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	Poland (03/07)
		Polish Catholics rejoiced at the elevation of a Pole to the papacy and greeted his June 1979 visit to Poland with an outpouring of emotion.
		The discontent underlying the strikes was intensified by revelations of widespread corruption and mismanagement within the Polish state and party leadership.
		Parties represented in the newly elected Sejm are Law and Justice (PiS), Civic Platform (PO), Self-Defense (SO), Democratic Left Alliance (SLD), the League of Polish Families (LPR), and the Polish Peasant Party (PSL).
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2875.htm (4742 words)

	History of Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Poland revolted from the empire, and the Polish Church began a reform in accordance with Gregory's decrees.
		Polish Catholics rejoiced at the elevation of a Pole to the papacy and greeted his June 1979 visit to Poland with an outpouring of emotion.
		Polish prosecutors subsequently decided that there was insufficient evidence to charge Oleksy, and a parliamentary commission decided in November 1996 that the Polish intelligence services may have violated rules of procedure in gathering evidence in the Oleksy case.
	www.historyofnations.net /europe/poland.html (2744 words)

	Encyclopedia: Polish Peasant Party
		Law and Justice (Prawo i SprawiedliwoÅ›Ä‡) (PiS) is a Polish conservative political party, established in 2001, by the KaczyÅ„ski twins: Lech, the former justice minister and mayor of the capital, Warsaw, current President of Poland, and JarosÅ‚aw, who is the President of the party.
		As early as 1944, the Polish National Liberation Committee concluded an agreement with the USSR establishing the eastern border of Poland along the Curzon Line, confirmed by a treaty of August 16, 1945.
		Mikolajczyk counted on social support, but his party proved to be powerless in the face of violence and election-rigging by the communists in the referendum of 1946 and the parliamentary elections of 1947.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Polish-Peasant-Party (1352 words)

	About The Polish Peasants' Party (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The ideology of Polish Peasants' Party is inspired by Christian ethics and the social doctrine of the Catholic Church, and in particular by the social thought of pope John Paul II.
		The Polish Peasants' party notes that the constitutional duties of the State in the area of culture are met to an unsatisfactory degree.
		In the Party's opinion, it is necessary to increase the outlays for culture in the State Budget to the level of at least 1 per cent of GNP, and the expenditures on culture in the rural regions shall not be less than 3 per cent of municipality budgets.
	www.psl.org.pl /konf/psleng.htm (2518 words)

	THE POLISH GOVERNMENT AND THE POLISH UNDERGROUND STATE, Part I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		As an outspoken leader of the Polish Peasant Party, he was for many years the most prominent representative of this largest single political factor in Poland's domestic affairs, and in every aspect of his public life has expressed his firm belief in democracy and world cooperation.
		It was largely owing to his cooperation that the most radical Polish peasant groups were able to unite and form the largest Polish democratic party which in coalition with socialistic workers and other groups undis-putedly represents in the exile the overwhelming majority of Polish democracy.
		Thus the Polish Government was established and operates on the same prin-ciples that form the basis of all western democracies, that is, it has the support of the majority of the nation and is controlled by that nation.
	www.republika.pl /unpack/1/dok01a.html (2397 words)

	MSN Encarta - Poland
		The prime minister is appointed by the president with the approval of the lower house of the legislature and is typically a leader of the majority party or coalition.
		In the general elections of June 1989, 65 percent of the seats in the Sejm were reserved for the Communist Party and its allies, the United Peasant Party and the Democratic Party, and 35 percent were reserved for the opposition, led by Solidarity.
		The Polish United Workers’ Party, also known as the Communist Party, was the leading political force in Poland from 1948 until 1989, when it yielded power to a Solidarity-led government.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761559758_8/Poland.html (958 words)

	-- HIST 557 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Peasant emancipation was decreed in Poland by Alexander II in March 1864, though it had been proclaimed by the "Reds" in January 1863, at the beginning of the Uprising.
		Polish society was traumatized by the failure of the 1863-64 uprising, so the next 20 years or so were characterized by passivity and pessimism.
		The Peasant Party was established in Galicia in 1893, and renamed the Polish Peasant Party in 1903.
	raven.cc.ku.edu /~eceurope/hist557/lect6.htm (4759 words)

	East European Constitutional Review
		Although all political parties, except the Polish Peasant Party (PPP), agree that reform is necessary, the specific details are nonetheless hotly debated among members of the governing parties.
		PPP and DLA were opposed to further postponing the elections but did not have the votes to block a change.
		Ultimately, the two parties were unable to reconcile their versions of the resolution, and, on May 7, both versions were sent to the Parliamentary Justice and Human Rights Committee, which then created a special subcommittee to deal with the matter.
	www.law.nyu.edu /eecr/vol7num2/constitutionwatch/poland.html (2334 words)

	THE POLISH GOVERNMENT AND THE POLISH UNDERGROUND STATE, Part I
		As an outspoken leader of the Polish Peasant Party, he was for many years the most prominent representative of this largest single political factor in Poland's domestic affairs, and in every aspect of his public life has expressed his firm belief in democracy and world cooperation.
		It was largely owing to his cooperation that the most radical Polish peasant groups were able to unite and form the largest Polish democratic party which in coalition with socialistic workers and other groups undis-putedly represents in the exile the overwhelming majority of Polish democracy.
		Thus the Polish Government was established and operates on the same prin-ciples that form the basis of all western democracies, that is, it has the support of the majority of the nation and is controlled by that nation.
	www.unpack.republika.pl /1/dok01a.html (2397 words)

	The Historical Setting: The Polish People's Republic
		Polish Catholic clergy denounced the atheism and materialism in the regime; in 1949 the Vatican's excommunication of Catholics belonging to the PZPR brought open hostility from both sides, including state control of church institutions and propaganda against them and church officials.
		On the other hand, Gomulka's pledge to follow a "Polish road to socialism" more in harmony with national traditions and preferences caused many Poles to interpret the dramatic "Polish October" confrontation of 1956 as a sign that the end of the dictatorship was in sight.
		The election of the Polish pope sparked a surge of joy and pride in the country, and John Paul's triumphant visit to his homeland in 1979 did much to precipitate the extraordinary events of the next year.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /classroom/longhist6.html (4020 words)

	Polish Farmers Declare War On European Membership (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Thousands of Polish smallholders claim that they are being pushed to the wall in the Warsaw government's rush to negotiate with Brussels on entry to the European Union.
		Polish politicians are embracing this entry but the farmers are furious since it will wipe out their livelihoods.
		The Peasant Party spokesman, Roman Jagielinski, demands that the farmers be subsidized by Poland and also by the EU in Brussels.
	www.northstarcompass.org /nsc0008/Poland.htm (448 words)

	-- HIST 557
		Peasant emancipation was decreed in Poland by Alexander II in March 1864, though it had been proclaimed by the "Reds" in January 1863, at the beginning of the Uprising.
		A Polish peasant farmer, Edward Drzymala, was refused a building permit, so he lived with his family in a circus caravan, and when he was refused permission to do that, they moved to a dugout.
		The Peasant Party was established in Galicia in 1893, and renamed the Polish Peasant Party in 1903.
	web.ku.edu /~eceurope/hist557/lect6.htm (4759 words)

	Mikołajczyk, Stanislaus on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		He sought to reach agreement with the USSR concerning the Polish-Russian border and with the Polish Committee of National Liberation (see Lublin) concerning the future Polish government.
		After the Yalta Conference he joined the new Polish government as vice premier and minister of agriculture.
		He soon was the only center of opposition to the Communist and left-wing Socialist leaders of the state, and the procedure adopted in the elections of 1947 resulted in his defeat.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/M/Mikolajc.asp (143 words)

	Polish Economic Reform: A Class Analysis
		One possible approach to the study of the Polish economic reform in terms of class dynamics is to examine past history of Polish industrial conflicts and the corresponding theoretical developments.
		While the Polish solidarity government was the first in the region to launch a radical reform program, its "shock therapy" was watched and studied by neighboring countries with the hope of possible emulation as a success story.
		Polish premier Hanna Suchocka Dec. 23 vowed to not give in to demands of coal miners and other striking workers in what was believed to be the largest industrial job action in Poland since World war II 1993 2-22: Polish labor Minister Jacek Kuron signed a three-way privatization pact with employers and trade unions.
	www.eco.utexas.edu /faculty/Cleaver/rieprop.html (14842 words)

	Polish Farmers Declare War On European Membership (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Thousands of Polish smallholders claim that they are being pushed to the wall in the Warsaw government's rush to negotiate with Brussels on entry to the European Union.
		Polish politicians are embracing this entry but the farmers are furious since it will wipe out their livelihoods.
		The Peasant Party spokesman, Roman Jagielinski, demands that the farmers be subsidized by Poland and also by the EU in Brussels.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/63/181.html (448 words)

	Post-War Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Moscow, 1956), was actively involved in the affairs of the Polish working-class from an early age; by 1918, aged 26, he was already organising workers in Warsaw and Lublin and was an NKVD agent, studying at the Advanced Comintern Party School.
		Party bureaucracy increased and, after the fall of Khrushchev in 1964, censorship was strengthened.
		The Party began to fall apart as its leadership became embroiled in in-fighting and there were struggles within Solidarity itself between those who wished to consolidate their position and those who wanted to go further.
	www.kasprzyk.demon.co.uk /www/PostWarBios.html (4656 words)

	Polish President names top official in Iraq as preferred candidate for PM
		Polish leaders from the embattled ruling left-wing party are rushing to form a new government, in order to head off early elections as the country prepares to become the biggest country to join the EU on May 1.
		The increasingly popular peasants' party Samoobrona, led by populist Andrzej Lepper, is on its heels with 21 percent.
		Polish Social Democracy, the newly-formed breakaway party which has split the left wing in two, had the support of 11 percent of voters, while the Catholic nationalist right wing League of Polish Families (LPR) had nine percent.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1107341/posts (708 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Presently, these two Communist successor parties are the largest parties in Poland in terms of party membership, with the PSL being the larger of the two, claiming between 150,000 and 200,000 members.
		It could be hypothesized that party identification would increase as the party system consolidated, meaning that as parties came into existence and persisted over a period of time, then their campaign platforms would become well-known to the public, enabling them to find a party that would correspond with their views.
		For the most part, the main parties contending in the 1997 Parliamentary election “sought to attract voters on the basis of broad, all-encompassing electoral appeals.” Although there was some targeting of different socioeconomic groups by some parties, the main electoral strategies consisted of appealing to as much of the electorate as possible.
	www.cumberlandcollege.edu /academics/history/upsilonian/files/vol15/jcox04.html (3450 words)

	East European Constitutional Review
		Solidarnosc, which ran as a coalition of several right-wing parties, failed by less than 1 percent to pass the 8 percent electoral threshold demanded for coalitions and was thus eliminated from parliament.
		The point is, the Peasant Party lost half of their vote to Samoobrona (Self-Defense), a party of agrarian protest that considers the Polish Peasant Party little better than corrupt traitors to the cause, irrevocably wedded to the trough.
		Apart from the Peasant Party his particular bête noire is the Solidarnosc movement, since police forces had been used against him during both four-year periods of Solidarnosc rule.
	www.law.nyu.edu /eecr/vol11num1_2/special/gerbert.html (3921 words)

	Polish History - Part 13
		As early as 1944, the Polish National Liberation Committee concluded an agreement with the USSR establishing the eastern border of Poland along the Curzon Line, confirmed by a treaty of August 16, 1945.
		Mikolajczyk counted on social support, but his party proved to be powerless in the face of violence and election-rigging by the communists in the referendum of 1946 and the parliamentary elections of 1947.
		In hailing the Pope, Polish society, divided by a ban on the establishment of independent social organizations, recovered its unity and its sense of dignity.
	www.poloniatoday.com /history13.htm (1995 words)

	Poland's ruling coalition falls, threatening plan to join EU
		If the Peasant Party turns against EU membership on the grounds that it would be bad for Polish farmers, some believe that could threaten Poland's ability to join as planned next year.
		The trigger for the split was a vote Thursday in which the Peasant Party joined with the opposition to vote down a new tax on cars to fund road construction, which was a pillar of government plans to upgrade infrastructure.
		The break with the Peasant Party "does not mean a change in policy toward Polish farmers," Miller added, stressing that in EU entry negotiations his government fought hard for rural interests.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/03/02/MN182035.DTL&type=printable (521 words)

	Polish leader to return as party chief (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The SdRP is the core faction of the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD), the larger party in the coalition which also includes a Peasant party.
		An opinion poll by public television's OBOP survey body found that the SLD, while still the strongest party with 21 percent support, had lost 4 percent since December when the spy allegations were announced by the former interior minister.
		The SLD is proposing two of its senior members as candidates for prime minister, while the Polish peasant party has put forward its Planning Minister Miroslaw Pietrewicz.
	www.chron.com /content/chronicle/world/96/01/28/poland.html (354 words)

	Poland - More Political Parties
		In mid-1992 the Peasant Alliance and the Polish Peasant Party (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe--PSL) were still divided by their political backgrounds although they both represented Poland's large rural sector.
		Once the parties that were its traditional allies had repositioned themselves with Solidarity to install a noncommunist government, the PZPR had become a political relic.
		The ZSL adopted the name Polish Peasant Party "Renewal" to distance itself from its past in the communist coalition; then it united with the largest existing opposition peasant party and resumed its original name.
	countrystudies.us /poland/86.htm (1335 words)

	Encyclopedia topic: Polish Peasant Party (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Polish Peasant Party (Polish (The property of being smooth and shiny) : Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe) is a political party (An organization to gain political power) in Poland (A republic in central Europe; the invasion of Poland by Germany in 1939 started World War II).
		To prevent that from happening the communists (A socialist who advocates communism) formed a puppet PSL-Piast and, after forging an important referendum, forced the real PSL to unite with it, forming Zjednoczone Stronnictowo Ludowe, a satellite of the communist party.
		In 1989 this party took part in forming the first postwar noncommunist government in Poland along with Solidarity (A union of interests or purposes or sympathies among members of a group) and in 1990 it changed its name to PSL.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/po/polish_peasant_party.htm (809 words)

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