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	Polish heraldry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The history of Polish heraldry is an integral part of the history of the Szlachta, the Polish nobility.
		One of the most visually striking characteristics of Polish heraldry is the abundance of gules fields.
		Polish coats of arms are divided in the same way as their western counterparts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polish_Heraldry (1217 words)

	Heraldry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Heraldry is the science and art of designing, displaying, describing and recording coats of arms and badges, as well as the formal ceremonies and laws that regulate the use and inheritance of arms.
		The first rule of heraldry is the rule of tincture: metal (bright tinctures) must never be placed upon metal, nor colour (dark tinctures) upon colour, for the sake of contrast; except where this cannot be avoided, as in the case of a charge overlying a partition of the field.
		In English heraldry the crescent, mullet (a star with straight rays, which originally represented a spur), martlet, annulet, fleur-de-lis and rose may be added to a shield to distinguish cadet branches of a family from the senior line.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Heraldry (4003 words)

	St Stanislas - Polish Heraldry and Nobility
		Polish heraldry is unique in that it follows none of the laid down rules observed by the western herald.
		A Polish knight may have had vast estates and carried his sword on a jewel encrusted belt, but he was only the equal of the poor knight who had his sword tied to his waist with a piece of rope and owned a few acres.
		The weakening of the Polish Commonwealth was to a certain extent due to the "liberum veto" (the free vote) in which any single Polish knight had it within his power to dissolve the proceedings of the Polish parliament.
	www.angelfire.com /realm/StStanislas/a.html (1183 words)

	Polish heraldry: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The polish language is the most widely-spoken of the slavic language subgroup of lekhitic languages which include kashubian (and its extinct dialect/language slovincian)...
		In heraldry, a compartment is a design placed under the shield, usually rocks, a grassy mount, or some sort of other landscape upon which the supporters are...
		Heraldry is the science and art of describing coats-of-arms, also referred to as achievements or armorial bearings....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/po/polish_heraldry.htm (2408 words)

	Polish Heraldry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Polish heraldry tends to make most SCA (and for that matter, mundane) heralds want a very cold, very strong drink and a quiet lie-down somewhere, preferably with a wet cloth on their foreheads and a copy of Fox-Davies.
		Polish heraldry, though, uses strange objects, ones that look like they started out life as arrows, or circles, or lines, and then changed their minds several times.
		Polish heraldry, as a general rule, uses insignia in a metal on a color.
	tulgey.browser.net /~jenne/poland/heraldry_article.html (754 words)

	Polish Nobility and Its Heraldry: An Introduction
		Polish heraldic system has not developed, however, any stable institutions which would safeguard its heraldic laws, even despite the fact that the office of a herald was known in Poland already by the Middle Ages and that by the 15th century the prerogatives of the Polish nobility came under the protection of the law.
		Another peculiarity of the Polish heraldry was the custom that all legitimate children of a nobleman, both male and female could inherit their father's coat of arms, (without any alterations, i.e., marks of differencing, and cadency - called brisures in French) together with all his privileges as a noble.
		In the Polish heraldry, some princely families did not use the crest and instead opted to rest the prince's crown straight against the helmet, (today this is considered a bad heraldry) or as a coronet of rank on the manteau.
	www.szlachta.org /heraldry.htm (16740 words)

	Heraldry Reference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Heraldry in England - A brief outline of Heraldry in England.
		An Introduction to Heraldry - by Alarice Beatrix Von Thal of the SCA.
		Heraldry in Scotland by James Dempster FSA Scot - In depth article on the state of heraldry in Scotland.
	digiserve.com /heraldry/referenc.htm (547 words)

	BIBLIOGRAPHY
		Jozef Szymanski, Herbarz Sredniowiecznego Rycerstwa Polskiego [Armorial of the Medieval Polish Knighthood], Warsaw, 1993.
		Jahrhundert [The Polish Petty Gentry in the 16
		Edmundas Rimsza, The Heraldry of Lithuania I, Vilnius 1998.
	www.velde.net /topics/national/polish-bibliography.htm (2661 words)

	PolishRoots - Heraldry
		Polish arms were seldom quartered or labelled with marks of cadency as all members of an extended family carried the exact same arms and were considered closer than brothers.
		The weakening of the Polish Commonwealth was to a certain extent due to the "liberum veto" (the free veto) in which any single Polish knight had it within his power to dissolve the proceedings of the Polish parliament.
		And as well by the very many Polish noble families spread throughout the world who have stayed in touch with their roots and proudly retained an awareness of the esteemed class from which they have descended and an identity with their aristocratic forebears through the retention of a noble surname and linked coat of arms.
	www.polishroots.org /heraldry/heraldry_intro.htm (1431 words)

	The Order of St. Stanislas - Polish Heraldry
		It has also been said that heraldry had originated as a result of the Battle of Hastings in 1066, where knights used certain marks of identification on their shields to indicate friend from foe and prevent the mistake of killing an ally.
		People unfamiliar with the science of heraldry always fall into the trap of using the term "crest" incorrectly when trying to explain their coat of arms, by simply saying, "Oh, this is my family crest" when pointing to a coat of arms achievement.
		In Polish heraldry the two often-used tinctures (colors) were azure (blue) and gules (red, and pronounced gyools).
	www.angelfire.com /realm/StStanislas/b.html (969 words)

	THE KUZNIEWSKI & KNESKI STORY
		However, because all Polish names ending in "-ski" should be affiliated with a clan (herb), and a name with a slightly different spelling, Kozniewski (slash over the z), originates in the same narrow region of Mazovia, it is somewhat likely that they may be variations of each other.
		Polish Heraldry may seem simple; its rules were much less rigid than the rules developed in Western Europe.
		The Polish order of the Virtuti Militari was established 200 years ago by King Stanislaw August Poniatowski as the highest military decoration for gallantry the Polish nation bestows upon it's soldiers for acts of heroism above and beyond the call of duty.
	www.fiu.edu /~kneskij/K.Jurn2.html (1919 words)

	SIG Bibliography -- Heraldry
		This small color pamphlet was prepared to accompany a Polish Heraldry Exhibition at the Polish YMCA in London.
		It includes a short introduction to the origins and use of heraldry in Poland, with pictures of many 15th and 16th century coats of arms from Polish ród.
		Herbarz: Sredniowiecznego Rycerstwa Polskiego [Heraldry: of the Medieval Chivalry of Poland].
	slavic.freeservers.com /biblio/herldry.html (558 words)

	Heraldica: Links to other resources on the Web
		The Encyclopaedia's entry on heraldry, with several high quality illustrations and a broad coverage of the subject.
		Les Blasons de Savoie by X. Lansade, devoted to the heraldry of the Savoie region.
		The emphasis, however, is more on "traditional" heraldry (that which developped in Western Europe starting in the 12th century), although there is no reason not to talk about other symbolic systems (such as the Japanese mon), and that happens too.
	www.heraldica.org /elsewhere.htm (2223 words)

	[No title]
		Heraldry in Poland is unlike heraldry anywhere else in Europe, both in appearance and in usage.
		The most authentic way for a Society participant with a Polish persona to use arms would probably be to choose a historical ro/d to which to belong and to use their arms.
		The majority of Polish arms are "cypher arms", consisting of a plain field bearing a single charge consisting of lines and arcs.
	www.panix.com /~gabriel/public-bin/showfinal.cgi/1752.txt (972 words)

	Annotated Heraldry Bibliography
		Heraldry is a language with many dialects, and there aren't many major differences between national styles of heraldry (with a few exceptions, like Polish heraldry).
		But heraldry books in English tend to be mostly concerned with British heraldry, which, because of its historical development, includes a large number of rules and practices which are very specific to Britain.
		Questions such as the origins of heraldry or the rule of tincture are treated as historical questions, to be adjudicated on the basis of evidence drawn from historical, archaeological, literary sources.
	www.heraldica.org /biblio/annotate.htm (6693 words)

	Polish Heraldry
		Polish Nobility and its Heraldry - by Piotr Pawel Bajer
		Polish Clans with CZAPLICKI Membership and CZAPLICKI Families' Coats of Arms.
		Polish Clan Arms - How they are derived.
	www.digiserve.com /heraldry/polish.htm (97 words)

	PGSA - Title
		To begin with, in Polish heraldry there are only four basic elements which combined to make up a typical Polish nobleman's "Arms of achievement," and they are: the shield itself, the helmet, crown and crest.
		As a result of the tribal system, which influenced all the countries of the Polish commonwealth, the nobility, consisting as it does of more than forty thousand families, uses about seven thousand arms and variations, including those family coats of arms of Western origin.
		We do know that at the end of the l4th and beginning of the 15th century, Poland had the office of Herald, who was subordinate in his duties to the Royal Court Marshal, and we can therefore presume the existence of official rolls of arms during this period.
	www.pgsa.org /Hearldry/HeraldryCourse.htm (975 words)

	Designs of Wonder: An Internet Armorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Most of Polish heraldry or designs are unknown outside of Poland, and many of the commonly used European designs are unknown in Poland.
		As far as heraldry goes, all polish arms had the same type of helmet, surmounted by the same crest of three silver ostrich feathers.
		The Russians used the suppression of heraldry as a means of squashing the Polish nationality.
	www.designsofwonder.com /?content=polishheraldry (367 words)

	Poland Coat of Arms - Polish White Eagle - Description in English and Polish
		Since then, the Polish Eagle had undergone various modifications through the ages before it assumed the form in which it appears today, but it always remained the national emblem.
		After Poland's defeat at the beginning of World War II in 1939, and during subsequent occupation by Soviet and German troops, the White Eagle continued to be the cherished symbol of the Polish Underground Movement, as well as the official State emblem of the Polish Government in exile.
		After the communists were overthrown, the Polish Parliament in December 1985 brought back the White Eagle's crown, thus restoring an ancient and honourable symbol to its rightful place.
	www.pewterplaques.com /polandsmall.html (303 words)

	Banners from the Battle of Tannenberg
		Precise measurements are given for each banner, using the Polish ell as a standard [2], and their horizontal and vertical axes are marked.
		On the Polish side were Johannes Naschian de Ostroncze (Ostrowiccy of the House Topor); Herricus {Heinricus} Franko; Sandivogius de Ostrorog, Count Palatinate of Posen (?); and Petrus de Riterz of the house of Topor.
		On the Polish side were Jan Jardgniewski of the house of Oria or Szaszdor; Bartosz (III) Wezemborg, castellan of Nakel in 1438; and Pobrogost Kolenski of the house of Nalencz, castellan of the episcopal castle of Kamien in 1427.
	www.s-gabriel.org /heraldry/lothar/tannenberg.html (5463 words)

	Bibliography of Polish Names and Armory
		What makes the work especially useful are the plates of municipal heraldry, which in most cases closely resemble period clan heraldry and are thus nice to browse for style.
		This is still considered the standard reference for Polish clan heraldry and though older, may be easier to find than the more recent volume.
		There is an introduction to design and elements of Polish heraldry with illustrated tables of charges and their Polish names.
	www.s-gabriel.org /docs/polish.html (657 words)

	Poland: Society and Culture: Genealogy, Polish Genealogy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Polish Genealogical Society of America PGSA assists members in doing their Polish genealogical research by providing books, newsletters, bulletins, printed information, regular Society meetings, and an annual workshop.
		Polish Museum Library Holdings The Polish Museum houses the PGSA collection along with many other materials of interest.
		PolishRoots: The Polish Genealogy Source Dedicated to the collection, preservation and dissemination of research materials relevant to one's Polish heritage.
	poland.mousemagnet.com /genealogy.php (619 words)

	Cyndi's List - Heraldry
		Heraldry is alive and well, as Halvor Moorshead explains.
		A school for the study of the history and structure of the family and of subjects generally auxiliary to historical applications.
		For the discussion of Polish and Lithuanian heraldry, the history of the armorial clans, and the genealogy of noble families.
	www.cyndislist.com /heraldry.htm (1233 words)

	NewPoland Genealogy: Polish Genealogy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Polish Genealogy - Info POLISH GENEALOGY Resources for those interested in ancestors/relatives in Poland, and/or American descendants of Polish emigrants: Please peruse our list of 200+ surnames, featuring 300+ individuals, both in Poland and in the US.
		Polish Genealogy Pathfinder - Chicago Public Library has compiled a list of books and resources to help Polish Americans research their roots.
		Polish Genealogical Society of Minnesota - Polish Genealogical Society of Minnesota You are invited to become a member of the Polish Genealogical Society of Minnesota.
	www.newpoland.com /genealogy.htm (743 words)

	PGSA - Polish Museum Library Holdings
		Kupis, B. Latin Church in the Polish Commonwealth in 1772
		Poza Krajem za Ojczyzne (An Exile from the Motherland)
		Heraldry and Floral Forms as Used in Decoration
	www.pgsa.org /pmalib.htm (798 words)

	Medieval Poland: Heraldry and Names (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A descriptive essay not only on heraldry but on Polish nobility.
		Kaj Malachowski's Polish Web Armorial The personal/clan arms are the part to concentrate on, most of the city/guild arms are not period.
		Excerpts from Herbarz Polski, translated into English courtesy of the Polish Genealogical Society.
	tulgey.browser.net /~jenne/poland/heraldry.html (251 words)

	Open Directory - Regional: Europe: Poland: Society and Culture: Genealogy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Polish Genealogical Society of America - Provides books, newsletters, bulletins, meetings, and an annual workshop.
		Polish Museum Library Holdings - The Polish Museum houses the PGSA collection along with many other materials of interest.
		PolishRoots: The Polish Genealogy Source - Dedicated to the collection, preservation and dissemination of research materials relevant to one's Polish heritage.
	dmoz.org /Regional/Europe/Poland/Society_and_Culture/Genealogy (535 words)

	[No title]
		You probably can't register it (most Polish heraldry is "runic" and hence not blazonable under current SCA rules) but if you can't then neither can anyone else.
		It's in Polish, however, the illustrations are quite clear and it includes two photographs of a period costume PATTERN circa 17th century.
		The sixteenth century was the period of formation of uniformed types of men's attire, which was noticed by brighter satirists who, unwilling to adopt quick changes in national fashion, promoted cheap clothing made from local stock.
	www.florilegium.org /files/CULTURES/Poland-msg.text (2714 words)

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