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Topic: Polish contribution to WWII

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	Edward Rydz-Śmigły - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Edward Rydz was born in the village of Łapszyn near Brzeżany, Tarnopol Voivodship, Galicia.
		In 1912 Rydz was one of the founders of the Polish paramilitary organisation Riflemen's Association (Związek Strzelecki).
		In the West, due to the influence of anti-Piłsudski circles with Władysław Sikorski as their foremost representative, he was seen as having fled from the battlefield in 1939, with little recognition given to the circumstances of Poland's defeat by the Germans and Soviets.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rydz-Smigly (2237 words)

	Polish History - Part 12
		Polish fighter pilots made a great contribution to the victory in the Battle of Britain.
		Polish society remained consistent in supporting the institutions of its underground state, the Warsaw Uprising being the final attempt to win full independence for Poland.
		Polish soldiers had been fighting the Germans from the first to the last day of the war.
	www.poloniatoday.com /history12.htm (1239 words)

	Polish Culture. Polish Paintings. Polish Military Aviation Art and Paintings. Polish Art. Polish History. Aerial Combat ...
		Polish language courses at the Cracovia Academy of Polish Language and Culture.
		The Cracovia Academy of Polish Language and Culture is proud to announce its sponsorship and patronage of Krakow artist Piotr Gorka.
		Piotr Gorka's paintings all depict actual aerial combat events and flight sorties of Polish pilots and aircrews from various phases, fronts and campaigns of WWII and all are signed by the pilots and crews of the events depicted.
	www.polishsummer.com /polish_aviation_art_piotr_gorka_main.htm (571 words)

	World War II
		Polish soldiers were not invited to participate in the victory parades which took place in 1945 in London and Moscow.
		Contribution of fighter pilots in defence of Great Britain is the best illustrated by Sir Winston Churchill words: “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few”.
		At the outbreak of the war, Polish army was able to put in the field almost one million soldiers, 2800 guns, 500 tanks and 400 aircraft.
	www.ww2.pl (247 words)

	BOOKS
		Polish Memories - a series of autobiographical sketches Gombrowicz composed for Radio Free Europe during his years in Argentina in the late 1950s, and translated into English for the first time -- fills the gap.
		In the title story a WWII German officer’s widow and a cemetery custodian are inexplicably shot to death.
		In others, a Polish woman raped by Serbs is pressured to keep her child; an archeologist’s wife who witnessed the war’s horrors mysteriously loses her memory; and a musicologist falls in love with a madrigalist and murderer.
	www.polishculture-nyc.org /fiction.htm (2644 words)

	Polish WWII Aces
		The Polish defenition of an ace was a pilot who achieved at least five (5) confirmed victories (as opposed to probable victories) in air-to-air combat (as opposed to destroying planes on the ground).
		All in all, the Polish fighter pilots downed 8.5% of the 2 375 enemy planes that were claimed to have been destroyed (by all means, including anti-aircraft artillery and etc.) during Battle of Britain, according to the data released by the British Air Ministry.
		After years of Cold War era silence in England on the subject of Polish fighter pilots, who participated in the as decisive for the British as the Battle of Britain was (...), this silence was ended with the showing of the Polish fighter pilots in that movie.
	members.tripod.com /~marcin_w/index-paces.html (2664 words)

	POLISH NEWS - People we Should Know - Prof. Dr. Zdzislaw P. Wesolowski. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		He is the cofounder of the Polish American Chamber of Commerce of Florida and the Americans in 1993.
		He was the President of the Polish American Congress of Florida and actively participated in the establishment of the NATO Participation Act of 1994.
		Wesolowski arranged the funding of the Marshal Jozef Pilsudski Monument and was present for its unveiling at the invitation of the Polish General Staff on August l4th, 1995.
	www.polishnews.com /fulltext/people/people1.shtml (1786 words)

	The Armed Forces of WWII ( Near East ).
		The combat contribution of Syrian armed forces at that time came to an end.
		By the end of WWII, the navy had one battle cruiser, two cruisers, two gunboats, three minesweepers, eight destroyers, 12 submarines, three motor torpedo boats, five minelayers, a surveying vessel, a depot ship, a fleet tug, a collier, and an oiler.
		By 1940 the Turkish air force was composed of four air regiments (each regiment contained six air companies), and had in possession a total of 370 aircraft (it had 8 500 personnel).
	members.tripod.com /~marcin_w/index-2.html (2646 words)

	Buffalo Veterans, Waldemar Czyz, First Polish Armor Division
		Disregarding the shouts of their guards, they all ran over to talk to the soldier and were informed of the 1941 prisoner exchange agreement with the Soviet government.
		Threatening to strike if not allowed freedom to proceed to the Polish gathering points, the Polish workers were released in groups of ten as the Russian authorities found other laborers to replace them.
		In 1984, Czyz opened the Polish Armed Forces Exhibit on the decommissioned light cruiser, USS Little Rock, in the Buffalo Naval and Serviceman's Park in Buffalo, New York.
	www.classicbuffalo.com /VeteransCzyz.htm (1121 words)

	POLISH NEWS - THE POLISH AMERICAN AGENDA FOR 2004 AT THE WHITE HOUSE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		On Thursday, July 1, 2004 a delegation consisting of eleven Polish Americans met at the White House with Ambassador Daniel Fried, Special Assistant to the President and Barry Jackson, Deputy Assistant to the President.
		This meeting was the first part of a plan suggested at a January 2004 APAC meeting to have Polish American Political Action Committees obtain signatures of the Agenda from Polish American organizations throughout the USA, which then would be presented to both Presidential candidates in the forthcoming November 2004 election.
		Polish Americans from across the U.S.A. have gathered to uphold the vision of Ignacy Jan Paderewski, the eminent Polish statesman, scholar, composer, and virtuoso, who promoted freedom and democracy throughout the world.
	www.polishnews.com /polityka/agenda_en.htm (2575 words)

	Newsletter 21/3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Jointly with the IU Press, Polish Studies won a grant to inform Polish publishers about economic survival measures for the small press sector, with activities to be conducted in both countries.
		The panelists billed themselves as a Polish government "think tank," and they were escorted to several Midwestern universities this spring by the event organizer, the Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in Chicago, represented at the IU visit by Consul Jacek Sawich.
		From the examples of the political wisdom and the enlightened patriotism of the Polish government spokesmen on this panel, the Indiana University audience could feel confident that America has a good new ally in NATO (along with the Czech Republic and Hungary), and that the Polish involvement will be both thoughtful and committed.
	www.indiana.edu /~polishst/news/news21/news21_3.html (4437 words)

	"JEWISH MILITARY CASUALTIES IN THE POLISH ARMIES IN WWII - VOL IV: The List
		Nearly 200.000 Polish Jews fought against Nazi Germany in the ranks of the Polish Armies on Polish soil and in Exile.
		Polish Jews fought in the French Army, in the Red Army, and in the British Forces.
		Despite the tremendous Jewish military contribution to the Polish war efforts, the official Polish historical bibliography of W.W.II ignores this Jewish phenomena.
	www.zchor.org /meirtchak/volume5.htm (1688 words)

	PMC Sites: Ignacy Paderewski
		Polish American organizations united to choose him as their leader, conferring upon him the power of attorney to act for them and decide all political matters in their name.
		His was the largest individual contribution ($28,600) to the American Legion for disabled veterans.
		At the turn of the century he commissioned Polish artist, Jan Styka, to paint The Crucifixion, a gigantic canvas (93 feet by 178 feet wide) which is now on display in the massive Hall of the Crucifixion at the Forest Lawn Cemetery in Glendale.
	www.usc.edu /dept/polish_music/composer/paderewski.html (3099 words)

	polish history, geneology polish, family history poland, medals, military history - The Order of the Virtuti Militari ...
		Polish breast badges were awarded to officers and enlisted personnel for exemplary service and required a specific period of time of service in each regiment.
		Polish decorations are considerably undervalued because few people are familiar with their true value and historical importance.
		Collectors should remember that Polish decorations were made and awarded in lots of tens and hundreds, not millions as in the case of Nazi Germany and other nations.
	www.virtuti.com /order/articles/virtuti.html (2432 words)

	PAN - Enigma German secret machine and the remarkable Polish success in breaking the code (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Just before the beginning of WWII the Poles transferred all their know-how and equipment to the French and British Allies for the use in the coming war.
		The British, using Polish decrypting methods, established a secret organization at Bletchley Park consisting of about 10,000 people to intercept, decrypt and disseminate German Enigma messages and intelligence.
		The Polish effort in breaking Enigma's code shortened World War II in Europe by 6 to 12 months, sparing hundreds of thousand of casualties and saving Western Europe from occupation by the Red Army.
	pan.net /history/enigma (698 words)

	The Avalon Project : The British Bluebook
		But, as was stated by the Prime Minister in his letter to the German Chancellor of the 22nd August, His Majesty's Government consider it essential for the success of the discussions which would precede the agreement that it should be understood beforehand that any settlement arrived at would be guaranteed by other Powers.
		His Majesty's Government would be ready if desired to make their contribution to the effective operation of such a guarantee.
		They have already received a definite assurance from the Polish Government that they are prepared to enter into discussions on this basis, and His Majesty's Government hope the German Government would for their part also be willing to agree to this course.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/wwii/bluebook/blbk74.htm (900 words)

	B. Meirtchak: "JEWISH MILITARY CASUALTIES IN THE POLISH ARMIES IN WWII"
		In the ranks of the Polish Army in the U.S.S.R. the author participated in the bloody Lenino battle and was in command of a tank battalion in the Bautzen-Elba Campaign as a Captain.
		I was deeply touched when in July 1999, the Polish Publishing House "Bellona" in Warsaw made an offer to me to obtain the rights to translate this study into Polish and to publish it in Poland.
		This study in the Polish language will serve the younger generation of Polish students and scholars as a credible source of information about Jews, and their part in establishing Polish independence during centuries of living together.
	www.zchor.org /meirtchak/meirtchak.htm (2830 words)

	GI -- World War II Commemoration
		A Polish government in exile, established first in Paris and later in Angers, moved to London in 1940.
		The question of the Polish-Soviet frontier (see Map 2) was rooted in historical antagonism, the ethnic mixture of the disputed area, the structure of the Polish state between the two world wars, and the growth of Soviet power and ambition.
		Thus, insofar as the Polish issue was concerned, Churchill was ready even in 1943 to abandon the Western policy of postponement; seeking to forestall the creation of a Soviet satellite regime, both Churchill and Roosevelt in 1944 urged the London Poles to accept the Curzon Line as a frontier.
	gi.grolier.com /wwii/wwii_14.html (10664 words)

	WWII General I
		All of the tactics of WWII were germinated in WWI.
		The author attacks the widely held belief that WWII was the "good war", the war in which America led the forces of democracy and freedom to victory over Germany and Japan.
		He argues that the role of the USA in WWII was determined not by idealism, but by the interests of America's corporations and by the country's social, economic, and political leaders.
	www.aberdeenbookstore.com /wwii_general_i.htm (14755 words)

	The Polish WW2 success in breaking the code of the German Enigma machine
		The British, using the Polish decrypting methods amongst others, established a secret organisation of about 10,000 people at Bletchley Park to intercept, decrypt and disseminate German Enigma messages and intelligence.
		Selected Allied high-ranking commanders received these decrypted German, rephrased for extra security and protected by the explicit Ultra regulations, starting with the Battle of Britain, through the Battle of the Atlantic, the landing in Africa, the invasion of the Continent and the bombing of the V1 and V2 weapon sites.
		The Polish effort in breaking Enigma's code shortened World War 2 in Europe by six to twelve months, sparing hundreds of thousands of casualties and saving Western Europe from occupation by the Red Army.
	www.avoca.ndirect.co.uk /enigma/index.html (682 words)

	Classic Buffalo Polish Culture in WNY
		Polish Armed Forces Exhibit - The most extensive collection of documents and memorabilia in the US concerning the contribution of Poland to the Allied victory in WW II.
		Polish Saturday School - The ClassicBuffalo.com 50th Anniversary ad in support of this fine tradition.
		Polish Heritage Festival at the Creekside on Saturday, May 21st, 2005.
	www.classicbuffalo.com /WNYPolonia.htm (568 words)

	The National Polish-American — Jewish-American Council
		For over twenty years, the National Polish American-Jewish American Council has brought together leaders of the Polish American and Jewish American communities to discuss issues of mutual concerns and to improve Polish-Jewish relations in America and around the world.
		The Council protests the unfair depiction of Poles during the WWII in the film ENIGMA, July 17, 2002
		For over two decades, the National Polish American-Jewish American Council, convened by the American Jewish Committee and the Polish American community, is committed to improving relations and establishing a framework for cooperation between the two communities.
	www.npajac.org (295 words)

	The Avalon Project : The British Bluebook
		I regarded the peaceful settlement of this problem as a further contribution to a final loosening of the European tension.
		The Polish Government have rejected my offer and have only declared that they are prepared (1) to negotiate concerning the question of a substitute for the Commissioner of the League of Nations and (2) to consider facilities for the transit traffic through the Corridor.
		Should the Polish Government wish to come to fresh contractual arrangements governing its relations with Germany, I can but welcome such an idea, provided, of course, that these arrangements are based on an absolutely clear obligation binding both parties in equal measure.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/wwii/bluebook/blbk13.htm (1116 words)

	WWII General II
		Among the unsung heroes of WWII were these normal men who completed their missions day after day, over 400 b/w and color photos, color aircraft profiles.
		This book is largely an eye-witness account of the heavy bomber contribution to the success of the D-Day landings and therefore to the winning of the war in Europe.
		Their vivid and dramatic accounts are supplemented by numerous contributions from other aircrew and ground crew veterans, army personnel and French civilians, which have been carefully gathered by Stephen Darlow from interviews with veterans and their relatives, through correspondence and contemporary diaries.
	www.aberdeenbookstore.com /wwii_general_ii.htm (14970 words)

	Polish Music Newsletter, vol. 12, no. 12, December 2006. Polish Music Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
		The Polish Music Center's 2005 Fundraising Drive was the first attempt at sharing the goals of our mission with you, the Polish-Americans we strive to serve.
		Polish composers and exiles of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, victims of economic and political persecution, received their artistic imprint abroad.
		In 2005, the Polish Music Center at USC received a generous donation of manuscripts, sketches, correspondence, and published scores of music by Zygmunt (Sigismond) Stojowski (1870-1946) from the composer's family.
	www.usc.edu /dept/polish_music/news/dec06.html (5970 words)

	Convention Information 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		PACIM President Dr. John Radzilowski welcomed the conventioneers, "exuding Polish hospitality", (quoting Dr. Estelle von Wachtel-Torres), "flavored with the vigorous spirit of the American Northwest, the tall and handsome Polonian exemplified the energy of Minnesota's Polonia.
		Mary Wiesen-Kosinski, Esq., President of the Polish Heritage Association of the Southeast, extended an invitation to the Council to hold its Fall Board Meeting in Aiken, SC, Oct. 17-18, 2003.
		And be it further resolved, that the American Council for Polish Culture hereby urges Polish Americans to actively support and defend Polish American parishes and religious organizations, regardless of their denomination.
	www.polishcultureacpc.org /convent.html (2898 words)

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