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	History of the Jews in Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jews enjoyed undisturbed peace and prosperity in the many principalities into which the country was then divided, they formed the middle class in a country where the general population consisted of landlords (developing into szlachta, the unique Polish nobility) and peasants, and they were instrumental in promoting the commercial interests of the land.
		The szlachta and the townsfolk were increasingly hostile to the Jews, as the religious tolerance that dominated the mentality of the previous generations of the Commonwealth citizens was slowly forgotten.
		Polish Jews generally were less influenced by Hasklah, rather focusing on a strong continuation of their religious lives based on Halakha ("Jewish law") following primarily Orthodox Judaism, Hasidic Judaism, and also adapting to the new Religious Zionism of the Mizrachi movement later in the 1800s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland (7540 words)

	Museum of the History of Polish Jews
		The idea of creation of the Museum of the History of Polish Jews was inspired by the example of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. The works on establishment of the Museum have been performed by the international team of experts.
		The goal of the Museum of the History of Polish Jews in Warsaw is to restore the sequence of epochs.
		The Ghetto Heroes Monument in Warsaw and the Museum of the History of Polish Jews are dedicated to the one of the most tragic dramas of the 20th century.
	www.warsaw-hotels.net /eng/guide/museums/jewsmuseum.html (474 words)

	List of Polish Jews - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		From the Middle Ages until the Holocaust, Jews were a significant part of the Polish population.
		Also note that the idea of Polish nationality is rather broad and the same set of people could at times be referred to as Poles, Jews or Polish Jews alike.
		Graves of Polish Jews among the fallen soldiers of the Polish Defence War of 1939; Powązki Cemetery, Warsaw
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Polish_Jews (475 words)

	TR 2/2004: C. Nordling: What happened to the Jews in Poland?
		Another 13,000 Polish Jews are said to have survived as members of the Polish Army, and 1,000 would have survived posing as "Aryans" (and for some reason not counted among the 55,509).
		As far as human losses are concerned the Polish Jews may be compared with the age group of Russian males born between 1909 and 1923, or with the population of Leningrad.
		As for the ethnic destruction, the fate of the Polish Jewry may be compared with that of the ethnic entities of Germans existing east of Germany's new frontier in 1945.
	www.vho.org /tr/2004/2/Nordling155-158.html (3825 words)

	LNT Poland - Polish Jews in World War II
		Jews contributed not only to the development of housing in the cities, but also to municipal services thanks to their various public buildings (community buildings and organizational seats), cultural facilities (schools and theaters), religious buildings (temples, synagogues, and cemeteries), and communal buildings (hospitals, orphanages, and social care homes).
		Warsaw was the hub of the vibrant political, social, and cultural life of Polish Jews.
		A monument commemorating the 300,000 Jews murdered in the province was unveiled in 1962.
	cyberroad.com /poland/jews_ww2.html (1960 words)

	LNT Poland - Jews in Poland
		Jews were in the vanguard of modern banking, industry (including the sugar refining, textile, paper, and mechanical), commerce, export-import trade, and transportation (the construction of railway lines and river traffic on the Vistula).
		Jews were represented in the November Insurrection (1830 - 1831), the January Insurrection (1863), as well as in the revolutionary movement of 1905.
		The interests of Jews in Poland were represented by politicians and leaders with seats in the Sejm or the Senate, as well as in municipal councils and in Jewish religious communities.
	cyberroad.com /poland/jews.html (1047 words)

	Extermination of the Polish Jews in the Years 1939-1945. Part II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Jews were shot in houses and in the streets, and their corpses left lying where they fell.
		But the number of 5,446 given for Jews still in camps in Germany is not final, as only an insignificant proportion of the Jews in these camps have sent in their data to be registered by the Central Committee of Polish Jews or to any Local Committee.
		Jews from abroad were sent to Poland by the Germans as early as the end of 1939 (from Czechoslovakia and Austria), ostensibly for colonization, or for work on fortifications.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /genocide/gcpol6.htm (6372 words)

	Polonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Polish influence in Western New York can be traced back to Pieter Stadnitski, one of the partners of the Holland Land Office Company; the Dutch company which purchased and brought settlers to the area in the early 19th century.
		Noticing that the Polish communities in other cities were centered around a house of worship, he felt that more would stay here if they too, had a house of worship they could call their own.
		Ironically, the Polish peasant immigrants' only skills were animal husbandry and knowledge of the land, which they were seldom to exploit in their new country.
	ah.bfn.org /h/pol/hist (3393 words)

	The Jew in Polish and Russian Literatures: SR, January 2002
		The man under whose influence this proclamation was written summoning the Polish Jews to turn their faces toward the light of the future, met face to face with another man whose eyes were fixed on the past and darkness.
		Jews were aware of the possibilities or lack of them that were available to them, they were protected by law, and they were allowed by and large to live their own lives.
		So assimilated were the Jews in Germany in the prewar years, one cannot fairly speak of the destruction of a specific German Jewish culture in the way that one can speak of the eradication of one of the great Jewish communities in world history, that of the Jews of Poland.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~sarmatia/102/221sege.html (8024 words)

	Extermination of the Polish Jews in the Years 1939-1945. Part I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Polish Jews were mostly assembled in the larger and smaller towns.
		The Nazi Germans began to carry out their programme for the destruction of the Jews as early as the first day after the outbreak of war; but it is not quite certain if the plan for the complete extermination of the Jews existed at that time.
		The rabbis and orthodox Jews were forced to dance and sing in public, or were driven mockingly along the streets in their liturgical vestments.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /genocide/gcpol5.htm (5648 words)

	The Jews and the Poles by A. Kimel
		The Jews, the most dynamic segment of the population, were marked as parasites, and were blamed for all the economic ills of the country.
		As a result, Stalin was left with an extensive pool of Polish speaking Jews, that he extensively used later in the process of subjugation and communization of Poland.
		She explained to me after the program that the Polish Jews she had referred to were, in fact, young adults raised as Catholic Poles who had recently learned that they had some Jewish blood.
	www.kimel.net /jewpol.html (1704 words)

	Saving Jews: Polish Righteous
		Millions of Jews and Poles were expelled from the Western provinces, which had been annexed to the Third Reich, a territory that included the site of the death camp Auschwitz, where approximately 80,000 Poles were killed.
		Speaking Polish in public in the incorporated provinces was prohibited.
		Rescuers of Jews in Poland were alone, often deprived of their pre-war means of livelihood, expelled from their farms, factories, businesses, offices and even homes, most of them living in dire poverty.
	www.savingjews.org (1610 words)

	Conditions for Polish Jews During WWII
		By the 1920's and '30's the majority of Polish Jews were living in varying degrees of poverty, the result of the overall poor economy of the newly independent Polish state, compounded by government sanctioned anti-Jewish measures such as a 1938 law revoking the citizenship of Polish Jews living abroad.
		So even before the Nazi occupation, Jews in Poland were isolated from the mainstream and in a poor position to defend themselves against the extremely severe measures that were to follow.
		Periodic mass deportations from the ghettos to the death camps are followed by an influx of newly arrived Jews from all areas of the German Reich.
	www.humboldt.edu /~rescuers/book/Makuch/conditionsp.html (973 words)

	Amazon.com: Shtetl: The Life and Death of a Small Town and the World of Polish Jews: Books: Eva Hoffman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		She also discusses the tensions created by the fact that only some Jews saw their loyalty being to Poland, whereas other Jews shifted their loyalties to whatever foreign power was ruling over Poland at the time.
		In fact, the roundups of Jews in the Bransk ghetto were performed by Lithuanian and Ukrainian collaborator police forces, not Poles.
		The job of these commandos was to commit various crimes against the civilian population (including Jews) and then to create the impression that the AK was responsible for them, all as part of an overall strategy to discredit anti-Communist forces in the eyes of the population.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0395822955?v=glance (1655 words)

	Saving Jews: Polish Righteous
		The ghetto in Szadek was established in June 1940 and liquidated in August 1942, by deporting its 500 Jews to the Chelmno on Ner (River) extermination camp.
		Kurt Ticho, a Jew from Czechoslovakia, fled from the ghetto; he was among the 300 inmates who had rebelled against their oppressors.
		The Jews saved were: Bronislawa Ajzenband, Misza Goldblum, the physician Eugenia Geszychter, Maria Geszychter and her daughter, Hanna, Maria Goldblum, the Goldzand sisters, Roma and Dora, Krystyna Lastreger, Natalia Mochorowski, Bronislawa Norowicz, Jakub Reichman, and Henryk Zajdman.
	www.savingjews.org /righteous/pv.htm (12206 words)

	frontline: shtetl: Timeline \| PBS
		Jews were granted autonomy in their communal affairs.
		Jews restricted to a suburb of Cracow in the first Jewish ghetto, Kazimierz.
		Deportation of Jews to killing centers from Belgium, Croatia, France, Holland, and Poland; armed resistance by Jews in ghettos of Kletzk, Kremenets, Lachwa, Mir, Tuchin, Weisweiz.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shtetl/relations/timeline.html (530 words)

	Beyond the Pale: The Jews of Poland and Lithuania - 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Beyond the Pale: The Jews of Poland and Lithuania - 1
		After the expulsion of Spanish Jewry and the continued persecution of Jews in Western Europe, Poland and Lithuania become the new cultural center of Jewish life in Europe by the 16th century.
		Jews in Poland and Lithuania develop a particular mode of Talmudic study and enrich Jewish culture with many new religious streams and customs.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/beyond-the-pale/english/18.html (151 words)

	Holocaust: 3 Million Victims Were Non-Jews
		The second best-kept secret of the Holocaust is the greatest number of Gentile rescuers of Jews were Poles, despite the fact that only in Poland were people (and their loved ones) immediately executed if caught trying to save Jews.
		The Polish Christian losses are occasionally mentioned in general reference books, somewhat camouflaged in the country profile of Poland in the annual The World Almanac and Book of Facts.
		The relevant sentence reads, “During the war, some 6 million Polish citizens, half of them Jews, were killed by the Nazis.” But note the nuance of the wording -- it is as though the words “three million,” “Polish Christians,” and “dead” cannot be mentioned in the same sentence in anything written about the Holocaust.
	www.holocaustforgotten.com /Lucaire.htm (1212 words)

	Polish Synagogues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		And, in addition, the old idealistic, prophetic, and future-oriented spirit continued to burn in the souls of Polish Jews.
		It went hand in hand with a cultural this-worldly orientation, and the spirit bridged the different and opposite forms of the consciousness of Polish Jews.
		In the last summer before the Second World War, under the fl terrible skies, the hearts of Polish Jews were heavy with premonitions of doom.
	ddickerson.igc.org /polish-synagogues.html (454 words)

	Humbul full record view for -- Museum of the history of Polish Jews
		The museum, planned to be built in Warsaw, will be established by the Association of the Jewish Historical Institute of Poland and led by Jerzy Halbersztadt, the Museum Project Director.
		Its aims are to break down stereotypes held by Jews and Poles about each other and to contribute to the memory of the Jewish culture that was once such an integral part of Polish life.
		It provides a brief history of the Jews in Poland and points out the many prominent Jews who can trace their roots to Poland or who were born there.
	www.humbul.ac.uk /output/full2.php?id=9896 (270 words)

	Moment Magazine - Book Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Philip hears his father twice called a “loudmouth Jew,” he watches as his family is kicked out of a hotel and he sees the way people worship Lindbergh for working with Hitler and Hirohito to keep America out of the war.
		Returning to Newark does not free the Roths from the policies of the Lindbergh White House, especially since Philip’s aunt Evelyn befriends and then marries Lindbergh’s chief Jewish apologist, Rabbi Bengelsdorf.
		Therefore Jews are colonialists, imperialists and racists, whether overt or covert.".
	www.momentmag.com /books/books.html (1901 words)

	Hamburg's Polish Jews deported (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		"Sept. 15, 1939: Hamburg's Polish Jews declared "enemy aliens," and arrested, imprisoned for five weeks.
		Final Journey: The Fate of the Jews in Nazi Germany.
		The original plaintext version of this file is available via ftp.
	www.vex.net /~nizkor/hweb/places/germany/deportations/deport-003.html (398 words)

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