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	Encyclopedia: List of Polish composers
		Mieczysław Karłowicz (December 11, 1876 - February 8, 1909) was a Polish composer, born in the Polish province of Vilna.
		Karol Maciej Szymanowski (October 6, 1882 - March 29, 1937) was a Polish composer and pianist.
		Cezary Ostrowski â€” born 30 September 1962 in Brzeg â€” is a Polish electronica composer.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/List-of-Polish-composers (343 words)

	Music of Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Polish composers from this period focused on baroque religious music, concertos for voices, instruments, and basso continuo, a tradition that continued into the 18th century.
		Polish folk music was collected in the 19th century by Oskar Kolberg, as part of a wave of Polish national revival.
		In the early 1960s, however, a number of composers known as the Polish composer's school arose, characterized by the use of sonorism and dodecaphonism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Poland/Music (1353 words)

	Polish culture: CONTEMPORARY POLISH MUSIC
		Polish Minimalists: Tomasz Sikorski and Zygmunt Krauze
		The birth of the "Polish composers' school" was possible as a result of the political détente after Stalin's death which in Poland led to a political crisis in 1956.
		The form and narration of this work is constructed by the composer by means of idioms and conventions of 20th century music: the deliberate eclecticism at the level of sound, harmony and facture, figures and processes, produces a fully sovereign and integrated work which is neither a collage nor a kind of stylistic juggling.
	www.culture.pl /en/culture/artykuly/es_muzyka_wspolczesna (3510 words)

	PMRC ESSAYS: Harley - Notes on Women Composers
		Another characteristics of the Polish musical scene is the fact that women who write music do not like to be grouped according to their gender and identified as "women composers." The masculine form of the name of their profession, "kompozytor," seems to be the preferred form of address, especially in formal situations.
		A particular aspect of Polish gender stereotypes is the connection between the esteem for motherhood and the emphasis on the mothers' achievements in preserving the Polish language and culture.
		Thus, in the Polish national mythology, "mother" became a heroic figure: "Matka Polka" whose work for the country was as vital as her importance within the family.
	www.usc.edu /dept/polish_music/essays/womentx.html (2244 words)

	Europalia 2001 Polska (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The birth of the "Polish composers' school" was possible as a result of the political détente after Stalin's death which in Poland led to a political crisis in 1956.
		These aesthetics are represented in Polish music mainly by Witold Lutosławski (1913-1994) and Krzysztof Penderecki (born 1933) as well as Henryk Mikołaj Górecki (born 1933) and additionally by Kazimierz Serocki (1922-1981), Tadeusz Baird (1928-1981), Wojciech Kilar (born 1932), Witold Szalonek (born 1927), Bogusław Schaeffer (born 1929), and Włodzimierz Kotoński (born 1925).
		In the musical scores of the time the composer created his very characteristic language and individual form of musical beauty as a result of which he was called a "contemporary classic" even during his lifetime.
	www.europalia.pl /www.europalia.pl/en/home13.html (4104 words)

	History of Polish Jazz - 1980s to present time (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Composers like Komeda, Trzaskowski and Kurylewicz expanded the boundaries of jazz by taking it to the places previously reserved only to musical harmonies and composition techniques normally associated with philharmonics concert halls music.
		The Oligarchs were still around playing, composing and recording new albums but in the meantime the new generations of musicians were born, raised and educated and ready to claim their place on the jazz map.
		But despite of falling Berlin wall jazz scene in Poland appeared to be the same as it had been for decades: the Oligarchs occupied the center stage and the rest of the jazz scene were still doing their own and predictable things.
	www.polishjazz.com /pjn/101/80now.htm (1042 words)

	Frédéric Chopin
		Frédéric-François Chopin (March 1, 1810 - October 17, 1849) is widely seen as the greatest of Polish composers and among the very greatest of composers for the piano.
		But according to his baptismal certificate, which was written several weeks after his birth he was born February 22, in Zelazowa Wola in central Poland near Sochaczew, in the region of Mazovia, which was part of the Duchy of Warsaw.
		He was also friends with composers Hector Berlioz and Robert Schumann, and, although sometimes critical of their music, dedicated some of his compositions to them.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/f/fr/frederic_chopin.html (1019 words)

	POLISH MUSIC THROUGH THE CENTURIES
		Bogurodzica, the old hymn to the Mother of God, was sung by the Polish knighthood during the victorious battle of Grunwald with the Teutonic Knights (1410).
		The composer not only wrote more than 300 songs, but also created the Polish opera, for which reason he is often called “the father of the Polish national opera”.
		This brave composer was conscious of the provincialism and backwardness of Polish music in the second half of the 19
	www.klasyka.com.pl /midem/his.html (1716 words)

	Polish Arts Club of Buffalo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Among the ancient roots of Polish patriotism, one of the oldest is the anthem Bogurodzica (God's Mother).
		In the post WWII - Iron Curtain era, Polish composers, perturbed by the state of the less than sovereign nation, began incorporating the melody of the ancient anthem into their compositions.
		One of the composers identified by Dr. Trochimczyk in her study is Andrzej Panufnik who at the age of 40 and at the height of the Stalinist period (1954) left Poland and settled in Britain.
	pacb.bfn.org /calendar/Bogurodzica.html (574 words)

	POLISH NEWS - Culture / Kultura - Lira Ensemble - Artistic quality and Good Taste (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Poles and Polish Americans who understand the language laugh or react at the right time, in the right way and the non-Poles who are present give us the opportunity to share our heritage.
		What is most important is that the vast majority of WFMT listeners are not Polish Americans, so Lira brought the papal anniversary to a much wider American audience who were able to hear music of such excellent Polish composers as Juliusz Luciuk, Józef Swider and Irena Pfeiffer - and to hear it beautifully performed.
		A bazaar of Polish folk art, recordings, books and other items is available in the lobby before and after the performances and during intermission.
	www.polishnews.com /kultura/lira/lira.htm (1796 words)

	The Composers
		Hungarian composer, pianist and ethnomusicologist; by far the most important of Hungarian composers and responsible, with Zoltán Kodály, for the awakening of the interest in Hungarian folk music.
		Among the most notable works of this period are the Cello Concerto No. 2 (1982), the Viola Concerto (1983) and the Polish Requiem (1984), a work which is the composer's memorial to the oppression of his country and a declaration of solidarity with its stuggle for freedom.
		A showcase for the Moog synthesizer, Switched-On Bach interpreted the legendary composer's most renowned fugues and movements via state-of-the-art synth technology; purists were appalled, but the record captured the public's imagination and in time the album became the first classical record to be certified platinum by the RIAA.
	www.drummerman.net /shining/composers.html (1607 words)

	..:: SCOREMAGACINE.COM ::..
		Poland is known worldwide, among other things, for a generation of fine and extremely talented film music composers that were born in its lands.
		Such brilliant composers are Zbigniew Preisner, Jan A.P. Kaczmarek and Wojciech Kilar who will all be present in the special concert, with Zbigniew Preisner actually being the guest of honour for the very night.
		Zbigniew Preisner currently holds the prestigious status of Poland It's leading and most famous composer of film music and he is considered to be one of the most important composers of his generation and of the entire film music It's modern history.
	www.scoremagacine.com /Noticias_eng_det.php?Codigo=21 (569 words)

	Central Europe Review - Music: Krzyzstof Penderecki
		During the post-war decade, access to modern music had been severely restricted, as Polish composers were "encouraged," with varying degrees of success, to embrace and express the ambiguously defined tenets of socialist realism, or socrealizm.
		Some composers, Penderecki stated, had "forgotten about music" and were composing "notes only," while he wanted to compose "music with a human face" and distance himself from his peers and imitators.
		Messiaen, was the composer's thoughtful answer, primarily for his mysticism and use of orchestral colour.
	www.ce-review.org /99/21/best21_reyland.html (1484 words)

	Krzysztof Knittel
		Polish composer of mostly stage, chamber and electroacoustic works that have been performed in the Americas, Asia and Europe; he is also active as a performer and writer.
		He co-founded with Wojciech Michniewski and Elzbieta Sikora KEW in 1973, a group of composers, which was most active from 1973-75, as well as the Cytula Tyfun da Bamba Orkiester, which was active in 1981.
		He also served as vice-chairman of the Polish section of ISCM from 1989-92, director of the Warsaw Autumn festival from 1995-98 and vice-president of the Polish Composers Union from 1995-99 and president from 1999-2003.
	composers21.com /compdocs/knittelk.htm (829 words)

	Completorium \| Composers \| Zielenski (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Likewise, it cannot be excluded that the Polish composer acquainted himself with the ideas of the Florentine camerata contained in the Dialogo della musica antica et della moderna of V. Galilea (1581).
		Communiones totius anni is composed of 57 (63?
		Composed as a kind of motetto, from the formal point of view it is divided in two parts filling the scheme ABB'.
	republika.pl /completorium/c_zielen.htm (1769 words)

	Zygmunt Krauze
		Polish composer of mostly stage, orchestral, chamber, and piano works that have been performed throughout the world; he is also active as a pianist.
		Among his honors are First Prize in the All-Polish Contemporary Piano Music Competition in Lódz (1957), Second Prize in the youth competition of the Polish Composers Union (1965), Honorable Mention and First Prize in the Gaudeamus Performers Competition (1965-66), and a residency in Berlin from the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (1973-74).
		He also served as president of the Polish Society for Contemporary Music from 1980-83, vice-president from 1983-89 and president from 1989-2001 and served as president of ISCM from 1987-90.
	composers21.com /compdocs/krauzez.htm (889 words)

	Polish Mini-Courses
		The "Polish School" of Wajda, Munch, and Konwicki established in the early 1960s a cinema of irony and self-questioning.
		As the culminating event of the Polish Film mini-course, director Krzysztof Zanussi delivered the Annual Copernicus Lecture on the increasingly important role of audio-visual media in education and learning.
		In his presentation Zanussi urged the audience to recognize the "mystery" that resides in image and sound, a mystery that is often lost in the rationality of the word.
	www.umich.edu /~iinet/crees/regionalstudies/polish/minicrs.htm (528 words)

	Wanda Wilk
		After Chopin and during the partitions Polish music almost disappeared from the music world until composer Karol Szymanowski (1882-1937) came along and showed the way to the younger generation.
		This proved that interest in Polish music did exist and it convinced my husband and me that there was an urgent need for information on Polish music.
		Composer Witold Lutoslawski (regarded as the greatest living composer of his time) came to our inauguration in January 1985 and brought five of his original manuscripts as gifts to our Center.
	gos.sbc.edu /w/wilk.html (862 words)

	Warsaw Autumn 2004 - programme
		He participated in the International Courses for Young Composers organized by the Polish Society for Contemporary Music (1993–97) and in the International Meetings of Young Composers in Apeldoorn, Holland (1995).
		He was a moderator at the 20th International Course for Young Composers in Radzie-jowice in 2000 and served as its director in 2003.
		He is a member of the Polish Composers’ Union (Board Member of its Warsaw Branch), the Polish Society for Contemporary Music and the zaiks Authors’ and Composers’ Association.
	www.warsaw-autumn.art.pl /04/composers/c81.html (475 words)

	The Aria Chorus
		The Aria Chorus #303 of the Polish Singers Alliance of America, established in 1964, is in its fortieth season of concerts.
		The Polish Singers Alliance of America was founded in 1889 to promote Polish culture in America through song.
		Encouraged by his Polish heritage from maternal ancestry (his mother's maiden name is 'Halka,' which coincidentally is the title of the most famous Polish opera, by Stanislaw Moniuszko!), he wishes to champion Polish classical song through his own singing among the classical music community.
	www.angelfire.com /nj/AriaChorus (781 words)

	CER \| Socialist Realism in Music: Engineering the Soul
		Lutosławski was the first Polish composer to have a "formalist" work—his First Symphony (1941-47)—banned, after Włodzimierz Sokorski, Poland's then vice-minister for culture, fulminated that composers such as Lutosławski should be thrown beneath the wheels of street cars.
		Like all Polish composers active in the post-war decade, Lutosławski was forced to write music according to the principles of socrealizm, following 1948's Second International Congress of [Soviet] Composers in Prague, at which the infamous Polish musicologist Zofia Lissa signed a declaration committing the ZKP (Polish Composers Union) to that path.
		Like most Polish composers, Lutosławski had to make his daily sacrifices, balancing the need to earn money against a desire to believe that his personal morals were not being incontrovertibly compromised.
	www.ce-review.org /01/16/reyland16.html (2130 words)

	Witold Lutoslawski Biography / Biography of Witold Lutoslawski Biography Biography
		Witold Lutoslawski (1913-1994) was the leader of the group of Polish composers who came into prominence in the 1950s.
		He formed the Union of Polish Composers and the Society for the Publication of Polish Music, and he helped to organize the first Warsaw Festival in 1956.
		In 1985 he was invited to the dedication ceremony of the Polish Music Reference Center at the University of Southern California at Los Angeles.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-witold-lutoslawski (762 words)

	Polish culture: Krzysztof Penderecki
		Composer and director; born 23 November 1933, Debica.
		When the results of the second Competition of Young Composers were decided in 1959, it turned out that Penderecki's compositions (submitted under different pseudonyms) had taken the first, second and third prizes, that the winner was Krzysztof Penderecki, an unknown 28-year-old assistant professor at the Composition Department of the State Musical Academy in Krakow.
		Krzysztof Penderecki has composed works that are accessible to the average music lover - with a content, construction and emotions that are understandable.
	www.culture.pl /en/culture/artykuly/os_penderecki_krzysztof (1349 words)

	Polish Consulate...
		Polish Consulate in Kidderminster serving the West Midlands of the United Kingdom...
		According to professor Wladyslaw Bartoszewski, historian and Polish ex-foreign minister, the report gives only a general idea of the extent of the losses as Warsaw was the only city in Europe which lost during World War 2 half of its population and 80% of infrastructure.
		On Wednesday Polish rescuers and doctors arrived in Balakott that was 80-90 percent destroyed in the quake.
	www.polish.motime.com (14238 words)

	Consonance Home Page - About Us
		Owing to joint actions of this Center and also of Polish Scientific Society and a young conductor, Master of Arts, Helen Isajkina the Polish Song Youth Choir “Consonance” was finally formed.
		Therefore the main direction of our activity is popularization of Polish choral music in its variety, beginning with half-forgotten masterpieces of the past and finishing with the latest samples of modern music.
		Although Polish composers works form the basis of our repertoire we are also greatly interested in European choral musical heritage whose inseparable part is Polish choral music.
	www.geocities.com /consonance_by/aboutus.html (321 words)

	Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Washington, D.C. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The purpose of the competition is to popularise the music of Chopin and other Polish composers in Lithuania.
		Polish artists took up that method a short while later mainly thanks to their contacts with Bauhaus.
		A beautiful fainting girl was shown in the lower corner, while a man brutally squeezing her waist with his clumsy hands appeared in the upper corner.
	www.polandembassy.org /News/Biuletyny_culture/Culture2003/p2003-11-207.htm (1019 words)

	Things to Do
		Following the Mass, hold a reception with Polish pastries and refreshments, welcoming all in the spirit of Polish hospitality.
		Encourage people to display Polish and American flags and Polish American Heritage Month posters in their homes, organizational headquarters, banks, businesses, etc. Flags, posters and banners help bring attention to the fact that October is National Polish American Heritage Month and that Polonia is celebrating proudly.
		This is a way for them to bring attention to Polish American Heritage Month and highlight Polish composers.
	www.polishamericancenter.org /ThingstoDo.htm (894 words)

	Society for Polish Music: Maja Trochimczyk
		In 2000, she curated a Polish Manuscript Exhibition presenting a sample from over 100 manuscripts and 200 letters by 40 Polish composers that constitute the Polish Manuscript Collection.
		Her mother, Henryka Wajszczuk, comes from a Polish family that lived in the part of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union after WWII and is now in Bielorus (the city of Baranowicze).
		The family was displaced during the war by forced exile (to Siberia) and is now scattered throughout Poland and the U.S. One of the mother's uncles, Feliks Wajszczuk, was a Roman-Catholic priest in Woskrzenice and a prisoner of the German concentration camp in Dachau during WWII.
	www.polish-music.org /trochimczyk.html (6319 words)

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