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Topic: Polish Secret State

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	Achtung Panzer ! - Invasion of Poland (Fall Weiss)
		Polish Campaign is surrounded by numerous myths such as the destruction of Polish Airforce in the opening hours of the invasion and Polish Cavalry charges against German armored units.
		Polish Airforce was deployed at numerous airfields and although numerically inferior and partially obsolete was very active during the course of the campaign (e.g.
		Polish cavalry brigades never charged tanks with their sabres or lances as they were equipped with anti-tank weapons such as 37mm Bofors wz.36 (model 1936) anti-tank guns (that could penetrate 26mm armor at 600m at 30 degrees).
	www.achtungpanzer.com /articles/polcamp.htm (2527 words)

	The Guardians of Europe: Polish secret service protects the borders of the European Union
		Polish counterespionage officers declare the secret services of the Russian Federation as their main opponent at present.
		Other recent cases include: an officer of the Polish Military Intelligence Communication Branch was arrested on suspicion of espionage for Russia in December, 2003; a Russian "mole" was uncovered in the Polish Sejm in March, 2005.
		In the first case, the Russian agent was engaged in gathering information on the plans of the American bases and the locations of NATO forces on Polish territory, and also on military re-deployments connected with the future expansion of the European Community to the east.
	www.axisglobe.com /polish123.htm (811 words)

	Polish Secret State - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Polish Secret State (also known as Polish Underground State; Polish Polskie Państwo Podziemne) is a term coined by scholar Jan Karski in his book Story of a Secret State; it is used to refer to all underground resistance organizations in Poland during World War II, both military and civilian.
		Apart from armed resistance, sabotage, training and propaganda, the military arm of the Polish secret state was entitled with maintaining communications with the London-based government, as well as with protection of the civilian arm of the state.
		The main role of the latter was in maintaining the continuity of the Polish state as a whole, including its institutions such as police force, courts or education.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polish_Secret_State (326 words)

	World War 2: Polish Underground State
		The Polish Underground State which functioned under the German occupation in the Second World War was an unique phenomenon in the whole history of European resistance movements.
		Then, the outbreak of the German-Russian war in 1941, meant that the entire Polish territory was overrun by the Germans, whose long-term aim was to exterminate the Poles.
		Secret courses were organised at the underground universities of Warsaw, Kraków (Cracow), Wilno (Vilna) and Lwów (Lvov).
	www.warsawuprising.com /state.htm (878 words)

	Secret Prisons Timeline - dKosopedia
		Other unnamed CIA officers state that the hero is Mary O. McCarthy and that she was fired on Thursday April 20th, and then "escorted from" the agency's Langley, Virginia HQ.
		Presenting a report on the CIA secret prisons to the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, Swiss Senator, Member of the European Parliament and human rights investigator Dick Marty stated that it was highly unlikely that European governments were unaware of the clandestine detention facilities in Poland and Romania.
		Polish Prime Minister Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz announced that his government would investigate whether the U.S. CIA had run secret prisons in Poland.
	www.dkosopedia.com /wiki/Secret_Prisons_Timeline (2754 words)

	untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Polish Secret State could be compared to an iceberg, whose visible portion is so much smaller than the portion that is submerged and against which ships collide and sink.
		A special task of the state was to protect children, youth, and the family; including wide-ranging assistance to youth seeking an education, especially to those of working-class and peasant origins, to help assure them an equal start in life.
		The principal aim of the Polish Secret (Underground) State and its military arm, the Home Army, was to bring about the uprising of the entire nation and subsequently the recovery of freedom and independence.
	www.citinet.net /ak/ak_f2.html (3924 words)

	The Guardians of Europe: Polish secret services protect the borders of the European Union
		In the same year, the Polish secret services representative in Bern managed to obtain a confidential letter from the Soviet leader Lenin to one of his colleagues in Switzerland, containing information on the Soviet refusal to follow the Red Army plan for passing via Poland to Germany.
		The Polish military intelligence of that period deserved an excellent evaluation from its western colleagues, first of all the French, its deciphering - encryption service in general was considered one of the best in the world.
		It is necessary to note in particular the creation of an intelligence station under cover of the Polish consulate in Kiev (the Soviet Union) one of the greatest achievements of "Ekspozitura" in the thirties.
	www.axisglobe.com /polish106.htm (880 words)

	Confessions of a Polish Ambassador
		The greater part of the Polish embassy staff was made up of security agents and military intelligence personnel with open lines of communication to the Soviet embassy's KGB residents.
		Later the man was murdered by the Polish secret police, and not long after, Kaytus himself received a series of death threats.
		It is perpetuated by a lawless apparatus of repression and terror, the KGB and its pervasive "states within states." Solidarity had wrested a measure of power from the Kremlin.
	www.worldandi.com /public/1986/october/bk16.cfm (2447 words)

	POLISH NEWS - Straight from POLAND - August 2000.
		The measure was narrowly passed by parliament over the opposition of the ex-communists and the Freedom Union, the government's former coalition partner, when the Polish Peasant Party joined the ruling AWS (Solidarity bloc) in voting for it.
		Polish officials, the media and Poland's Jewish community have paid tribute to World War II courier Jan Karski who died recently in a Washington, DC hospital at the age of 86.
		The 590th anniversary of the event was attended by Polish President Aleksander Kwasniewski and Lithuanian head of state, Valdas Adamkus.
	www.polishnews.com /fulltext/straight/2000/hotnews52_1.shtml (1480 words)

	SOON
		A Secret Life is a real-life spy thriller that reveals the passions and tensions faced by Polish leaders under the thumb of Moscow during the 1970s and '80s.
		The first is a biography of Colonel Ryszard Kuklinski, a heroic Polish officer who became one of the CIA's most valuable agents during the final phase of the Cold War.
		Given the fate of most defectors from the Soviet bloc — some of them still face criminal sentences in their native lands — this is a story of heroism and accomplishment with a remarkably happy end.
	www.polishculture-nyc.org /secretlife_more.htm (2260 words)

	EWG Report \|\| Beauty Secret (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		DBP in nail polishes tends to be added at about five percent by weight (for example, Maybelline nail enamel patent 5972095), but DBP in other products ranged up to 20 percent, in a night cream invented by the Japanese company Shiseido (patent number 5891846) (Table 5).
		After nail polish is applied, some of the ingredients volatilize and leave behind a film that is the coating over the nail.
		But a group of scientists in Hamburg, Germany showed that water-soluble components of the polish, like DBP, are dissolved out of the polish each time they contact water, a conclusion they reached after measuring the leaching of DBP from nail polish that had dried for three days.
	www.ewg.org /reports/beautysecrets/chap3.html (1486 words)

	MSU Polish Club Constitution
		Section 2: The Polish Club's purpose is to inform, educate, and increase awareness of Polish culture, religions, languages, and traditions in the Michigan State University student base.
		The Executive Committee shall consist of all officers and chairpersons, and shall be responsible for the development of a schedule of Polish Club events, review and approve the expenditure of all funds, and handle the removal of an officer.
		Approval of Amendments shall be by vote of the members present at any meeting, after first listening to the Committee's draft of the amendment.
	www.msu.edu /user/hamptonc/Polishconstitution.html (831 words)

	PolishRoots - PAHA Articles
		Polish emigration-immigration studies can not be complete without the inclusion of Poles and polonized elements of society from these ethnically mixed areas or the Polish enclaves in the more homogeneous non-Polish areas of the region.
		As a result, at the outset they joined Polish parishes and Polish organizations and supported the Polish language press in a fraternal and accepting manner especially since their numbers were small.
		The term "Soviet" is used in the title in a generic sense, and reflects the state of control over the archives as cited in Tudorianu and Eidintas at the time their works were researched and published.
	www.polishroots.org /paha/polish_lithuanian_emigration.htm (1823 words)

	No "Zero Option But a Shake Up: The Reform of the Polish Secret Services
		The Military Services were always “secretive”, due to the nature of their secret operations, aimed at the protection of the Polish Land Army, Navy and Air Force from enemy spies and at the covert intelligence operations, carried out abroad to “steal” foreign countries’ military secrets.
		From 1990 until 2001 and later on the structures of the Polish secret services were gradually reformed and institutionalized.
		The concerning Act was approved by the lower chamber of the Parliament (the Sejm) in May of 2002 and signed by the President of Poland in June of this year, after a prolonged discussion and in spite of the protests from the opposition of the Right parties.
	www.fas.org /irp/world/poland/dastych.html (2748 words)

	The Polish Government and the Underground State!
		It was largely owing to his cooperation that the most radical Polish peasant groups were able to unite and form the largest Polish democratic party which in coalition with socialistic workers and other groups undis-putedly represents in the exile the overwhelming majority of Polish democracy.
		Thus the Polish Government was established and operates on the same principles that form the basis of all western democracies, that is, it has the support of the majority of the nation and is controlled by that nation.
		Giving a practical expression to this attitude, the various countries have appointed diplomatic representatives to the Polish Government of kept their former ones, and have concluded with it a number of international agreements, as for instance the lend-lease agreement with the United States or the military agreement with the British Government of August 5, 1940.
	bolekchrobry.tripod.com /polishinformationcenter19391945/id12.html (11042 words)

	Top20Poland.com - Your Top20 Guide to Poland!
		The Republic of Poland is a country located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north.
		The Polish state was formed over 1,000 years ago under the Piast dynasty, and reached its Golden Age near the end of the 16th century under the Jagiellonian dynasty, when Poland was one of the richest and most powerful countries in Europe.
		Napoleon recreated a Polish state, the Duchy of Warsaw, but after the Napoleonic wars, Poland was split again by the Allies at the Congress of Vienna.
	www.top20poland.com (3000 words)

	World War II Through Polish Eyes
		In the Secret Supplementary Protocol both sides pledged to cooperate to destroy "the Polish underground, Polish resistance, Polish intelligentsia and all signs of Polish identity." (p.
		In Warsaw a 100 men and boys are shot in reprisal for the death of one German soldier.
		Danusia is upset at the lack of news from her uncle and cousins in eastern Poland.
	www.polishlibrary.org /review/Throughpolisheyes.htm (1165 words)

	Coloring Contest 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The king and president served as commanders-in-chief of the armed forces and chief guardians of the law and appointed persons to high offices in government, such as chief advisors or ministers, ambassadors and supreme court justices.
		Unlike the U.S. Congress, however, the Polish Sejm had the power, by two-thirds majority of the combined houses, to force the King to remove an undesirable appointed official.
		U.S presidents were chosen by electors selected by state legislatures (the Electoral College), and the Polish king came from a prominent family selected by the Sejm.
	www.polishamericancenter.org /ColoringContest2001.htm (454 words)

	home polish studiesUW.org
		Thaddeus Radzilowski is the President and co-founder of the Piast Institute: An Institute for Polish and Polish American Affairs and visiting Research Professor at the University of Michigan-Dearborn.
		WITOLD RYBCZYŃSKI, of Polish parentage, was born in Edinburgh (1943), raised in Surrey, and attended Jesuit schools in England and Canada.
		Podl is a collector of Polish art whose main interest lies in the 19th and 20th century Polish paintings and drawings.
	www.polishstudiesuw.org /lecture.htm (3674 words)

	Remarks With Polish Foreign Minister Adam Rotfeld After Meeting
		Obviously, we have concerns and have made it clear about internal developments in Russia at this point, that it is important that Russia make clear to the world that it is intent on strengthening the rule of law, strengthening the role of an independent judiciary, permitting a free and independent press to flourish.
		We must state it bluntly that the operation in Iraq has cost the Polish armed forces quite a lot and that has hampered for some time the process of modernizing it.
		Poland has lost people in Iraq, and I would just like to say to the Polish people, and particularly to the loved ones of those who were lost, how much America and the Coalition appreciate the contribution and the sacrifice of the Polish people.
	www.state.gov /secretary/rm/2005/41848.htm (2293 words)

	PAHA - Member Activities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The guide written in Polish is an important research tool for scholars and students who are interested in Polish and Polish American studies.
		Shana Penn assembles material from ten years of interviews with the women behind the Polish pro-democracy movement—women whose massive contributions were obscured by the more public successes of their male counterparts.
		The story of her great-grandparents, settlers of the Polish American farming community of Wilno, MN, is featured in the narrative.
	www.polishamericanstudies.org /members.html (1057 words)

	Vatican priest was 'secret collaborator' - World News - MSNBC.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Polish Rev. Konrad Stanislaw Hejmo is seen in Rome on Feb. 26.
		WARSAW, Poland - The priest in charge of caring for Polish pilgrims at the Vatican collaborated with the communist secret police in the 1980s during the reign of Polish native Pope John Paul II, an official said Wednesday.
		Hejmo is very popular among Polish pilgrims, who flocked to the Vatican after John Paul’s election to the Holy See in October 1978.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/7654397 (491 words)

	Today@Sam \| SHSU News Online
		The entire movement was called the Polish Underground, or the Polish Secret State.
		On Aug. 1, 1944, 40,000 Polish men and women took up what weapons they could find, make or steal from the enemy and tried to take back the city.
		The Germans were prepared for it, and the former Soviet Union's refusal to allow Allied planes into their airspace contributed to the failure of the uprising.
	www.shsu.edu /~pin_www/T@S/2005/PolishUprising1105.html (667 words)

	[No title]
		Born in Silesia at the time when Poland didn't exist as an independent state, Siminski was a patriot who fought as a volunteer for freedom of his country.
		The Army recruited volunteers from the United Stated and Europe who hoped for the resurrection of the Polish state.
		Like millions of Polish Americans, Julian – a native of Buffalo, New York, and now a documentary filmmaker living in Los Angeles -- had recently felt the need to trace his family heritage, and turned to the Internet for clues to his lost ancestry.
	www.polishhomefoundation.org /events/Siminski.htm (983 words)

	Agnieszka Holland-Lectures at Brooklyn College
		Holland, born in 1948, is the daughter of a Catholic mother and a Jewish father who died in 1961 under mysterious circumstances while in the custody of the Polish secret police.
		Holland’s caustic and cynical take on the current state of the motion picture industry will be surprising to some.
		She recently observed that the cinema is showing signs of dementia, and has theorized that the decline of quality in Hollywood films since the 1980s is due to the effects of globalization, which has resulted in a loss of authentic American identity in films from major American studios.
	www.polishculture-nyc.org /holland-bio.htm (335 words)

	Polish Literature in English Translation: Contemporary Authors Beginning with R
		Polish Literature in English Translation: Contemporary Authors Beginning with R
		No English translations of his work appear to be in print at this time.
		No English translations of her work appear to be in print at this time.
	home.nycap.rr.com /polishlit/contemporary-r.html (251 words)

	Weiser Lecture
		A Secret Life: The Polish Officer, His Covert Mission, and the Price He Paid to Save His Country.
		Kuklinski, a staff officer in the army of communist Poland was for many years the most important secret agent working with the CIA regarding the military plans of the Soviet Union.
		For details call the Polish Studies program at (860) 832-3010 or jacquesm@ccsu.edu.
	www.ccsu.edu /Polish/Weiser.htm (150 words)

	AK: the Home Army (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Polish Resistance during the German occupation was called the AK which stood for Armia Krajowa (Home Army)
		Webpage details the history and activities of the Polish resistance during WWII.
		The SOE of the title refers to the Special Operations Executive, a World War II British organization that had as its mission facilitation of espionage behind enemy lines.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /web/history/WWII/AK/link.shtml (228 words)

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