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Topic: Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union

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Recovered Territories

Kresy

Polish September Campaign

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Free City of Danzig

German exodus from Eastern Europe

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Silesia

Lower Silesian Voivodship

Lwowek Slaski County

Battle of France

World War II evacuation and expulsion

Lawrenceville, Georgia

1948

	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - Search View - MSN Encarta
		The Soviet Union was formed in December 1922 as a federal union of the RSFSR and those neighboring areas under its military occupation or ruled by branches of the communist movement.
		The Soviet Union, as heir to the former territory of the Russian Empire, was exceptionally diverse in its national composition.
		The Soviet Union immediately recognized the People’s Republic of China (PRC) that was established under Communist leader Mao Zedong in 1949, allied itself with it, and backed its demand to be seated in the UN in place of the Kuomintang (KMT) government of the Republic of China (ROC), which was forced to relocate to Taiwan.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761553017__1/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics.html (19297 words)

	ipedia.com: People's Republic of Poland Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Stalin was in the process of unilaterally annexing the eastern regions of pre-war Poland which he had occupied between 1939 and 1941 (see Polish areas annexed by Soviet Union), with some minor variations in Poland's favour (the most important of which allowed Poland to retain Bialystok).
		By the 1968 most of Jews were already assimilated to Polish society, only about 30,000 underlined their jewishness, but over the next year they became the centre of a centrally organised campaign, that put equal sign between Jewish origins and sympathy toward the state of Israel.
		The Soviet Union, now led by Leonid Brezhnev, made it clear it would not tolerate political upheaval in Poland at a time when it was trying to deal with the crisis in Czechoslovakia (the "Prague Spring").
	www.ipedia.com /people_s_republic_of_poland.html (5267 words)

	Polish_language information. LANGUAGE SCHOOL EXPLORER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Polish is the main representative of the Lechitic branch of the West Slavic languages.
		Polish became far more homogeneous in the second half of the 20th century, partly due to universal education, but also because of the mass migration of several million Polish citizens from the eastern to the western part of the country after the east was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939, during World War II.
		In the western and northern regions that were largely resettled by Poles from the territories annexed by the Soviet Union, the older generation speaks a dialect of Polish characteristic of the former eastern provinces (the Kresy).
	www.school-explorer.com /Polish (2969 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Glasnost
		In the late 1980s, the Soviet government came under increased criticism, as did Leninist ideology (which Gorbachev had attempted to preserve as the foundation for reform), and members of the Soviet population were more outspoken in their view that the Soviet government had become a failure.
		In all, the very positive view of Soviet life which had long been presented to the public by the official media was being rapidly dismantled, and the negative aspects of life in the Soviet Union were brought into the spotlight.
		In elections to the regional assemblies of the Soviet Union's constituent republics, nationalists swept the board.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Glasnost (869 words)

	Polish language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Polish is the main representative of the Lechitic branch of the Western Slavic languages.
		Polish was once a lingua franca in various regions of Central and Eastern Europe, mostly due to the political, cultural, scientific and military influence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		After the Second World War the previously Polish territories annexed by the USSR retained a large amount of the Polish population that was unwilling or unable to migrate toward the post-1945 Poland and even today ethnic Poles in Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine constitute large minorities.
	www.reboom.com /article/Polish_language.html (1674 words)

	Belarus
		Eventually, in 1922, Belarus became a republic in the Soviet Union as the Byelorussian SSR.
		The union was transformed by the May Constitution of 1791, Europe's first modern codified national constitution, which abolished all state subdivisions and merged everything into the Kingdom of Poland.
		However, by 1795, the state was divided and annexed by Imperial Russia, Prussia and Austria in the course of the Partitions of Poland.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/b/be/belarus.html (3795 words)

	Wikinfo \| Polish September Campaign (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Soviet occupation, while shorter, also resulted in millions of deaths, when all who were deemed dangerous to the communist regime were subject to Sovietization, forced resettlement, imprisonment in labour camps (the Gulags) or simply murdered, like Polish officers in the Katyn massacre.
		Soviet atrocities commenced again after the Poland was 'liberated' by Red Army in 1944, with events like the persecutions of Armia Krajowa soldiers and executions of their leaders.
		Polish army was fairly strong in numbers (~1 million soldiers), but many of them were not mobilised by the 1st September, as Polish government, advised in this by the British and French governments, constantly hoped that the war could be resolved (at least, for the time being) by diplomatic channels.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Polish_September_Campaign (3365 words)

	The History of Poland
		In 1569 Poland absorbed Lithuania by the Union of Lublin.
		A Polish National Committee of Liberation was installed in Lublin as the Soviet recognized government of the liberated areas.
		The Committee declared itself the Provisional Government of the Polish Republic on December 31, 1944 and was quickly granted recognition by the Soviet Union.
	www.krykiet.com /polish_history.htm (1867 words)

	Haines research project into effects of Polish German border changes
		Poland's gains from Germany were termed "compensation" for Poland's territorial losses to the Soviet Union at the Potsdam conference, where it was agreed that Germans remaining in Poland should be transferred to Germany.
		Others were forced to leave by the newly arriving population from the east or by the Soviet or Polish authorities now in charge of these areas.
		Belarusians living around the area around Bialystok were also pressured into relocating to the areas vacated by fleeing German population for the same reasons.
	www.haines.pl /border_changes.htm (739 words)

	Silesia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Polish nobles (at least verbally) supported the Czechs because the struggle of Czech and Hungarian nobles was viewed as a struggle of 'free' nobility against absolutist monarchs and thus resonated with the Polish szlachta's ideal of Golden Liberty.
		There were areas such as the District of Opole (then Regierungsbezirk Oppeln) and rural parts of Upper Silesia, however, where a larger portion or even majority of the population was Slavic-speaking and Roman Catholic.
		Under the terms of the agreements at the Yalta Conference of 1944 and the Potsdam Agreement of 1945, German Silesia east of the rivers Oder (Odra) and Lusatian Neisse (Nysa Łużycka) was transferred to Poland.
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-Silesia (3739 words)

	Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After invading Poland in 1939, Germany annexed the lands it was forced to give to a reformed Poland in 1919–1922 by the Treaty of Versailles, including the "Polish Corridor", West Prussia, the Province of Posen, and parts of eastern Upper Silesia.
		About 860,000 Poles were quickly expelled from the annexed territories to the General Government, while the Soviet Union began to evacuate Germans from the Baltic, Galicia, and Bessarabia according to the Nazi-Soviet population transfers.
		After the German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, the district of Białystok, which included the Białystok, Bielsk Podlaski, Grajewo, Łomża, Sokółka, Volkovysk, and Grodno Counties, was "attached to" (not incorporated into) East Prussia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany (476 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Russia
		With an area of 17,075,400 km², Russia is the largest country in the world, covering almost twice the total area of the next-largest country, Canada, and has significant mineral and energy resources.
		After the Soviet era, the area, population, and industrial production of the Soviet Union (then one of the world's two Cold War superpowers, the other superpower being the United States) that were located in Russia passed on to the Russian Federation.
		Population is densest in the European part of Russia, in the Ural Mountains area, and in the south-western parts of Siberia; the south-eastern part of Siberia that meets the Pacific Ocean, known as the Russian Far East, is sparsely populated, with its southern part being densest.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Russia (8072 words)

	The Historical Setting: The Polish People's Republic
		Polish Catholic clergy denounced the atheism and materialism in the regime; in 1949 the Vatican's excommunication of Catholics belonging to the PZPR brought open hostility from both sides, including state control of church institutions and propaganda against them and church officials.
		Domestic economic problems were accompanied by increased pressure from the Soviet Union for closer Polish cooperation with the other members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon--see Glossary).
		The election of the Polish pope sparked a surge of joy and pride in the country, and John Paul's triumphant visit to his homeland in 1979 did much to precipitate the extraordinary events of the next year.
	info-poland.buffalo.edu /classroom/longhist6.html (4020 words)

	Wojciech Jaruzelski Summary
		The disintegration of PUWP authority and Soviet pressure for a decisive resolution of the crisis propelled Jaruzelski and the military to the fore of Polish politics.
		An officer of the Polish Army, he was trained at the Polish Higher Infantry School and the General Staff Academy, and joined the Polish United Workers' Party (the former Polish Communist Party).
		Polish Ministry of Defence currentely is engaged in process that would allow it to deny to Jaruzelski any military pension he currentely receives[3].
	www.bookrags.com /Wojciech_Jaruzelski (2470 words)

	Sejny - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the early Middle Ages the area of modern Sejny was inhabitated by the Yotvingians, one of the Baltic tribes that had arrived in the area in the 1st millennium.
		In 14th century the area was a scene of constant struggles between the Lithuanians and the Teutons and indeed the first written mention of the area where the town now lies dates back to 1385 and mentions an armed raid of the German knights from Merecz to Giżycko.
		During the Polish Defensive War of 1939 the town was first captured by the Soviet Union on September 24, 1939.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sejny (1964 words)

	German Foreign Minister on Declaration of War with USSR, June 22, 1941
		The Soviet Union nevertheless complained and stated that, contrary to former declarations according to which its aspirations in the Balkans had been satisfied by occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, it had further interests in Balkan questions, though for the time being those were not further defined.
		The Soviet Union demanded an agreement in the form of a treaty with Turkey for the purpose of providing, on the basis of a long-time lease, a base, for Soviet land and naval forces on the Bosporus and in the Dardanelles.
		The aggressive policy of the Soviet Union toward the German Reich, which steadily was becoming more pronounced ever since this time, as well as the hitherto somewhat discreet political cooperation between the Soviet Union and Britain became, however, patent to the whole world on the outbreak of the Balkan crisis at the beginning of April.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /documents/ussrwar2.htm (5137 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Belarus
		The union was formed between Jogaila and the daughter of King Luis of Poland, Jadwiga, by marriage.
		The union between Poland and Lithuania ended in 1795, with the commonwealth partitioned and annexed by Imperial Russia, Prussia, and Austria.
		Shushkevich, along with Boris Yeltsin of Russia and Leonid Kravchuk of Ukraine, met on 8 December 1991, in Belavezhskaya Pushcha to formally declare the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, being headquartered in Minsk.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Belarus (5339 words)

	Sejny, Poland
		In the early Middle Ages the area of modern Sejny was inhabitated by the Yotvingians, one of the Baltic Tribes that had arived to the area in the 1st millenium.
		In 14th century the area was a scene of constant struggles between the Lithuanians and the Teutons and indeed the first written mention of the area where the town now lies dates back to 1385 and mentions an armed raid of the German knights from Merecz to Giżycko.
		During the Polish Defensive War of 1939 the town was first captured by the Soviet Union on September 24, 1939.
	www.creekin.net /c5962-n149-sejny-poland.html (1943 words)

	The Ultimate People's Republic of Poland Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference
		The Communists were in effective control of the Polish government from 1944 onwards, but the new name was not adopted until the 1952 constitution came into effect.
		Despite the fact that Polish historians estimate that 200,000 to 400,000 people died during the postwar period, Polish Stalinism was not quite as severe as it was in the other satellite states.
		The areas in the East that were not annexed by the Soviet Union had their borders left almost unchanged.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/PRP (1569 words)

	Lost Jewish Worlds - Grodno, Under Soviet Rule
		The Soviets, who were aware of the tension between Jews and Poles, endeavored to suppress the outbursts of antisemitism, which reached a peak on the eve of the Red Army’s entry into Grodno on September 22, 1939.
		The Soviet regime was known for its opposition to national movements overall and to Jewish national movements in particular.
		The Soviets had a lengthy account to settle with the Bund, whose members they viewed as “servants of the reaction who do their work for the benefit of the capitalists.” The Bund Party Committee sought cooperation with the new administration, but their leader, Leib Shifres, was arrested in October 1939, together with other Bundists.
	www.grodnoonline.com /lost_worlds/section_3_test.html (6277 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Belarus, 1939-1945
		The Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union were split into Western Ukraine (the southern parts) and WESTERN BELARUS and were annexed into the respective Soviet republics.
		As these areas previously had not been under communist (Stalinist) administration, the population underwent a brutal treatment; the number of those who were exiled to Siberia is estimated at half a million, the list of victims included 'exploiters' (owners of estates), 'reactionaries' (priests), intellectuals, 'petit-bourgeois' and, of course, KULAKS.
		The remaining Belarusian population was treated with extraordinary harshness; the Germans are held responsible for 2.5 million dead in Belarus alone, a quarter of the entire population.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/russia/belarus193945.html (363 words)

	RUSSIAN FED.
		Decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 13 August 1969 concerning the Application of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR concerning the Continental Shelf of the USSR
		Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Finland and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics regarding the delimitation of the areas of Finnish and Soviet jurisdiction in the field of fishing in the Gulf of Finland and the North-eastern Part of the Baltic Sea, 25 February 1980
		Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Finland and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics regarding the delimitation of the economic zone, the fishing zone and the continental shelf in the gulf of Finland and in the North-Eastern part of the Baltic Sea, 5 February 1985
	www.un.org /Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/STATEFILES/RUS.htm (1227 words)

	Wojciech Jaruzelski Biography
		Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (born July 6, 1923) in the family of Polish gentry was a communist Polish political and military leader.
		An officer of the Polish Army, he was trained at the Polish Higher Infantry School and the General Staff Academy, and joined the Polish United Workers' Party (the former Polish Communist Party), of which Central Committee he became a member in 1964.
		In 1968 he was heavily involved in the "cleansing" of the Polish army due to Moczar's antisemite campaign.
	www.biographybase.com /biography/Jaruzelski_Wojciech.html (463 words)

	Ukrainian Church
		Soon many Orthodox also began to view such a union favorably as a way of improving the situation of the Ukrainian clergy and of preserving their Byzantine traditions at a time when Latin Polish Catholicism was expanding.
		In 1839, Tsar Nicholas I abolished it in all areas under Russian rule with the exception of the eparchy of Kholm (in Polish territory), which was itself integrated into the Russian Orthodox Church in 1875.
		In the general reshaping of Polish ecclesiastical structures that took place in 1992, Przemysl was made a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Warsaw and removed from the metropolitan province of Lviv to which it had belonged since 1818.
	www.faswebdesign.com /ECPA/Byzantine/Ukranian.html (1425 words)

	Ukraine page
		It was constituted as a Republic on the formation of the Soviet Union but ruled by the Communist party which centralized all power in Moskva.
		The western area was annexed by the Soviet Union as part of the Stalin-Ribbentrop pact of 1939.
		Following the second world war the western area was confirmed as part of the Soviet Union (Ukraine) and Poland compensated with former German territory.
	www.angelfire.com /mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/europe/ukraine.html (1657 words)

	MapZones.com : Belarus Map
		The area was one of the earliest to be inhabited by Slavs, who settled there between the 6th and the 8th centuries AD.
		The population remains deeply influenced by the Soviet period, retaining its heroes and legends.
		The higher areas are formed by ridges of glacial morainic material dating from the Valday Glaciation, the last advance of Pleistocene ice in eastern Europe.
	atlas.mapzones.com /belarus/belarus.php (2600 words)

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