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Topic: Polish Underground State

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Polish Secret State

Polish contribution to World War II

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	Polish Secret State - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Polish Secret State (also known as Polish Underground State; Polish Polskie Państwo Podziemne) is a term coined by scholar Jan Karski in his book Story of a Secret State; it is used to refer to all underground resistance organizations in Poland during World War II, both military and civilian.
		Apart from armed resistance, sabotage, training and propaganda, the military arm of the Polish secret state was entitled with maintaining communications with the London-based government, as well as with protection of the civilian arm of the state.
		The main role of the latter was in maintaining the continuity of the Polish state as a whole, including its institutions such as police force, courts or education.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polish_Secret_State (326 words)

	Armia Krajowa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Armia Krajowa (Home Army) or AK functioned as the dominant Polish resistance movement in World War II in German-occupied Poland, which was active in all areas of the country from September 1939 until its disbanding in January 1945.
		Soviet Union and Polish communists viewed the underground loyal to the Polish government in exile as a force which had to be removed before they could gain complete control over Poland.
		Tadeusz Piotrowski quotes Joseph Rotschild saying "The Polish Home Army was by and large untained by collaboration" and adds that "the honor of AK as a whole is beyond reproach".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Home_Army (4192 words)

	GERMAN TERROR AND THE POLISH UNDERGROUND STATE
		Polish people were thrown out of their houses and apartments, allowed fifteen minutes to gather up to one hundred pounds of personal belongings, and were forced to leave behind businesses, estates and homes without any compensation.
		Polish farmers were ordered to leave their farms, and if their children had a blond, "Aryan" look, they were taken away from their parents and loaded on a train to Germany.
		In the cities, particularly in Warsaw, the underground Home Army fought the Germans by selectively killing those SS and Gestapo officers known for their cruelty and brutality towards Polish prisoners; by virtue of their rank, these officers were responsible for the terror reigning in occupied Poland.
	www.apacouncil.org /ww2/8gt.html (2369 words)

	Polish contribution to World War II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Polish September Campaign was the World War II invasion of Poland by military forces of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union and by a small German-allied Slovak contingent.
		The Polish Air Force in France comprised eighty-six aircraft in four squadrons, one and a half of the squadrons being fully operational while the rest were in various stages of training.
		The Polish Air Force fought in the Battle of France as one fighter squadron GC 1/145, several small units detached to French squadrons, and numerous flights of industry defence (in total, 133 pilots, who achieved 55 victories at a loss of 15 men).
	www.tocatch.info /en/Polish_contribution_to_WWII.htm (3378 words)

	Polish People’s Party (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Polish defeat during the September campaign in 1939 started one of the most difficult periods in the history of the Polish people’s movement.
		The policy of the Nazi and Soviet occupant countries on the Polish land was not limited only to maintaining the territorial purchases or more intensive economic exploitation but it was encompassing long-term actions aiming at the destruction and annihilation of the Polish nation.
		Thanks to such attitude of the society in the conditions of occupation, the Polish Underground State (Polskie Panstwo Podziemne) came into being, with the legislative and administrative authority, underground army, conspiratorial courts, secret education, press and active cultural institutions.
	www.psl.org.pl /english/wac.php (1395 words)

	THE POLISH GOVERNMENT AND THE POLISH UNDERGROUND STATE, Part II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		From the first moment of the existence of an organized underground movement, its leadership was entrusted to the Delegate of the Government in Poland, who, on September 1, 1942, was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and as such is a member of the Cabinet.
		The fact that such a Council has been founded bears witness that the Polish state organization which has been active without interruption since the very outbreak of the war is assuming an increasingly formal and legal aspect and is supported by the laws of the state.
		Giving a practical expression to this attitude, the various countries have appointed diplomatic representatives to the Polish Government of kept their former ones, and have concluded with it a number of international agreements, as for instance the lend-lease agreement with the United States or the military agreement with the British Government of August 5, 1940.
	republika.pl /unpack/1/dok01b.html (2256 words)

	THE POLISH GOVERNMENT AND THE POLISH UNDERGROUND STATE, Part I
		As an outspoken leader of the Polish Peasant Party, he was for many years the most prominent representative of this largest single political factor in Poland's domestic affairs, and in every aspect of his public life has expressed his firm belief in democracy and world cooperation.
		It was largely owing to his cooperation that the most radical Polish peasant groups were able to unite and form the largest Polish democratic party which in coalition with socialistic workers and other groups undis-putedly represents in the exile the overwhelming majority of Polish democracy.
		Thus the Polish Government was established and operates on the same prin-ciples that form the basis of all western democracies, that is, it has the support of the majority of the nation and is controlled by that nation.
	www.republika.pl /unpack/1/dok01a.html (2397 words)

	Polish History - Part 12
		It was recognized by the states of the anti-Nazi coalition.
		Despite terror and arrests, the Polish underground state functioned throughout the whole period of the occupation.
		Polish society remained consistent in supporting the institutions of its underground state, the Warsaw Uprising being the final attempt to win full independence for Poland.
	www.poloniatoday.com /history12.htm (1239 words)

	Polish contribution to the Allied victory in World War 2 (1939- (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The fifth Polish army, created at the end of September of 1939 was the conspiratorial armed force in the occupied territory.
		Polish Corps that was supposed to defend the eastern coast of Scotland, and 1
		In July and August 1944 the Polish troops fought at the bridgeheads on the Western Bank of the Vistula River, and in the battle of Studzianki the Polish armored brigade fought its first battle against the Germans.
	www.polishembassy.ie /worldwar.htm (6148 words)

	World War 2: Polish Underground State
		The Polish Underground State which functioned under the German occupation in the Second World War was an unique phenomenon in the whole history of European resistance movements.
		Then, the outbreak of the German-Russian war in 1941, meant that the entire Polish territory was overrun by the Germans, whose long-term aim was to exterminate the Poles.
		The underground parliament was a representation of the most important political parties and groupings (the Political Consultative Committee - the Political Representation at Home) which in the period 1944–45 took the name of the Council of National Unity (RJN).
	www.warsawuprising.com /state.htm (878 words)

	World War 2: Warsaw Uprising :: FAQ
		Underground courts of justice were organized with a written code establishing its composition, procedures, and the manner of carrying out sentences.
		In addition to Polish and Action 'N' German language publications, there were 25 periodicals in Hebrew and Yiddish (in the Warsaw Ghetto), one in French, and one in English designed for POWs held in the German camps on Polish territory.
		The Warsaw Uprising, on the other hand, was a struggle of the Polish underground which, between August 1, 1944 and October 2, 1944, conducted an armed struggle aimed at liberating Warsaw and its 1,000,000 inhabitants from the German occupation at the time the Soviet army was approaching the city limits from the east.
	www.warsawuprising.com /faq.htm (2075 words)

	Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Then the Act goes on to stipulate that the state flag is to be hoisted by the Sejm and Senat (lower and upper houses of the Parliament), the President, the Government and the Prime Minister, by local authorities (during legislative sessions) and by other governmental bodies (during national holidays).
		However, the Russian imperial CoA did show the polish ineschuteon (placed on the top of the dexter wing of the eagle, which may substantiate this claim: Though Poland was not administratively autonomous from other parts of the russian empire, the czar did retain the title and the arms in use.
		The Polish Monarchy was known as the 'Rzeczpolitna Polska', or 'Polish Republic', the official name of the country since 1919 with the exception of the Communist period.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/pl.html (2718 words)

	Zaglada Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej, 1945-1947: SR, January 2000
		Gella is right in claiming that the destruction of the Polish Underground State still awaits a comprehensive study [2], though he acknowledges throughout the book some works and collections of documents published in the last few years.
		The "state ethos" or patriotism of the Poles in the Second Republic was certainly admirable, and was expressed in the determination of the last resisters, most of whom were arrested and imprisoned by the Soviet-imposed post-World War II Polish government.
		He does not recognize the role of the Polish intelligentsia in the ranks of the Committee for the Defense of Workers (KOR) in 1976-81, in underground Solidarity and in the underground "civic society" in the years 1982-89.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~sarmatia/100/cienciala.html (1957 words)

	english (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Born in Toruń, she was an instructor of Polish Women's Military Training Organization before World War II, and after the German invasion she was a courier and an emissary of the Home Army Main Headquaters to the Commander of the Polish Army in London.
		The main purpose of its activities is collecting all materials concerning the history of underground resistance movement in Pomerelia during the World War II, the history of Polish Women's War Service of that time and the history of the Department of Foreign Communications of the Home Army Main Headquaters.
		The first one on underground fight in Pomerelia in the period 1939-1945 was held in Toruń in 1989 before the Foundation activity was approved.
	www.um.torun.pl /~archAK/english.html (1149 words)

	POLISH HOME ARMY (AK) - HISTORY
		Decrees of the Polish Government stipulated that ZWZ is "universal, national, non-party and non-class " and that it would include all Poles wishing to fight against the occupants.
		After the fall of France in June 1940, the Polish Government moved to London and established the Supreme Command of the ZWZ in Poland.
		AK Units fighting against the German army behind the front lines and representatives of the underground civilian government were ordered to reveal themselves to the advancing Soviet Army and present themselves as representative of the Polish Republic and act as hosts in their own country.
	www.biega.com /museumAK/hak-e.html (3308 words)

	The Institute of World Politics > News & Publication > The historical significance of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising
		The remarks were published by the Polish Academy of Sciences in its quarterly journal, Dialogue and Universalism.
		On 1 August 1944, the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa), the fighting forces of the Polish Underground State, buoyed by the invasion of Normandy by British, American, and Canadian forces and the arrival of the Red Army on the east bank of the Vistula River, began the Warsaw Rising against the occupying German Army (Wehrmacht).
		Stalin knew that the Underground State was an existing alternative government, organized throughout all of Polish society, that would prevent his Sovietization of Poland.
	www.iwp.edu /news/newsID.106/news_detail.asp (1201 words)

	Korbonska on the Jedwabne Issue
		German control over the Polish population was further strengthened by additional SS units composed of volunteers from among the Ukrainians, Latvians, Estonians, Lithuanians, and – during the last period of occupation – also Russians, the so-called Własowcy.
		The pre-war Polish penal code and all legislative decrees were still considered to be in force in the underground state.
		The Underground leadership, and particularly the Government delegate and the Home Army (which included a few Jewish officers in its High Command) published in their daily underground press information about the persecution of Jews, which they denounced in the strongest terms, calling on the Polish population to render all possible assistance to the Jews.
	www.pacwashmetrodiv.org /events/jedwabne/korbonska.text.htm (2326 words)

	Michael Bernhard: From the Polish Underground
		Since it first appeared in 1978, the Polish quarterly Krytyka (Critique) has been a showcase for some of the best writing on politics, sociology, cultural criticism, economics, and history from Poland.
		Covering the underground and post-underground years, they introduce the reader to the full range of topics and political views presented by the journal.
		Henryk Szlajfer is an economist and sociologist and a researcher at the Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
	www.psupress.org /books/titles/0-271-01400-8.html (298 words)

	The Polish Underground (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Six years after the Polish government crushed the independent trade union Solidarity, many Americans think of Poland as a pacified and docile society, a country of perhaps reluctant but generally obedient subjects.
		Clearly, the Polish economy is yet another socialist basket case and a source of much discontent.
		Meanwhile, entire "underground universities" flourish in the major cities, holding classes and conducting research in the most unlikely places: warehouses, basements, churches, and even the state's own university buildings after hours.
	www.libertyhaven.com /countriesandregions/poland/polishunderground.html (1790 words)

	Polish Underground State 1939-45 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		I did notice an absence on the Polish pages of the FOTW-website of the unique symbols used during the Nazi occupation and especially during the Warsaw Uprising of August-September 1944.
		Before that, the combined letters 'PW' for 'Polska Walczaca' or 'Fighting Poland', also representing an anchor, symbol of hope, were common sight all over the country as the graffiti on the walls, defacements of German posters and on the armbands of partizan units of AK.
		It was practically universally accepted flag and symbol of the underground state, wich ran schools, courts of justice and social services of its own.Granted, it was unofficial, because underground authorities pledged total loyalty to the government in London.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/pl_ug.html (136 words)

	State Archives in Poland: State Archives in Poland
		RECORDS OF THE POLISH UNDERGROUND STATE FROM THE PERIOD BETWEEN 1863 AND 1864
		The records show how the Polish underground state was organised and how it functioned, with its own authorities and legal system, during the period when Poland was fighting for her independence.
		Even though the Underground State did not reach its aim it shaped next generations which continued their work aimed at preparing the future independent Polish state which was re-born fifty years later in 1918.
	www.archiwa.gov.pl /?CIDA=349 (222 words)

	Amazon.com: Story of a Secret State: Books: Jan Karski (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In Nazi-occupied Poland, schools, courts and newspapers were operated by the Polish Underground secretly, right under the nose of the Gestapo.
		Karski was freed by a daring commando attack by the Underground combined with a well-placed bribe of a German guard.
		The SS-man promised him relief from torture, and then appealed to the hopelessness of the Polish cause and the certainty of German victory in the wake of the fall of France and the seemingly-incipient peace treaty with England.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1931541396?v=glance (1732 words)

	Korbonski - The Warsaw Uprising
		On August 14, General Bor ordered the Home Army units outside of Warsaw to come to the rescue of the fighting capital; these units were intercepted by the Soviets on their way to Warsaw, disarmed and interned (e.g., detachments of the 3rd, the 9th, the 10th, and the 30th infantry divisions).
		In 1939/40 both the Germans and the Russians initiated their rule with mass expulsions and deportations of the Polish population, and with depolonization of the territories incorporated into the Reich and into the USSR.
		The Nazis embarked on extermination of the Polish intelligentsia class, and the Soviets followed suit by arresting and deporting thousands, crowning their actions with the murder of 15,000 Polish army officers--mostly from the reserves--whose mass graves, containing 4,253 bodies, were found in the Katyn Forest.
	www.ucis.pitt.edu /eehistory/H200Readings/Topic4-R2.html (1426 words)

	Soldiers of Lieutenant Wadolny. On the Independence Underground in the Wadowice Territory 1945-1947 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Mieczyslaw Wadolny called “Granite” or “Avenger” was a soldier of the Polish Underground State in the years of the German occupation.
		An elaboration by Maciej Korkuc “The Partisan Unit of Mieczyslaw Wadolny the Avenger” is based on information elaborated by the author in the frames of his research on the military underground in the 1940s of the twentieth century.
		the underground documentation as well as records of the Internal Security Corps and the Province Committee of the PPR (Polish Workers’ Party) in Krakow.
	www.ipn.gov.pl /eng/eng_book_wadolny.html (211 words)

	Jan Karski: A Note by Michael Szporer
		A compelling story of extraordinary courage: a man who escaped Soviet prison and endured Nazi torture, a diplomatic courier of the Polish underground state who first informed the world of Nazi atrocities.
		Professor Karski, held six honorary degrees, received the highest honors from the Republic of Poland, and, as one of the Righteous Among Nations, was the honorary citizen of the state of Israel.
		In 1974, he was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship to inspect Polish, British, and French archives.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /classroom/Karski/sz.html (443 words)

	Warsaw Voice - Finding Freedom
		An exhibition titled Towards Freedom-the Polish Underground State 1939-1945, the Warsaw Uprising August-October 1944 opened May 14 in a large tent in front of the Ujazdowski Castle.
		Created by Andrzej Krzysztof Kunert, it opened in February in Strasbourg, where it was enthusiastically received.
		It is quite rare for the historical contents of the exhibition-the Warsaw Uprising and the phenomenon of the Polish Underground State-to be shown in such an attractive form.
	www.warsawvoice.pl /view/8535 (231 words)

	Poland in World War II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		SOVIET OCCUPATION AND THE POLISH ARMY IN THE SOVIET UNION
		"To Arms" poster announcing the outbreak of the Polish Warsaw Uprising on August 1, 1944.
		The poster was designed and printed in the underground print shops of the Home Army prior to the uprising.
	www.apacouncil.org /ww2/ww2.html (96 words)

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