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Topic: Polish colonization of the Americas

	Encyclopedia: French colonization of the Americas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Duchy of Courland was the smallest nation to colonize the Americas with a short-lived colony in Tobago from 1654 to 1659.
		Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in the Americas of Christopher Columbus in 1492.
		The Swedish colonization of the Americas consisted of a 17th century settlement on the Delaware River in Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, and possessions in the Caribbean during the 18th and 19th century.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/French-colonization-of-the-Americas (2913 words)

	European colonization of the Americas -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Altogether, there was a strong pull at the beginning of the (A resident of a colony) colonial period to come to America for its possible imperial riches, the truth was that these riches were sparse.
		In the British and French regions, the focus of economy soon shifted from resource extraction to (Buying or selling securities or commodities) trading with the (A person who was born in a particular place; an indigenous person) natives.
		In the case of the Africans who were taken aboard slave ships, they were both pushed from their African homelands by coastal tribes who captured them and pulled to America by the slave traders that paid for them with kegs of rum.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/E/Eu/European_colonization_of_the_Americas.htm (1064 words)

	16th century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Spain conquers the Aztec Empire in Central America (1521) and the Incan Empire in South America (1533), resulting in the destruction of the native civilizations of Mesoamerica and the Andes.
		Polish writers are eager to discuss religious differences.
		They print their works in the Polish language for the first time.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/1/16/16th_century.html (514 words)

	World War II [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		On which date the war began is also debated, cited as either the German invasion of Poland The Polish September Campaign (alternatively referred to as the German plan Fall Weiss) refers to the conquest of Poland by the armies of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union and a small contingent of Slovak forces.
		Hours later, the Polish government The Government of the Polish Republic in exile maintained a continuous existence in exile from the time of the German occupation of Poland in September 1939 until the end of the Communist rule in Poland in 1990....
		During the Polish Defence War of 1939, on September 14 the Polish Commander in Chief Marshal of Poland Edward Rydz-Śmigły ordered all Polish troops fighting east of Vistula (approximately 20 divisions still retaing cohesion) to withdraw towards Lwów and then to the hills along the borders with Romania and the Soviet Union....
	www.wikimirror.com /World_War_II (14706 words)

	New town biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It was also common in European colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlier Amerindian cities.
		Jan Zamoyski, Great Crown Chancellor and Hetman whose financial empire within the Polish Republic was known as the "Zamoyski Ordinate" spanned 6400 km² with 11 cities and over 200 villages, in addition to the royal lands he controlled of over 17 500 km² with 112 cities and 612 villages.
		Zamość Zamoyski's success spawned numerous other Polish nobles to found their own "private" cities such as Bialystok and many of these towns survive today, while Zamość was added to the UN World Heritage list in 1992 and is today considered one of the most precious urban complexes in Europe and in the world.
	new-towns.biography.ms (1849 words)

	Native American [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		See also: Archeology of the AmericasThe Archeology of the Americas is the study of the archeology of North America, Central America (or Mesoamerica), South America and the Caribbean, which is to say, the pre-history and Pre-Columbian history of Native American peoples.
		The first wave came into a land populated by the large mammals The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals primarily characterized by the presence of mammary glands, which in females produce milk for the nourishment of young; the presence of hair or fur; and which have endothermic or "warm-blooded" bodies.
		The European colonization of the Americas The Vikings were the first Europeans to reach the Americas, starting but then abandoning a colonisation process.
	www.wikimirror.com /Native_American (13841 words)

	Articles - European colonization of the Americas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Other early explorers such as Francis Drake arrived in the Americas to plunder the wealth of the Spanish settlers.
		Altogether, there was a strong pull at the beginning of the colonial period to come to America for its possible imperial riches, the truth was that these riches were sparse.
		Other groups of colonists came to America searching for either an asylum to practice a religion without persecution or a refuge to begin a new and holier settlement where complete theological agreement could be found.
	www.outship.com /articles/European_colonization_of_the_Americas (1127 words)

	childrens elibrary -- 10plus age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Atlantic region of America consists of the District of Columbia, and the states of Virginia and West Virginia.
		Edith Wharton, one of America's greatest novelists, was also a keen observer of her era's manners and morals.
		America's favorite football announcer, John Madden was also one of the most colorful and most successful coaches in NFL history.
	www.childrenselibrary.com /browse.php?cut=_10plus_by_age&PHPSESSID=b04337bc656cbcc659ca1401bbedf1dc (4421 words)

	Build up to Spanish, Portuguese, African Contact Timeline - Inquiry Unlimited practitioner formerly sited at Boston ...
		Garrido later participates in the colonization of Florida and serves with Spanish explorer Hernan Cortex in the conquest of Mexico.
		Three German colonists, the earliest known in the Americas are part of the Jamestown colony.
		Polish immigrants to the colony later demand, and receive, the right to vote.
	inquiryunlimited.org /timelines/histSpPortAf.html (3936 words)

	French
		The New Hebrides were colonized by both the French and British i...
		French America French America (in French Amérique française) is a term used to describe the Francophonie of America (th...
		French colonization of the Americas, Sabra Holbrook, Atheneum, New York, 1976, hardback, ISBN 0-689-30490-0...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/french.html (4432 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: The Eagle & the Cross: A History of the Polish Roman Catholic Union of America, 1873-2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Paradoxically, the PNA was the greater proponent of naturalization and assimilation, convinced that American Polonia could leverage their U.S. ties to the advantage of the Polish cause.
		In seeking to keep Polish villagers down on the farm, it promoted settlement in Polonian communities formed in Nebraska in the 1870s.
		Polish Americans played a key role in the struggle of America's labor unions, and PRCUA assisted its working class members both by demanding workplace social justice as well as providing assistance to strikers.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0880335203 (1014 words)

	RPG: Jericho Worldview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		America, for all intents and purposes, was broke.
		In America during this period, the debt default had been accompanied by a renewed isolationism that kept America tightly focussed on itself.
		America stopped any pretense of being a democracy following the Blood/Crip war, when NatGuard troops fought to recapture the cities from the criminal gangs.
	www.phoenixcommand.com /rpgnote3.htm (2430 words)

	16th century biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Spain conquers the Aztec Empire in Mexico (1521) and the Inca Empire in South America (1533), resulting in the destruction of the native civilizations of Mesoamerica and the Andes.
		Spanish conquests in the Americas, 20 million deaths (estimates vary widely, large parts of casualties died from disease)
		The Slave trade and Thuggee likely caused millions of deaths during the 16th century, but a certain number is unknown.
	www.biography.ms /16th_century.html (610 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In North America, British and American settlers ethnically cleansed millions of Native Americans, forcibly relocating them to remote and often inhospitable reservation land.
		The colonization of the Americas by European powers, particularly Spain and Britain.
		Himmler stated, that the aim, was to remove permanently the Polish population which the Nazis viewed as an obstacle to German Eastern expansion for the last 700 years.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=Ethnic_cleansing (2756 words)

	A New Evaluation of the Smithsonian Institution "Statement regarding the Book of Mormon" - FARMS Papers
		Polish anthropologist Andrzej Wierçinski analyzed a large series of skulls excavated at major sites in Mesoamerica and found much variety.
		The case provides "clear documentation of a major and long-lived transoceanic colonization of the Americas that ultimately failed." Furthermore, genes which descendants of the Norse could have left behind would have been mixed among native Greenlandic Inuit ["Eskimo"] populations so that they cannot now be identified as distinctly European in origin.
		However, modern translations of this passage prefer "mirrors," which could anciently have been of polished metal as much as of "glass." Put another way, the "glass" of Isaiah 3:23 and thus of 1 Nephi 13:23 is an anglicism which need not refer to a vitreous substance.
	farms.byu.edu /display.php?id=40&table=transcripts (6958 words)

	16th century - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Kingdom of Hungary in shambles after numerous attacks, troops of the Ottoman Empire directly attack the Habsburg Empire and lay siege upon Vienna, but fail to conquer the city in 1529.
		Castile conquers the Aztec Empire in Mexico (1521) and the Inca Empire in South America (1533), resulting in the destruction of the native civilizations of Mesoamerica and the Andes.
		Vast increase in amount of bullion in circulation in Europe.
	www.marylandheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/16th_century (755 words)

	Portable Planetariums Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The smallest and least known of Christopher Columbus's three ships on his first voyage to the Americas in 1492-93, Pinta was a caravela redonda, a trading vessel setting a single square sail on the fore and main masts, and a single lateen sail on the mizzen.
		Recent evidence from molecular genetics suggests that the entire Amerind population of the Americas may be derived from an effective founding population that was as small as 80 (Hey J., 2005).
		The general belief was no trans-oceanic voyages to the Americas could have occurred before the age of European exploration, which culminated in Christopher Columbus's voyage of 1492.
	planetarios.com /colon1492.htm (7468 words)

	FSU, Web-MC, Web Mediated Course Assistant/ resources.html
		Elizabeth Greenfield was the first African-American concert singer to win acclaim on both sides of the Atlantic, and was able to parlay her English training and public experience into an American career as a virtuoso singer.
		The sounds were polished, brass was often added, and the intimate connection between the solo singer and instrument was supplanted by an emphasis on blues sentiment - hard luck, hard times, hard-hearted lovers, hard liquor, and the open road.
		Americas were percussion instruments such as drums, scrapers, and shakers.
	muh3053-01.sp03.fsu.edu /resources.html (18057 words)

	History 266: World History from the Renaissance to Imperialism--Lecture Notes
		First, rather than working by proxy through charters and grants which insulated the mother country from possible failures, Spain and Portugal both took a direct hand in the establishment of their empires: all finances for the colonies came from and were a drain on the royal treasury, especially during economic downturns.
		Fifth, by not developing the financial and commercial institutions (namely, a market economy) to exploit and market the wealth and produce of their new possessions on a long-term basis, they were stuck with lands that were fairly undeveloped once the rounds of rapaciousness had sucked them dry.
		Conclusions: The positive aspects of the discovery and colonization of the Americas may be found in the increase in Europe's knowledge about the world, their broadened intellectual horizons, and the Age of Enlightenment these discoveries helped to usher in.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/266LecN.html (20375 words)

	Footnotes to History- Bibliography
		Struggle for the Land: Indigenous Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide, and Expropriation in Contemporary North America.
		Feldman, J. "Chapter XV: The Polish Provinces of Austria and Prussia after 1815: The 'Springtime of Nations'," in Reddaway, Penson, Halecki, and Dyboski.
		Marley, David F. Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present.
	www.buckyogi.com /footnotes/biblio.htm (2597 words)

	German
		German colonization of the Americas European colonization of the Americas History of the Americas Viking colonization Br...
		German Democratic Party Liberal parties CALD Timeline of liberal parties in: Africa - The Americas - Asia - Europe - Oce...
		Pennsylvania German language Pennsylvania German, or Pennsylvania Dutch (Pennsilfaani-Deitsch), is a North America.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/german.html (3160 words)

	Bianca Belmonte Sapien's Curriculum Unit
		Archeologists are people who study historic or prehistoric peoples and their cultures by analysis of their artifacts, inscriptions, monuments and other such remains, especially those that have been excavated.
		The last glaciation, called the Wisconsin in North America, was the most severe of all, and lasted from approximately 80,000 years ago until about 9,000 years ago, when the world's glaciers began their final retreat.
		Christy Turner recognized dental patterns and their applicability in grouping early colonizers of America Sundadonty is a dental pattern shared with people of Southeast Asia and prehistoric American populations (Dixon).
	www.unm.edu /~abqteach/archeology_cus/02-01-01.htm (6873 words)

	1112for2002
		Clovis and the Palaeoindian settlement of the Americas
		The colonization of the Pacific islands beyond New Guinea.
		Fiedel, S.J. 1987 The Prehistory of the Americas.
	arts.anu.edu.au /arcworld/resources/papers/courses/021112.htm (6575 words)

	[No title]
		Contemporary with this were the discovery and colonization of the Americas and the beginning of the establishment of European rule in Africa and Asia.
		Eastern Europe benefitted indirectly as vast amounts of Polish lumber built the European fleets, stimulating the economic growth of the lands along the trade routes from the northeast to the west.
		A demand arose in Europe for craftsmen and scholars that could not be met by the native populations: the lower classes were illiterate and incapable of working in trade, while the education aristocracy would not deign to do so.
	home.cc.umanitoba.ca /~umjens18/historiography.htm (4779 words)

	IGN.com presents the 2003 Holiday Buyer's Guide
		The reigning patriarch of the 4X empire genre, Civilization gave players control of a nation in a massive turn-based strategy format that spanned 6000 years of human history and included elements of diplomacy, economics, technology and, naturally, military conflict.
		Conquests takes a slightly different approach, focusing on specific historical conflicts: you can fight for or against the colonization of the Americas, use your barbarian armies to try to topple Rome, wage war with other warlords in feudal Japan and even fight the epic naval battles of World War II in the Pacific.
		The series makes the leap to 3D and maintains a glossy polish from the intro to the endgame.
	buyersguide.ign.com /articles/440/440323p1.html (1176 words)

	Beverly High School Library Media Center
		Analyze the changing patterns of European immigration and settlement in the Americas in the 17th and 18th centuries by developing a historical narrative on such questions as: How did the motives of the 17th-century Puritans and Quakers differ from those of the 18th-century immigrants such as Germans and Scots-Irish?
		Orders of Connecticut (1669), the Massachusetts Body of laws and Liberty (1641) the New Jersey Laws, Concessions, and Agreements (1677), and the Pennsylvania Frame of Government (1701) to explain the growth of early representative government and institutions in the colonies.
		Develop a historical argument about whether such factors as the abundance of land, devotion to private property, and the growth of individualism and a competitive entrepreneurial spirit in 18th-century colonial America challenged European ideas to hierarchy and deference and contributed to the idea of participatory democracy.
	www.bhsonline.org /library/print.php?wdesugterthe.html (9157 words)

	History Matters Search
		Also included are maps of North America (1795), Maine (1799), and Hallowell, Maine (1794); images of Augusta and Hallowell Maine; and a walking tour of Hallowell, Maine.
		An exhibit on the colonization of the Americas as it appeared in print presents illustrations, maps, and manuscripts from the age of exploration.
		Includes documents on colonization societies, civil rights, education, railroads, feuding, the Kentucky Derby, exploits of Daniel Boone, pioneer surgery, and a recollection of Abraham Lincoln.
	historymatters.gmu.edu /search.php?function=find&topsci=1&wwwhist=1 (4943 words)

	Ethnic, Immigration, and Pluralism Studies - Faculty In Ethnic Studies
		Professor Blanchard's research interests include the social history of Spanish America in the nineteenth century, slavery, and the Wars of Independence.
		In recent years, his research has turned towards the colonization of the Americas and the cultural encounter of natives and Europeans.
		Wróbel is the author or co-author of seven books and more than 75 articles about Polish, German, Byelorussian, and Jewish history, published in Poland, Great Britain, and the United States.
	www.utoronto.ca /ethnicstudies/fac_history.htm (1644 words)

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