects, Russia attempted by a long and ferocious persecution to stamp out every vestige of national life, and in Prussian Poland, under Bismarck's rule, even the Catechism was taught in German.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/12196a.htm (5011 words)

	POLISH NEWS - Essay Page - Wisconsin Professor Studies Poland's 'Glorious' Violin Tradition
		Grieve is a professor of violin at the University of Wisconsin - Madison and the concertmaster of the Madison Symphony Orchestra.
		Although not Polish himself, his early music teacher was Leo Kucinski, a violinist and conductor who came to the US from Poland as a teenager.
		Grieve says that while there is much Polish music that is based on folk elements, such as dances and dance rhythms like the mazurka, polonaise and oberek, what he finds most unique about it is that much of Poland's music represents a blend of Polish cultural elements with those of other national traditions.
	www.polishnews.com /fulltext/essay/2000/essay56_6.shtml (519 words)

	Polish History - Part 6
		Krakow remained the hub of Polish culture as the city hosted the royal court and the University, had good printers, sculpture shops and architectural studios.
		However, the majority of Polish and Lithuanian gentry remained Catholic, with Orthodox religion prevailing in Ruthenia.
		King Sigismund Augustus used to say, "I do not want to be the master of your conscience." Polish religious tolerance of the time allowed for the emergence of radical movements: the Arians--Polish and Bohemian brethren.
	www.poloniatoday.com /history6.htm (630 words)

	Golden age biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The term originated from early Greek and Roman poets who used to refer to a time when mankind lived in a utopia and was pure.
		Golden age of Science Fiction, period between the 1930s and 1950s
		Siglo de oro, the golden age of Spanish literature.
	golden-age.biography.ms (185 words)

	Polish culture: Polish posters
		Posters of the world-famous Polish School of Posters are on view in the Balcony Gallery, Merkin Concert Hall at Kaufman Center, through the end of the year.
		The exhibition features original posters from the golden age of Polish poster art: post-World War II through the fall of Communism, 1989.
		Polish posters, especially for film and theater, began to establish themselves internationally in the 1960s and '70s as among Poland’s most innovative cultural products, constituting a highly developed art form.
	www.culture.pl /en/culture/artykuly/wy_in_wy_plakaty_kaufman_center_nowy_jork (272 words)

	Grand Island Golden Age Center
		Golden Age Club members learned that Grand Island students are academically in the "middle" of the area school districts and at the low end as far as dollars spent per individual.
		Golden Age Club members in charge of the huge array of baked goods are shown manning their table.
		The Golden Age Center at the Nike Base on Whitehaven Rd. was a beehive of activity on Sunday when vendors, both members and non members, showed and sold their wares including wood items, knitted and crocheted items, plants, quilts, jewelry and hand painted porcelain.
	www.isledegrande.com /goldenage.htm (5248 words)

	UCLA Language Materials Polish Language Profile (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Polish is a Slavic--or Slavonic--language and belongs to the West Slavic subgroup, which also includes Czech, Slovak, Cassubian (or Kashubian; spoken in the Baltic coast region in northern Poland), Sorbian (Saxony and Brandenburg, Germany), and Polabian, now extinct.
		Modern Polish has seven vowel phonemes, two of which are nasalized, and a rich cosonantal system of thirty-five phonemes.
		Polish has borrowed extensively from German and Yiddish, and there is some borrowing from East Slavic langauges.
	www.kashuba.org /Library/PolishLinguistics/polishlinguistics.htm (1115 words)

	The Rise and Fall of Jack London in Poland, 1909-1993: A Bibliographical Essay
		Three examples will suffice: first, giving different Polish titles to the same tale by the same translator; second, often changing titles with new translations, even if the first title is accurate; and third, taking the same 30-40 tales and renaming the new collection of stories with a different title.
		Nonetheless, the Polish people are becoming increasingly frustrated by and impatient with free-market capitalism because their standard of living has dropped about 35% in the last three years, living conditions aren't improving, unemployment stands at 12%, and doom and gloom and the blue funk are prevasive.
		To avoid paying Polish translators their fees, publishers printed "anonymously" translated tales even when the translator (e.g., Stanisawa Kuszelewska) was alive and well and living less than ten miles from the press.
	sunsite.berkeley.edu /London/Essays/RiseFall/risefall.html (4204 words)

	LACMA Film: Golden Age of Polish Animation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		For the past five decades, Polish filmmakers have drawn on their nation's rich tradition of graphic art, avant-garde theater, and puppetry to create some of the most technically sophisticated, darkly satiric, and fantastical animation in the world.
		The Golden Age of Polish Animation is a survey of Poland's finest hand-drawn and computer animation from the past 50 years, the most comprehensive assembled in the United States.
		Polish animation was ambitious from the start: Ladislaw Starewicz worked with puppets and stop-motion; Witold Giersz with oil-based paints; Jan Janczak with collage; and Miroslaw Kijowicz with deceptively simple line drawings that belied their subversive political underpinnings.
	www.lacma.org /art/film/0402FebFilm/polish.htm (538 words)

	Polish Renaissance Literature An Anthology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The book presents in a fresh and accessible form the greatest texts from a golden age of Poland's literature, culture, and history.
		The rich tradition of the Polish Renaissance and its crowning achievements are not commonly known to the English-speaking public, in spite of the great figures who lived and worked during this time.
		It was Kochanowski who perfected Polish poetic language, declaring with confidence: "I climbed the mountain of beautiful Calliope, where not a trace of Polish foot was seen before me." His "Laments" (translated here in their entirety) remain one of the supreme poetic achievements in any Slavic language of any century.
	www.slavica.com /recent/rb14.html (338 words)

	Contemporary Posters - CYRK Story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		CYRK...Polish circus/art posters, with their most recognizable subjects and unmatched popularity, are the quintessential posters of the golden age of the Polish School of Posters -1945 (the end of World War II) through 1989 (the fall of Communism).
		The Polish poster became a national treasure and the golden era of the Polish School of Posters was established.
		Polish poster artists entered international poster exhibitions and competitions both at home and abroad; their many awards helped establish the international dominance of the art of the golden era of the Polish School of Posters.
	www.contemporaryposters.com /story/story.shtml (1052 words)

	Warsaw Voice - Notes From a Golden Age
		The other is an overview of Polish poster art from the earliest preserved examples to the present.
		The Polish poster overview, unadvertised and nearly hidden in the museum's new gallery (this Voice reporter actually had to ask an attendant to unlock it), is a much smaller, but no less interesting exhibition.
		At the height of their achievement, the Polish artists were as important to poster design as the Japanese are today.
	www.warsawvoice.pl /archiwum.phtml/7317 (592 words)

	Ink 19 :: Bobby Conn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Golden Age might not be something you might want to play for your mom on Thanksgiving, but according to Bobby Conn, they've already met anyway.
		The absolute animosity on The Golden Age is more in the forefront, no longer shrouded by the layers of self-deprecating humor that might have pervaded his past work.
		All said and done, The Golden Age doesnít present Conn's strongest collection of melodies, but his musical innovation and lyrics easily compensate for the lack of a collection of easy-to-stomach singles.
	www.ink19.com /issues/november2001/wetInk/musicC/bobbyConn.html (588 words)

	Brief History of Poland - Peter Pfeiffer
		It was also the age of Copernicus and of the first great figures in Polish literature; Mikolaj Rey (the first to write exclusively in Polish) and Jan Kochanowski (the "father" of Polish poetry).
		The Union of Lublin was a formal union of Poland and Lithuania; the "Rzeczpospolita Polska" (the Polish Commonwealth).
		For the Polish Commonwealth this was a disaster since it weakened an important frontier area and left a discontented people open to manipulation by Poland's enemies.
	www.magma.ca /~pfeiffer/poland/history.htm (2376 words)

	RSC : Spanish Golden Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Spanish Golden Age ensemble consists of twenty actors.
		There is a huge repertoire of plays from the Spanish Golden Age, but there are only about twelve which are regularly performed in Spain (The Dog in the Manger is one of these).
		The Spanish Golden Age Season opens in the Swan Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon on 14 April and the plays run in repertoire until 2 October 2004.
	www.rsc.org.uk /press/1445.asp (1760 words)

	WashingtonPost.com: Auschwitz: 1270 to the Present
		Jewry was one of the chief causes of the rotten situation in former Poland, and the cooperation of Jewry and Poles produced the notorious "Polish State of Affairs.
		This combative history began with an appropriately mythic Golden Age, when the area occupied today by southern Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, and Poland was settled by Germanic tribes.
		If the medieval farmers and merchants had brought a measure of prosperity to the Polish lands, their descendants brought poverty: between 1939 and 1944 the real wages of the average Polish worker dropped to 8 percent of the prewar level.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/auschwit.htm (2996 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Gdańsk became a large and rich Polish seaport city during the reign of king Kazimierz IV Jagiełłoński (Casimir the Jagiellonian).
		The Polish Golden Age (the 16th and the 17th centuries) brought trade and culture to Gdańsk.
		Due to obstruction and restriction of Polish trade and settlement by the German authorities, the Polish government invested in the building of another seaport, just north of Gdańsk, called Gdynia.
	members.home.nl /bnieborg/danzig/danzig_intro.html (442 words)

	Polish Film Festival in Los Angeles - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Golden Age of Polish Animation is a survey of Poland's finest hand-drawn and computer animation from the past fifty years, the most comprehensive assembled in the United States.
		A whirlwind tour of Polish animated film from the 1960s to the mid-1980s, featuring the gallows humor of Jan Lenica and Zofia Oraczewska; experiments in paint, plaster, and rubber stamping by Witold Giersz, Piotr Dumała, and Julian Antonisz; and a day-in-the-life, split-screen narrative by Oscar-winning artist Zbigniew Rybczyński.
		Polish animation was ambitious from the start: Ladislaw Starewicz worked with puppets and stop-motion; Witold Giersz with oil-based paints; Jan Janczak with collage; and Mirosław Kijowicz with deceptively simple line drawings that belied their subversive political underpinnings.
	www.polishfilmla.org /polish_animation.html (416 words)

	Polish poster school, Polish posters, Wiktor Sadowski
		Polish poster art became an organized movement between 1890 and 1905, principally in Cracow and Lvov, then under Austro-Hungarian rule.
		The posters of polish poster school, the height of the Polish school of poster art, were full of life and deeply humane content.
		Polish posters are as fiercely individualistic as the personalities involved.
	www.polish-poster.com /polish-poster-school.htm (793 words)

	Polish History - Part 5
		The successful 15th century opened the way for the 16th century, called the golden age in Poland's history.
		The high level of education enabled the knights [gentry] to reach for power and create a specifically Polish form of social and political system: the Republic of the Gentry.
		Rights, gained by Polish noblemen in the 14th and 15th centuries, were extended to the Lithuanian knighthood, as well as to the Orthodox boyars in the Ruthenian part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
	www.poloniatoday.com /history5.htm (1827 words)

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