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Topic: Polish underground

	Polish contribution to World War II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Polish Air Force in France comprised eighty-six aircraft in four squadrons, one and a half of the squadrons being fully operational while the rest were in various stages of training.
		Polish army units on the Eastern Front included the 1st Polish Army and the 2nd Polish Army, with 10 infantry divisions and 5 armored brigades.
		The Polish Air Force fought in the Battle of France as one fighter squadron GC 1/145, several small units detached to French squadrons, and numerous flights of industry defence (in total, 133 pilots, who achieved 55 victories at a loss of 15 men).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polish_contribution_to_World_War_II (2343 words)

	GERMAN TERROR AND THE POLISH UNDERGROUND STATE
		Polish people were thrown out of their houses and apartments, allowed fifteen minutes to gather up to one hundred pounds of personal belongings, and were forced to leave behind businesses, estates and homes without any compensation.
		Polish farmers were ordered to leave their farms, and if their children had a blond, "Aryan" look, they were taken away from their parents and loaded on a train to Germany.
		In the cities, particularly in Warsaw, the underground Home Army fought the Germans by selectively killing those SS and Gestapo officers known for their cruelty and brutality towards Polish prisoners; by virtue of their rank, these officers were responsible for the terror reigning in occupied Poland.
	www.apacouncil.org /ww2/8gt.html (2369 words)

	THE POLISH GOVERNMENT AND THE POLISH UNDERGROUND STATE, Part III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		And as the Polish leaders, supported by the mass of the people, took the attitude that these -,authorities, and institutions could have no relations with the German administration and legal system, they had to be created underground, as a second parallel, but secret, national and local authority.
		From the very beginnings of the organization of the Polish Underground Movement the principle was adopted that the aim to be achieved was not merely the organization of a "patriotic resistance," but that Polish State authorities, departments and institutions must be maintained.
		From the very beginning the underground movement adopted the principle of State legality, with the corol-lary that for Poles generally the Polish State was officially and legally recognized as still in existence.
	republika.pl /unpack/1/dok01c.html (2001 words)

	Polish Secret State - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Polish Secret State (also known as Polish Underground State; Polish Polskie Państwo Podziemne) is a term coined by scholar Jan Karski in his book Story of a Secret State; it is used to refer to all underground resistance organizations in Poland during World War II, both military and civilian.
		The term is used in Polish historiography to denote both armed struggle against the occupying powers and all the examples of underground political, social and educational activities.
		The Polish government and the Polish Underground State
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polish_Secret_State (168 words)

	Polish Music Journal 5.2.02 - Labunski: Poland's Contribution to Music
		The earliest known Polish composer, Nicolas of Random, who appeared at the end of the 14th century, composed homophonic hymns and anthems, in Florentine style, as was the fashion of the day.
		[12] Their music is remarkable for its model character and unusual scales, derived from Polish folk music; by its fresh and vigorous rhythm; by its humor and healthy objectivism, all in keeping with the spirit of the new Poland, a spirit of action, optimism and self-reliance.
		Polish composer educated as a priest (studied philosophy at Prague and theology at Vienna).
	www.usc.edu /dept/polish_music/PMJ/issue/5.2.02/polandlabunski.html (2709 words)

	THE POLISH GOVERNMENT AND THE POLISH UNDERGROUND STATE, Part I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		As an outspoken leader of the Polish Peasant Party, he was for many years the most prominent representative of this largest single political factor in Poland's domestic affairs, and in every aspect of his public life has expressed his firm belief in democracy and world cooperation.
		It was largely owing to his cooperation that the most radical Polish peasant groups were able to unite and form the largest Polish democratic party which in coalition with socialistic workers and other groups undis-putedly represents in the exile the overwhelming majority of Polish democracy.
		Thus the Polish Government was established and operates on the same prin-ciples that form the basis of all western democracies, that is, it has the support of the majority of the nation and is controlled by that nation.
	www.republika.pl /unpack/1/dok01a.html (2397 words)

	Poland
		In 1991 there was a fierce debate in the Polish Parliament: the Left was maintaining (1) that the symbols are not important, therefore there is no reason to crown the Eagle and change its wing and claws; (2) that it is very important, that the 5-arm Star was present on its wing.
		However, the Russian imperial CoA did show the polish ineschuteon (placed on the top of the dexter wing of the eagle, which may substantiate this claim: Though Poland was not administratively autonomous from other parts of the russian empire, the czar did retain the title and the arms in use.
		The Polish Monarchy was known as the 'Rzeczpolitna Polska', or 'Polish Republic', the official name of the country since 1919 with the exception of the Communist period.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/pl.html (2439 words)

	Polish History - Part 12
		Despite terror and arrests, the Polish underground state functioned throughout the whole period of the occupation.
		Polish society remained consistent in supporting the institutions of its underground state, the Warsaw Uprising being the final attempt to win full independence for Poland.
		Polish soldiers had been fighting the Germans from the first to the last day of the war.
	www.poloniatoday.com /history12.htm (1239 words)

	Polish Underground State 1939-45 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		I did notice an absence on the Polish pages of the FOTW-website of the unique symbols used during the Nazi occupation and especially during the Warsaw Uprising of August-September 1944.
		Before that, the combined letters 'PW' for 'Polska Walczaca' or 'Fighting Poland', also representing an anchor, symbol of hope, were common sight all over the country as the graffiti on the walls, defacements of German posters and on the armbands of partizan units of AK.
		It was practically universally accepted flag and symbol of the underground state, wich ran schools, courts of justice and social services of its own.Granted, it was unofficial, because underground authorities pledged total loyalty to the government in London.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/pl_ug.html (136 words)

	Kersten (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		But the underground's leadership circles realized that cooperation was a condition of existence, a condition of preserving the "biological substance" and "cultural substance" that the communists were said to threaten.
		By bringing in statements made by the Polish government in exile, I have entered the sphere of behavior and actions that were for the most part symbolic and had limited influence on shaping the situation in Poland.
		Polish society, whose national consciousness had been greatly intensified by the wartime period, found itself in a position that was the result of a tangle of contradictions.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/sipa/REGIONAL/ECE/kersten.html (6328 words)

	The Polish Government and the Underground State!
		Thus the Polish Government was established and operates on the same principles that form the basis of all western democracies, that is, it has the support of the majority of the nation and is controlled by that nation.
		Giving a practical expression to this attitude, the various countries have appointed diplomatic representatives to the Polish Government of kept their former ones, and have concluded with it a number of international agreements, as for instance the lend-lease agreement with the United States or the military agreement with the British Government of August 5, 1940.
		Polish Government because it entitles it to speak and to conduct policy not
	bolekchrobry.tripod.com /polishinformationcenter19391945/id12.html (11042 words)

	Zaglada Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej, 1945-1947: SR, January 2000
		Gella is right in claiming that the destruction of the Polish Underground State still awaits a comprehensive study [2], though he acknowledges throughout the book some works and collections of documents published in the last few years.
		Some of the leaders of one of the last underground organizations, WIN (Wolnosç i Niezawislosç, or Freedom and Independence), gathered documentary evidence on alleged Soviet plans to conquer the world and passed it on to the West, but it is doubtful that these reports had any impact on Western leaders.
		He does not recognize the role of the Polish intelligentsia in the ranks of the Committee for the Defense of Workers (KOR) in 1976-81, in underground Solidarity and in the underground "civic society" in the years 1982-89.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~sarmatia/100/cienciala.html (1957 words)

	World War 2: Polish Underground State
		The Polish Underground State which functioned under the German occupation in the Second World War was an unique phenomenon in the whole history of European resistance movements.
		The underground parliament was a representation of the most important political parties and groupings (the Political Consultative Committee - the Political Representation at Home) which in the period 1944–45 took the name of the Council of National Unity (RJN).
		In addition to this, an underground administrative apparatus capable of undertaking work at the moment of restoration of an independent Polish state was organised.
	www.warsawuprising.com /state.htm (878 words)

	Wroclaw, the major industrial and trade center of Poland's Lower Silesia region, as well as being home to five ...
		The Polish communists invested an enormous amount of energy and money to isolate Poland and Poles by creating a wall of primitive and aggressive, but consistent, propaganda between Poland and the rest of the world and also between the Poles themselves.
		Hitherto attempts to document underground publishing movements have concentrated on the finding and describing, usually by means of bibliographies and catalogs, as many independently published items as possible before they disappear.
		A physicist and a chemist from the Polish Academy of Sciences started the literary and political quarterly ``Aspect'' publishing house because they needed a medium of protest, but felt that it was inappropriate for men of their age to paint slogans on walls and participate in violent demonstrations.
	www.library.cornell.edu /colldev/slav/publishinghistory.html (1403 words)

	A Chronicle of Scouting in Eastern Europe: Poland
		Polish Scouting went underground and many Scouts served in the ranks of the Home Army and the Polish Underground.
		Polish Scouting continued in exile and in spite of the Communists, continued underground in Poland throughout the Communist period.
		Polish scouts were fought in the Polish Army during the World War, 1914-18, during rebellions in 1918 and 1919 (against German authorities in the western part of Poland), during the World War 1939-45.
	www.pinetreeweb.com /rtn-pole.htm (1314 words)

	Jan Karski Dies at 86; Warned West About Holocaust
		He escaped and joined the Polish underground; most of the Polish officers imprisoned with him were later executed by Soviet troops.
		He turned over the key containing the microfilm, described resistance activity and assessed as bleak the prospects of cooperation between the anti-Communist Polish underground and the partisans, who were sponsored by the same Soviets who in 1939 had joined Hitler in invading and dividing Poland.
		He said that commanders of the underground Home Army were estimating that if there was to be no Allied intervention in the next year and a half, the Jews of Poland would "cease to exist." He did not tell Roosevelt of his own experiences or observations.
	partners.nytimes.com /library/world/europe/071500poland-karski.html (2348 words)

	POLISH HOME ARMY (AK) - HISTORY
		Decrees of the Polish Government stipulated that ZWZ is "universal, national, non-party and non-class " and that it would include all Poles wishing to fight against the occupants.
		After the fall of France in June 1940, the Polish Government moved to London and established the Supreme Command of the ZWZ in Poland.
		AK Units fighting against the German army behind the front lines and representatives of the underground civilian government were ordered to reveal themselves to the advancing Soviet Army and present themselves as representative of the Polish Republic and act as hosts in their own country.
	www.biega.com /museumAK/hak-e.html (3258 words)

	Jan Karski
		A courier for the Polish underground Resistance during the Second World War, Jan Karski was among the very first reliable eyewitnesses to the Holocaust to reach the West.
		He was eventually sprung by the Polish underground, but it was some time before he could be used as a courier again.
		Jan Karski, a liaison officer of the Polish underground who infiltrated both the Warsaw Ghetto and a German concentration camp and then carried the first eyewitness accounts of the Holocaust to a mostly disbelieving West, died on Thursday in Washington.
	www.mishalov.com /Karski.html (4141 words)

	Polish Underground Movement (1939-1945) Study Trust - London
		The Polish Underground Movement (1939-1945) Study Trust is an institution, housing historical documents relating to the activities of the Polish Underground State and its Resistance Home Army during the period of German and Soviet occupation.
		Providing guidance to authors, historians and students from various universities, Polish government institutions, other archives, television companies and the public who require information on the subjects, which are of the Trust’s particular expertise.
		The library of over 7000 volumes, consists mainly of books in Polish but also in English, French, German, Dutch and Italian, which relate to the activities of the Polish Underground State and its Resistance Army during the period of German and Soviet occupation.
	www.polishresistance-ak.org /PUMST.htm (1037 words)

	Korbonska on the Jedwabne Issue
		German control over the Polish population was further strengthened by additional SS units composed of volunteers from among the Ukrainians, Latvians, Estonians, Lithuanians, and – during the last period of occupation – also Russians, the so-called Własowcy.
		The pre-war Polish penal code and all legislative decrees were still considered to be in force in the underground state.
		The Underground leadership, and particularly the Government delegate and the Home Army (which included a few Jewish officers in its High Command) published in their daily underground press information about the persecution of Jews, which they denounced in the strongest terms, calling on the Polish population to render all possible assistance to the Jews.
	www.pacwashmetrodiv.org /events/jedwabne/korbonska.text.htm (2326 words)

	Karski
		Serving with the Polish Army in 1939—four years after earning his degree in diplomatic sciences from Jan Kazimierz University in Lwow—he was captured by the Red Army and imprisoned.
		Even after the Polish Government in Exile publicly issued a booklet detailing the crimes against the Jews, the reaction in the West was muted.
		As more Jews died and Karski grew more desperate, free Polish voices were further marginalized when the Western Allies delivered their Polish comrades into the hands of one of the men who had helped start the war, Joseph Stalin.
	www.polamjournal.com /Library/Biographies/Karski/karski.html (1176 words)

	JEWS UNDER GERMAN OCCUPATION
		On June 14, 1940, the first 728 Polish prisoners were brought to Auschwitz, and for the next twenty-one months the camp was inhabited almost exclusively by Poles.
		At this time, all of the Jews were murdered by the Germans, except for a few who escaped from the ghetto through sewers with the help of the underground Polish Home Army.
		Indeed, on December 4, 1942, in cooperation with the Polish Government in Exile in London, Polish underground organizations in occupied Poland established the underground organization "Żegota" in Warsaw, exclusively dedicated to saving and helping the Jews.
	www.apacouncil.org /ww2/7ju.html (645 words)

	Research \|Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies \| Jewish Resistance Bibliography \| Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Underground Army Fighters of the Bialystok Ghetto.
		The Extermination and the Resistance of the Polish Jews During the Period 1939-1944.
		Polishe Yidn in di velder (Polish Jews in the fields).
	www.ushmm.org /research/jrbiblio/poland.htm (1613 words)

	Deroy Murdock: Jan Karski, Freedom Fighter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Jan Karski, a Polish underground leader during World War II, brought the first eyewitness accounts of the Holocaust to a mostly unbelieving West.
		An injection from a sympathetic dentist swelled his mouth and allowed him to conceal his telltale Polish accent by posing as a volunteer French migrant laborer suffering from gum disease.
		However, an exiled Polish officer told him that a Radio Germany propaganda broadcast had denounced him as a “Bolshevik agent in the service of American Jewry.” Karski quietly replied, “I’ve been deciphered.” Unmasked and unable to return to Poland, Karski stayed in America.
	www.hooverdigest.org /004/murdock.html (954 words)

	'Zegota': The Polish Underground Rescue Organization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Rada Pomocy Zydom, Council for Aid to Jews, was an underground organization (Zegota) in occupied Poland that was in operation from October, 1942 until the liberation of Jews escaping the ghettos in Warsaw, Krakow, and surrounding areas.
		Shelter for the children escaping the ghettos was provided in convents and monasteries as well as in homes of Christian families.
		False identity papers had to be made, food provided, children taught to speak Polish, and Catholic prayers memorized in case they were questioned by the Nazis.
	www.iearn.org /hgp/aeti/aeti-1997/zegota.html (168 words)

	McFarland - Publisher of Reference and Scholarly Books
		The Polish Underground Army, the Western Allies, and the Failure of Strategic Unity in World War II Michael Alfred
		Poland was the first country to stand up to Germany in 1939, and maintained an underground army during the years of World War II.
		The underground army was organized in occupied Poland in October 1939 and worked until April 1945, hoping to establish a legitimate authority in post-war Poland while liberating territory with the aid of Polish Forces from the west.
	www.mcfarlandpub.com /book-2.php?isbn=0-7864-2009-X (181 words)

	Warsaw Jews Request Arms from Polish Underground
		We do not expect only "understanding" from the authorities and the delegatura,* but also that they should consider the murder of millions of Jews, who are Polish citizens, to be the main problem of our current life.
		We regret most deeply that it is not possible for us to make direct contact with the Allied governments, with the Polish Government and the Jewish organizations abroad in order to inform them about our situation and the attitude towards us on the part of the Polish authorities and public.
		* The reference is to the Polish Underground leadership, which operated under the Polish Government-in-Exile in London.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Holocaust/armsreq.html (413 words)

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