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	Polish Round Table Agreement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Polish Round Table Talks took place in Warsaw, Poland from February 6 to April 4, 1989.
		They agreed on holding the so-called Round Table talks in the near future to plan out the course of action to be undertaken in the country.
		The Round Table sessions were of momentous importance to the future political developments in Poland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement (685 words)

	The Historical Setting: The Polish People's Republic
		Polish Catholic clergy denounced the atheism and materialism in the regime; in 1949 the Vatican's excommunication of Catholics belonging to the PZPR brought open hostility from both sides, including state control of church institutions and propaganda against them and church officials.
		The election of the Polish pope sparked a surge of joy and pride in the country, and John Paul's triumphant visit to his homeland in 1979 did much to precipitate the extraordinary events of the next year.
		After months of haggling, the round table talks yielded a historic compromise in early 1989: Solidarity would regain legal status and the right to post candidates in parliamentary elections (with the outcome guaranteed to leave the communists a majority of seats).
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /classroom/longhist6.html (4020 words)

	Poland - The Round Table Agreement
		When the government convened round table talks with the opposition in early 1989, it was prepared to make certain concessions, including the legalization of Solidarity.
		The agreement allowed a national slate of incumbents, including Prime Minister Mieczyslaw Rakowski, to run unopposed and be reelected with a simple majority of the ballots cast.
		Consequently, a second round of voting was necessary to fill the seats originally reserved for the PZPR coalition.
	countrystudies.us /poland/63.htm (490 words)

	Poland in NATO: Overview
		That means not only the Round Table talks [between Solidarity and the communist authorities in 1989, leading to free elections and the first postwar noncommunist government] but also the instant "disappearance" of all Poland's neighbors-the German Democratic Republic, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union.
		Their consistency- strengthened by the support of home-grown Pope John Paul II-was one of the main factors that led to the historic Round Table talks with the ruling communists, held in Warsaw between Feb. 6 and April 5, 1989.
		Polish, Czech and Hungarian membership in NATO also means the first ever alliance between these countries and the United States and Canada.
	www.polishworld.com /polemb/nato/overview.html (7982 words)

	Commanding Heights : Poland Political \| on PBS
		1989: A historic "Round Table" of labor, Church, PZPR, and opposition agrees to restore basic freedoms, revive the Senate, and hold free parliamentary elections.
		The agreement reserves 60 percent of lower house seats for PZPR, but voters defiantly cross off PZPR candidates and give Solidarity an overwhelming victory.
		Polish citizens ratify a new constitution in 1997.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/pl/pl_political.html (830 words)

	PolishRoots - Geography & Maps
		It is a known historical fact that Wilno was the capital of the great Duchy of Lithuania from 1323 to 1569; from the Lublin Union to 1794, the main town in the Duchy; on 12 December 1794 became the main town in the Lithuanian guberniya.; from 1802, the guberniya town of the Wilno guberniya.
		The agreement between Giedymin, the archbishop of Riga and Master of the Livonian Order of the Brothers of the Sword, signed in 1323, proves the historical importance of Wilno.
		Moskorzewski and the Polish troops fled to the upper fortification.
	www.polishroots.org /slownik/wilno.htm (19221 words)

	Untitled Document
		A table can be used temporarily for objects such as food and eating utensils during a meal, cups for drinks, a book (especially a big one, that one can not easily keep in one's hands), a spread-out map, writing paper during writing, and anything that requires having several objects at hand, including various hobbies.
		A round table is one which has no "head" and no "sides", and therefore no one person sitting at it is given a privileged position and all are treated as equals.
		The most famous modern round table was the one used for talks between the Communist government and Solidarity in Poland in 1989; see: Polish Round Table Agreement.
	www.diningfurnitureallure.com /tables.html (615 words)

	Poland in the classroom
		Yet, in spite of the deep animosity between the two sides, by the time the Talks ended on April 5, 1989, the regime agreed that 35% of the seats in the Sejm and all of those in the Senate would be filled by free election.
		In turn, it secured Solidarity's agreement to creation of a novel post, that of President, to be elected by a vote of the two houses of Parliament in joint session.
		As First Secretary of the Presidium of the Polish United Workers Party (the name adopted by Poland's Communist Party), Gen. Jaruzelski was the de facto head of Poland Communist regime.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /classroom/table.html (820 words)

	Sarmatian Review XIII.1: Koronacki
		The Round Table agreements involved a vague promise by the communists that they would move over a bit on the power bench to make room for the new social forces, whose representatives in turn probably issued guarantees that the communists would never be prosecuted.
		This took place at the time when the PZPR [the Polish Communist Party, Ed.] dissolved itself; thus the conditions arose to repudiate the Round Table, and to demand that new elections be called in which 0% (and not 67% as the Round Table agreements specified) of the lower house would be reserved for communists.
		Olszewski wanted to get away from the Round Table agreements, whereas one of the major goals of UD seems to be the sharing of power with the communists which the Round Table legitimized.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~sarmatia/193/michal.html (2687 words)

	Sarmatian Review XIII.2: Letters
		He seems to treat those agreements as an integral part of the Polish legal order, a part which now must be annulled as an impediment to the reform process.
		First, talking about decommunization in terms of the Round Table, one assumes that the continuing presence of the communists in the government is a result of the past.
		Koronacki on his part claims that according to the Round Table agreements 67% of the seats in the Sejm were "reserved for communists" (p.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~sarmatia/493/letters.html (1638 words)

	PSC Newsletter February, 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Their visit was as a result of the exchange agreement between IU President Myles Brand and the Rector of Warsaw University, which will support the modernization of the Warsaw University library system and assist WU in the design of a new, 5 million volume capacity library to open in the year 2000.
		One of the chapters is devoted to the mass killing of the Polish POW officers in 1940, recounting the operation from the side of its Soviet perpetrators as well as the subsequent attempts at a cover-up.
		Polish history, geography, culture and tourist information are introduced on 400 screens and pop-ups, and supplemented by over 700 photographs and pictures and 30 minutes of digitalized films, maps, natural sounds, music and more.
	www.indiana.edu /~polishst/news/news19_1/news19_2.html (7194 words)

	BookRags: Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski Biography
		He sanctioned the use of Polish troops in the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 but reportedly opposed the use of deadly force by the army against protesting workers in 1970 and again in 1976.
		In the new year, events moved rapidly: in January 1989 Solidarity was relegalized; in April the government reached the historic Round Table agreement which cleared the way for partially free elections; and the June balloting confirmed support for Solidarity and indicated the near complete lack of support for the Communist Party.
		Under the Round Table agreement, the Polish presidency was strengthened with a view to Jaruzelski occupying the position until the five-year transition to full democracy ran its course.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/wojciech-witold-jaruzelski (1400 words)

	POLISH NEWS - News from Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Summing up the several-hour-long talks, the Polish President, a key mediator backed by both the European Union and the United States, said: “We have reached a point where the problems are already well defined, but differences of opinion are vast indeed...
		The second round of the Ukraine’s presidential elections will be held on December 26th.
		Three Polish soldiers died and four were injured after their helicopter crashed near Karbala, Iraq, on December 15th.
	www.polishnews.com /text/news_and_correspondence/news_from_poland.html (1565 words)

	Polish Consulate...
		The Polish president is accompanied in Istanbul by foreign and defence ministers Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz and Jerzy Szmajdziński.
		Polish negotiators on the European Constitution led by Prime Minister Marek Belka are hoping for a positive outcome of the complicated discussion crowned by a compromise by Friday.
		According to Polish media, Bronislaw Geremek, one of the MPs from Freedom Union, may be a candidate for the speaker of the European Parliament.
	www.polish.motime.com /archive/2004-06 (7256 words)

	Solidarity's Coming Victory: Big or Too Big?
		On April 5 Poland celebrates the twelfth anniversary of the signing of the Round Table Agreements -- a landmark power-sharing agreement negotiated by representatives of the Communist Polish government, leaders of the long-outlawed union Solidarity, and leaders of the Catholic Church that allowed for the first free elections in Eastern Europe in nearly 50 years.
		On the eve of the first round of elections, Solidarity’s impending electoral victory was no longer a cause for celebration—it became a threat to the stability of the Round Table framework.
		In the next round of elections two weeks later, Solidarity candidates won the only Sejm seat they had not yet taken and 7 of the last 8 remaining seats in the Senate they were allowed to compete for, only strengthening the specter of a presidential crisis.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB42 (4280 words)

	Polish Writing: House of Day, House of Night by Olga Tokarczuk translated by Antonia Lloyd-Jones
		At the neighbouring tables sat old women swathed in checked shawls and men stupefied by tobacco – husbands and fathers crushed by life, with leathery faces like old wallets, and children flushed with sleep, from whose half-open mouths trickled thin streaks of dribble.
		A girl comes round and insists she knows me, but it’s the first time she’s ever seen me in her life.
		She turned round to face him and saw his eyes fixed on her curiously.
	www.polishwriting.net /index.php?id=40 (4042 words)

	WHFoods: Cabbage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Cabbage is round in shape with layers of superimposed leaves with the inner leaves often lighter in color than the outer leaves because they are protected from the sunlight.
		Cabbage's role as a staple vegetable in Polish cuisine may be why the breast cancer risk of Polish women triples after they immigrate to the U.S., rising to match that of U.S.-born women, suggests research presented at the American Association for Cancer Research's annual cancer prevention meeting in Baltimore, October 31, 2005.
		The study included hundreds of Polish women and Polish-born women in the U.S. who are part of the Polish Women's Health Study, a case-control breast cancer study.
	www.whfoods.com /genpage.php?tname=foodspice&dbid=19 (3767 words)

	Polish History & Culture
		Polish history began in the early 9th century when the Polians (dwellers in the field) obtained hegemony over the others Slavic tribes that occupied the country.
		Polish prisoners of war in the USSR were allowed to form a corps under gen. Wladyslaw Anders and fought with distinction with the Allies, particularly in Italy; other Polish units were organized in Great Britain and Canada.
		A mass grave of some 10,000 Polish officers were executed by the Russians in the Katyn forest.
	www.fortunecity.com /silverstone/studebaker/15/shorthist.html (1256 words)

	McNair Paper 39 - Chapter 4
		Because of the extensive use of Polish armed forces in the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 and in suppressing strikers on the Baltic coast in December 1970 and in planning and implementing martial law in 1980-81,Note 1 the military's reputation was tarnished in the population's estimation as well as in its own eyes.
		Note 2 To refurbish its image, the reform had to remove Polish United Worker's Party (PUWP) influence from the defense establishment and ensure that Polish military forces are sufficient to guarantee the integrity and sovereignty of Poland.
		According to the round-table agreement, 299 of the Sejm's 460 seats were reserved for the PUWP and subservient parties and 161 seats (35 percent) for the opposition.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/McNair/mcnair39/m039ch04.html (9248 words)

	More reading
		Solidarity had just concluded the round table agreement with the Polish government, promising free elections in the summer.
		Within the U.S. administration, our judgment was that if the Polish round table talks were fully and faithfully implemented, this was the beginning of the end of communist rule in Poland.
		The United States had been working hard to persuade the Soviet Union that self-determination in Central and Eastern Europe could be achieved in a manner consistent with legitimate Soviet security interests; in Poland, the early steps taken by the Mazowiecki government were proof of that contention.
	www.videofact.com /english/more_theysaid3.htm (1327 words)

	AllRefer.com - Poland - Government Structure \| Polish Information Resource
		The three years following the Round Table Agreement of 1989 were a period of dramatic but uneven change in the governmental structure of the Republic of Poland.
		The Round Table Agreement itself moved Poland decisively away from a Soviet-style unitary hierarchy in which the formal government was merely a bureaucracy to implement decisions made by the extraconstitutional organs of the PZPR.
		The Round Table Agreement created a tripartite structure in which power was distributed among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/poland/poland189.html (262 words)

	Commanding Heights : Poland Social \| on PBS
		Bent on obliterating Polish culture, Nazi Germany murdered millions of Poles and sent millions more into forced labor camps in Germany.
		For support and guidance, Poles rely instead on the Catholic Church, the family, and the dojscie, informal networks of family and friends credited with preserving Polish culture and helping citizens survive ongoing suppression and shortages.
		The agreement reserves a majority of parliamentary seats for Communist Party candidates, but at the polls voters give Solidarity a decisive victory.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/pl/pl_social.html (726 words)

	Thunderhead Log (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		As our current longevity for a polished surface is one day (unless it rains sooner) we were eager to try his system and he had some of the polish on board Flame.
		Three tables divided us up for billing purposes with one table was quickly populated by those of the younger persuasion where pitchers of the local "Pain Killers" were soon being delivered.
		The round trip hike and swim took about one and a half hours and on the way back to the van an old man by the side of the road saw us coming and cracked open a shell from a local tree for us to sample the fruit.
	www.oncearound.org /notes/caribbean.html (16757 words)

	cleveland.com: St Pats
		Its rich farmland plains extend from the Baltic shores in the north to the Tatry Mountains on Poland's southern border with the Czech and Slovak republics.
		Since the Round Table Agreement of 1989, which led to the fall of the communist regime, Poland has undergone massive social, economic and political change.
		Poland's population is nearly 39 million, its currency is the zolty and the official language is Polish.
	cleveland.com /stpats/index.ssf?/heritage/more/polish/polebegin.html (157 words)

	Bridge Convention - Bridge Conventions
		A Convention, as defined by The Random House College Dictionary, is an agreement, a compact, or a contract; an international agreement, especially one dealing with a specific matter; a general agreement or consent; accepted usage.
		It is important to have a Partnership Agreement concerning the definition of a convention.
		The origin of this method and partnership agreement is unknown, but it addresses a problem situation whenever the opener employs the Reverse bid.
	www.bridgeguys.com /conventions.html (9944 words)

	Poland - POLITICAL PARTIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		The PZPR was formed in 1948 with the merger of the Polish United Workers' Party and the Polish Socialist Party.
		Despite the nominal diversity of the Sejm, the noncommunist parties had little impact, and the Sejm was essentially a rubber-stamp body that enacted legislation approved by the central decision-making organs of the PZPR.
		The years 1956, 1968, 1970, 1976, and 1980 were turning points in the evolution of organized political opposition in Poland.
	countrystudies.us /poland/80.htm (395 words)

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