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Topic: Polish Livonia

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	Livonia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The conquest of Livonia by the Germans is described in the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle.
		The portion of Livonia remaining in the Commonwealth after the Treaty of Oliva in 1660 was known as Polish Livonia, or Inflanty.
		This division of Livonia was codified in the Treaty of Oliva in 1660.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Livonia (516 words)

	Wikinfo \| Livonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Livonia is a historical region on the eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea in modern Latvia and Estonia.
		From the 13th century Livonia was confederation of lands ruled by the Order of the Sword Knights (established 1202, joined with the Teutonic Knights in Prussia 1237) and the territories belonging to the archbishop of Riga and bishops of Couronia (Piltyn), Ozylia, Revel (Tallinn) and Dorpat.
		Polish Livonia was the remainder of Livonia, that was kept Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Treaty of Oliva in 1660.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Livonia (350 words)

	Poland - LoveToKnow 1911
		The Polish princes opposed a valiant but ineffectual resistance; the towns of Sandomir and Cracow were reduced to ashes, and all who were able fled to the mountains of Hungary or the forests of Moravia.
		The Polish towns, notably Cracow, had obtained their privileges, including freedom from tolls and municipal government, from the Crown in return for important services, such as warding off the Tatars, while the cities of German origin were protected by the Magdeburg law.
		Finally he was bent upon reforming the Polish constitution by substituting the decision of all matters by a plurality of votes for a unanimity impossible to count upon.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Poland (15678 words)

	Inflanty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Inflanty was the remainder of Livonia, that was kept Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Treaty of Oliva in 1660.
		Livonia, which had been a common territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1561, was conquered by Sweden in 1620s, in the course of the Polish-Swedish Wars, and conquest of the majority was completed by 1629.
		Under Swedish rule of the country became known as Swedish Livonia, which was formally recognised in Oliva, 1660.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polish_Livonia (159 words)

	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Courland (Polish: Kurlandia), a northern fief of the Commonwealth.
		Silesia (Polish: Śląsk) was not part of the Commonwealth, but small parts belonged to various Commonwealth kings; in particular, the Vasa kings were dukes of Opole from 1645 to 1666.
		Pomerania (Polish: Pomorze) is the term for the southern shore of the Baltic Sea, partially outside the Commonwealth and/or in Prussia.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Polish-lithuanian_commonwealth (5235 words)

	AllEmpires - The Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth (Full) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Their forces landed in Livonia in 1600, 1604 and 1605, but the invasions were notable for their conspicuous lack of success.
		A Polish garrison was installed in the Kremlin, but after the return of the King and Zólkiewski to Poland the situation for the garrison sharply deteriorated.
		Polish losses were also high and included Chodkiewicz who died in his chamber of old age just as the Turks began to retreat.
	www.allempires.com /empires/polish_lit_full/polish_lit1.htm (2253 words)

	557lec3&4Decline&PartitionsofPoland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Polish troops occupied the Kremlin in Moscow for a short while in 1612, but had to leave in early November in face of a national uprising.
		The Polish victory - due to a combination of good Polish defense and the exhaustion of Swedish armies - was attributed to the miracle-working picture of Mary, the Mother of God and her child in the monastery church.
		The concluding chapter is a comparison between the Polish "revolutions" of 1788-92 (the period of the Four year Seym and its reforms) and that of 1980-1990 (Solidarity, underground civic society, collapse of communism).
	raven.cc.ku.edu /~eceurope/hist557/lect3-4.htm (7441 words)

	AllEmpires - The Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth (Full) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Polish arms triumphed in battle after battle and after the Peace of Oliva, when the Western armies were released, they forced the Russians to capitulate at Cudnow in Volhynia (1st November 1660).
		In spite of his disappointment, the king, with all Polish forces, joined in the Hungarian campaign, and after a setback in the first battle of Parkany, where he himself was in mortal danger, he won another important victory near that place and also participated in the taking of Esztergom, Hungary’s ecclesiastical center.
		The immediate reason why the Polish forces, after advancing far into the Danubian principalities, had to retreat, as they also had to in subsequent expeditions until 1691, was the lack of support from the native Rumanian population.
	www.allempires.com /empires/polish_lit_full/polish_lit2.htm (3005 words)

	Polish Renaissance Warfare - Summary of Conflicts - Part Three
		In 1582 Ivan surrendered the whole of Livonia and Polock in return for the lands occupied by Batory.
		Significant advantage could not be taken by the unpaid Polish forces and when rebellion against Zygmunt appeared in Poland Charles was able to return to Livonia and regain many strongholds.
		However returning Polish forces were still able to regain much of what had been lost and the conflict dissipated with both participants' attention being turned to the turmoil in Muscovy.
	www.jasinski.co.uk /wojna/conflicts/conf03.htm (1307 words)

	POLAND, PART 3
		Polish infantry was late and therefore could not participate in the battle.
		Some historians claim it as he greatest triumphs of the Polish Army in the mid seventeenth century, since it was for the first time that the enemy was prevented from crossing the state border and ravaging the southern countryside.
		The reformed Polish army after the crisis and disappointments of the last ten years ballooned to 54,000 men by 1659 on the onset of the campaign.
	www.halat.pl /article.php?make_stat=poland2&2&fs=poland2.html (7580 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Polish-Swedish wars reading info to pass the time.
		The Swedish King was hit by a Polish marksman and the Swedes had to de-sist from an attack on the city.
		Polish losses were at around 500+ dead and wounded, as well as 400 horses killed.
		Polish losses were at 500 dead and wounded, though lots of horses were lost.
	forum.paradoxplaza.com /forum/showthread.php?t=1787 (9726 words)

	WHKMLA : Livonian War, 1558-1582
		The political constitution of Livonia, both the Livonian Order and the Livonian bishoprics, were now questioned; the Livonian Order, for decades, had suffered a sharp decline in their ranks, seriously affecting its ability to defend the country.
		Stephen Bathory was elected King; while he dealt with the city of Danzig (which refused to recognize him), Russian troops invaded the southern regions of Polish Livonia.
		The balance of powers in the region had been destroyed, by the implosion of Livonia as well as by a strengthened, aggressive Russia, which was supplied with gunpowder through the English via Archangelsk.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/16cen/livonianwar.html (624 words)

	Commandery of Poland - History
		At the end of the 13th century the Order of St. Lazarus was present in all Polish Principalities and it established numerous hospitals (lazarets) near main cities.
		Polish Dynasty of Jagiellons became (like earlier the Piasts were) sovereign protectors and benefactors of Teutonic Order.
		In 1920 Polish Army defeated soviet invaders reaching for Europe ("through dead body of Poland to the heart of Europe" as said by soviet leader Leo Trotsky-Bronstein).
	www.st-lazarus.net /poland-m/history.htm (1617 words)

	Plateriada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Prelate Lapkowski, born in 1920, the oldest Polish priest in Latvia, was thrilled to have seen the service through for the family (he was to be hospitalized a few days later).
		That evening the Deputy Speaker of the Polish Senate, the Ambassador of the Republic of Poland, the Mayor of Kraslaw and representatives of the Plater family met to discuss further assistance to the school, the Cathedral, and the Kraslaw palace which required extensive renovations.
		In addition, Polish teachers who come to teach in Polish schools in both countries do so out of a spirit of conviction and serve their vocation to the fullest.
	www.magma.ca /~htiley/milada1e.html (1476 words)

	Polish Nobility and Its Heraldry: An Introduction
		In the Polish military history of that age there are many examples of the practice of the nobility customarily confirming or even extending its privileges in its armed camp before proceeding to the battle with the enemy.
		Polish heraldic system has not developed, however, any stable institutions which would safeguard its heraldic laws, even despite the fact that the office of a herald was known in Poland already by the Middle Ages and that by the 15th century the prerogatives of the Polish nobility came under the protection of the law.
		In the Polish heraldry, some princely families did not use the crest and instead opted to rest the prince's crown straight against the helmet, (today this is considered a bad heraldry) or as a coronet of rank on the manteau.
	www.szlachta.org /heraldry.htm (16740 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Livonia, 1561-1621
		In 1566 Lithuanian Marshall Jan Chodkiewicz was charged with the secularization of the Stift Riga and with the annexation of Livonia into Lithuania.
		In 1582 the Constitutiones Livoniae were passed, octroyed on Livonia by Poland.
		Livonia was administratively reorganized according to the Polish model (3 presidial districts - Wenden, Dorpat, Pernau).
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/eceurope/livonia15611621.html (573 words)

	The Origin of the Livonian War, 1558
		Ivan IV's attack on Livonia in early 1558 caught the Lithuanian leaders unprepared for war, and therefore they did not enter into the conflict until 1559, after the Russians had overrun much of Livonia and seemed likely to outflank the Lithuanian defenses in the north.
		This sudden interest in Livonia is not to be understood apart from Sigismund ll's similar interest in that country; it was part of the military and political confrontation of the two great empires, not an adventure separate from other Russian concerns.
		A crucial point to understand is that not all Germans in Livonia felt themselves equally affected by the complicated diplomacy that preceded the outbreak of war.
	www.lituanus.org /1983_3/83_3_02.htm (4801 words)

	Gustavus II. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		However, his resumption (1621) of the intermittent warfare between the Swedish and Polish branches of the house of Vasa led to his entry into that vast conflict.
		His primary objects in invading Poland were to consolidate Swedish hegemony over the Baltic by acquiring Polish Livonia and to reduce the threat posed by the Catholic Sigismund III of Poland to Swedish Protestantism.
		For the Protestant cause and also to gain control of the S Baltic coast, the king landed in Pomerania with 13,000 troops in 1630; these were soon augmented until 40,000 were at his disposal.
	www.bartleby.com /65/gu/Gustavus2.html (740 words)

	Belaruss encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Belaruss politics and officials, Belaruss History. Travel to ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden took Riga in 1621, and the larger part of Polish Livonia, including Vidzeme, came under Swedish rule with the Truce of Altmark in 1629.Latvian forces played a key role at the Battle of Zenta against the Ottomans in 1697 AD.
		Estonian and Latvian forces defeated the Germans at the Battle of Cēsis in June 1919, and a massive attack by a German and Russian force under Pavel Bermondt-Avalov was repelled in November.
		Eastern Latvia was cleared of Bolshevik forces by Polish, Latvian, and German troops in early 1920.
	www.belarusiworld.com /wiki-Latvia (3752 words)

	David Zincavage
		The Palatinate of Troki, the Duchy of Samogitia, Polish Livonia, and the Duchy of Courland - Map 1
		The Palatinate of Troki, the Duchy of Samogitia, Polish Livonia, and the Duchy of Courland - Map 2
		The Palatinate of Belz, and the Palatinate of Ruthenia: the Land of Chelm - Map 1
	www.zincavage.org /mapindex.html (226 words)

	Teranodon visioneering view on "Cossacks origin" excerpt from Poland article in Encyclopedia B..., vol XI, ...
		But, at the beginning of the 17th century, when the current of the Catholic reaction was running very strongly and the Jesuits, after subduing the Protestants, began to undermine the position of the Orthodox Church in Lithuania, a more intolerant spirit began to prevail.
		In 1619 the Polish government was obliged to prohibit absolutely the piratical raids of the Cossacks in the Black Sea, where they habitually destroyed Turkish property to the value of millions.
		Meanwhile the Polish army, 40,000 strong, with 100 guns, was assembling on the frontier.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Forum/4123/eb11coss.htm (2595 words)

	GeoNative - Minorities of Latvia: Livonian & Polish
		Livonia comprises some coastal areas of Estonia and Latvia, where the Live people lived and spoke Livonkel or Livonian.
		They are concentrated mainly in the south east region of Latgale, which retains a strong Polish cultural and linguistic influence.
		Latgale is adjacent to areas of Lithuania and Belarus that are also home to Polish minorities.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/9479/livo.html (452 words)

	Latvia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Land Council of Livonia, Estonia, Riga, and Ösel, and the Land
		Council of Livonia, Estonia, Riga, and Ösel, and the Land Council
		Livonia, which is in full union with the Polish-Lithuanian
	www.vdiest.nl /Europa/latvia.htm (3320 words)

	PolishRoots - Herbarz Polski
		At one time this house flourished in Livonia; now it does so in Poland.
		Mikolaj was Piltyn starosta in 1686, and earlier Jan Blumberk stood for the election of Wladyslaw IV in Livonia.
		IX, No. 2, Fall 1986), the bulletin of the Polish Genealogical Society of America.
	www.polishroots.org /herbarz/blumberk.htm (159 words)

	Polish Art Center - Polish Dance Schools (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Courtesy of the Polish Art Center, Hamtramck MI (www.PolArtCenter.com)
		Polish Alliance Dancers Of Dearborn PNA Lodge 2525
		"Syrena" Polish Folk Ensemble of Cleveland, Ohio PNA
	www.polartcenter.com /dance.htm (131 words)

	Latvia
		26 Feb 1621 Sweden occupies Livonia, and annexes it de jure
		10 Sep 1721 Swedish Livonia formally ceded by Sweden
		Chairman of the Joint Council of Livonia, Estonia, Riga, and Ösel
	www.worldstatesmen.org /Latvia.htm (4115 words)

	Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Dec 1770 Austria annexes the county of Zips (Polish: Spisz,
		styled Duke of Polish Kingdom from 10 Mar 1296;
		22 Apr 1440 - Jun 1447 Tutors and governors of the Polish provinces
	www.worldstatesmen.org /Poland.htm (3863 words)

	Latvian-Russian Relations: Documents - Questia Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Book by Alfred Bilmanis; The Latvian Legation, 1944
		- Annexation of Vidzeme or Livonia Proper by Russia in 1721 Treaty of Peace Concluded Between the Emperor of Russia and the Sovereign of Sweden at Nystad in Finland on August 30, 1721
		- Annexation of Latgale or Polish Livonia by Russia in 1773
	www.questia.com /PM.qst?a=o&d=82047149 (453 words)

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